how a lovely country!

1. A Glimpse at
the History of
Egypt
Prepared & Presented by
SAAD Mohamed Gouda
loaloa92@yahoo.com
Under the Supervision & Auspices of
Professor
Yoon, Jwan Sik

2. Egypt

3.  Egypt is located in North Africa, with the Sinai Peninsula
forming a land bridge in Southwest Asia.
 Egypt is thus a transcontinental
country, and a major power
in Africa, the Mediterranean Basin,
the Middle East and the Muslim
World.
 Covering an area of about 1,010,000
square KM, Egypt is bordered by
the Mediterranean Sea to the
north, Palestine and Israel to the
northeast, the Red Sea to the east,
Sudan to the south and Libya to the
west.

4. Egypt , wrote Herodotus the Greek historian 25 centuries
ago, is “the Gift of the Nile”,

5. Pre-Historic Egypt:
Evidences of rock carving can be found al ong t he N l e
i
t er r aces and i n deser t oases.
I n t he 10t h Millennium BC, a culture of hunter gatherers
and fishers replaced a grain-grinding cul t ur e.
C i m e changes and/or over gr azi ng ar ound 8000 B
l at C
began t o desi ccat e t he past or al l ands of Egypt , f or m ng
i
t he Sahar a.
Early tribal peoples migrated to the Nile River where they
developed a settled agricultural econom and m e cent r al i zed
y or
soci et y.

6. By about 6000 BC a Neolithic culture r oot ed i n t he N l e
i
Val l ey.
During the Neolithic era, several predynastic cultures
developed independently in Upper and Low Egypt .
er
C em aneous Low
ont por er Egypt i an com uni t i es coexi st ed
m
w t h t hei r sout her n count er par t s f or m e t han t w
i or o
t housand year s, r em ni ng cul t ur al l y di st i nct , but
ai
m nt ai ni ng f r equent cont act t hr ough t r ade.
ai
The earliest known evidence of Egyptian
hieroglyphic inscriptions appeared during the predynastic
period on N agada I I I pot t er y vessel s, dat ed t o about
3200 B .C

7. Can you write your name in HIEROGLYPHICS?

8.  A unified kingdom was founded 3150 BC by King Menes,
leading to a series of dynasties that ruled Egypt for the
next three millennia.
 Egyptian culture flourished during this long period and
remained distinctively Egyptian in its religion, art,
language and customs.
 The first two ruling dynasties of a
unified Egypt set the stage for the Old
Kingdom period, 2700–2200 BC,
which constructed many pyramids,
most notably the third Dynasty
Pyramid of Dioser and the fourth
dynasty Giza Pyramids.
Tut Ankh Amoun

9.  The Ptolemaic Kingdom was a powerful Hellenistic state,
extending from southern Syria in the east, to Cyrene to the
west, and south to the frontier with Nubia.
 Alexandria became the capital city
and a center of Greek culture and
trade.
 To gain recognition by the native
Egyptian populace, they named
themselves as the successors to the
Pharaohs.
 The later Ptolemies took on Egyptian
traditions, had themselves portrayed
on public monuments in Egyptian
style and dress, and participated in
Egyptian religious life. Alexander the Great

10.  The last ruler from the Ptolemaic
line was Cleopatra VII, who
committed suicide with her
lover Mark Antony, after Caesar
Augustus had captured them.
Queen Cleopatra
 The Ptolemies faced rebellions of native Egyptians often
caused by an unwanted regime and were involved in
foreign and civil wars that led to the decline of the
kingdom and its annexation by Rome.
 Nevertheless Hellenistic culture continued to thrive in
Egypt well after the Muslim Conquest.

11.  Christianity was brought to Egypt
by Saint Mark the Evangelist in the
1st century.
 Diocletian’s reign marked the
transition from the Roman to the
Byzantine era in Egypt, when a
great number of Egyptian
Christians were persecuted.
 The New Testament had by then
been translated into Egyptian.
 After the Council of Chalcedon in
AD 451, a distinct Egyptian Coptic
Church was firmly established.
St Catherine Monastery

12. The Byzantines were able to regain control of the country after a
brief Persian invasion early in the 7th century, until 639-42, when
Egypt was invaded and conquered by the Islamic Empire of Muslim
Arabs.
When they defeated the Byzantine Armies in Egypt, the Arabs
brought Sunni Islam to the country.
Early in this period, Egyptians began to blend their new faith
with indigenous beliefs and practices, leading to various
Sufi orders that have flourished to this day. These earlier rites
had survived the period of Coptic Christianity.
1517 was the beginning of the Ottoman Turks rule to Egypt. Since
then when it became a province of the Ottoman Empire by Selim I.

13.  Due to its strategic and important
location between the east and the west,
Egypt was invaded and colonized by
the French; Led Napoleon Bonaparte in
1798.
Napoleon Bonaparte
 The French colonization lasted only for three years and they were
expelled in 1801 by Ottoman, Mamluk and British forces. However,
this was followed by four years of anarchy in which Ottomans,
Mamluks, and Albanians wrestled for power.
 Out of this chaos, the commander of the
Albanian regiment, Muhammad Ali emerged as
a dominant figure and in 1805 he was
acknowledged by the Sultan in Istanbul as his
viceroy in Egypt.
 Muhammad Ali, an ambitious and able leader,
established a dynasty that was to rule Egypt
until the revolution of 1952. that later years, it
became a British puppet.
Muhammad Ali

14.  After World War I, Saad Zaghloul
and the Wafd Party led the
Egyptian nationalist movement to
a majority at the local Legislative
Assembly.
Saad Zaghloul
 Egypt’s 1st modern revolution
was on March 8th, 1919 when
the British exiled Zaghlul and his
associates to Malta.
 The revolt led the British to
issue a unilateral declaration of
Egypt Independence on 22nd,
February 1922.
Feminine demonstrations 1919

15.  The new government drafted and implemented a
constitution in 1923 based on a parliamentary system.
 Saad Zaghloul was popularly elected as Prime Minister of
Egypt in 1924.
 In 1936, the Anglo-Egyptian Treaty was concluded.
 Continued instability due to remaining British influence and
increasing political involvement by the king led to the
dissolution of the parliament in a military coup
d'état known as the 1952 Revolution.
 The Free Officers Movement forced the
last King Farouk to abdicate in support of
his son Fuad.
 British military presence in Egypt lasted
until 1954.
King Farouk

16. On 18th June 1953, the Egyptian Republic was
declared, with General Muhammad Nguib as the
first President of this Republic.
Naguib was forced to resign in 1954 by Gamal
Abdel Nasser, the real architect of the 1952
movement, and was later put under house arrest. Muhammad Nguib
Nasser assumed power as President in June, 1956.
British forces completed their withdrawal from the
occupied Suez Canal Zone on 13th June 1956.
As a result of the WB refusal to fund building the
High Dam in Egypt, Nasser nationalized the Suez
Canal on July 26th 1956, prompting the 1956 Suez
Crisis.
Naser

17.  In the 1967 the Six Days War, Israel invaded and occupied
Egypt's Sinai Peninsula.
 Sadat, successor of Naser after his death
in 1970, switched Egypt's Cold
War allegiance from the SU to the US.
 Sadat launched the Infitah (opening)
economic reform policy, while clamping
down on religious and secular opposition.
 In 1973, Egypt, along with Syria, launched
the October war. a surprise attack against
the Israeli forces occupying the Sinai
Peninsula and the Golan Heights. Sadat
 It was an attempt to regain part of the Sinai territory Israel had
captured 6 years earlier.
 Sadat hoped to seize some territory through military force, and
then regain the rest of the peninsula by diplomacy.

18. The second UN-mandated ceasefire halted
military action. However, the war ended with
a military stalemate, it presented Sadat with a
political victory that later allowed him to
regain the Sinai in return for peace with
Israel.
Sadat made a historic visit to Israel in
1977, which led to the 1979 Peace
Treaty in exchange for Israeli withdrawal
from Sinai.
Sadat in Israel
Sadat's initiative sparked enormous controversy
in the Arab World and led to Egypt's expulsion
from the Arab League. However, it was supported
by most Egyptians.
Succeeded by Hosni Mubarak, Sadat was
assassinated by a fundamentalist military soldier
in Cairo in 1981. Mubarak

19.  Lasted for more than 30 years,
On 25th January 2011 widespread
protests began against Mubarak's
regime aiming to remove him
from power.
 By January 29th it was becoming
clear that Mubarak's government
had lost control when a curfew
order was ignored, and the army
took a semi-neutral stance on
enforcing the curfew decree.

20.  On February 11th 2011, Mubarak resigned and fled
Cairo. Vice President Omar Solyman announced that
Mubarak had stepped down and that the Egyptian Military
Council would assume control of the nation's affairs in
the short term.
 On February 13th 2011, the high level military command
of Egypt announced that both the constitution and the
parliament of Egypt had been dissolved.
 According to decrees by MC Egypt held its 1st
parliamentary election on 28th Nov. 2011; since the
previous regime had been in power.
 Turnout was high and there were no reports of
irregularities or violence, although members of some
parties broke the ban on campaigning at polling places
by handing out pamphlets and banners

21. Basic Data
Fiscal Year 1st July–30th June
Egyptian pound (EGP)
Currency = 100 piasters
6.02685 = 1$

23. Do you mind having a closer look at Egypt?!

24. Thank you for your
Precious Time & for your
Kind & Esteemed
Listening
Q&A