MS4 level being good citizen -imperative- (1) (1).pdf
Emerging Trends in Scholarly Communication and the coming Decade of Open Access
1. Emerging Trends in Scholarly
Communications and the Coming
Decade of Open Access
Leslie Chan
Mysore University Center for Critical Development Studies
Dec. 19, 2012 Bioline International
University of Toronto Scarborough
4. Key issues
• Changing contexts of research discovery and
dissemination in the digital environment
• Why Open Access is important for
“development”
• Open Access as a philosophical principle and a
set of practical tools
• “Journal” no longer serves the needs of
networked scholarship
• Why greater openness is good for science
• Tensions between openness, quality measures,
impact, and policies
5. Key Issues
• From “Wealth of Nations” to “Wealth of
Networks”
• Need to rethink measurements of “impact” and
values, especially for research relevant to
development
• Innovations are happening in the “peripheries”
but there are gatekeepers and social barriers
• Towards a convergence of key values and policy
goals
6. The Dysfunctional Economy of Scholarly
Communications
• Commodification of
public knowledge
Bundling
• Oligopoly
• Artificial scarcity
• Homogeneity of forms
and functions
• Reputation
management
9. The World of Scientific Output According to Thomson’s ISI
Science Citation Index
Data from 2002
http://www.worldmapper.org/display.php?selected=205
10.
11. Has the Internet become an avatar
Has the Internet become an avatar
of Gandhi’s charkha? Can its many
of Gandhi’s charkha? Can its many
marvels—social media, participative
marvels—social media, participative
democracy, collaborative science,
democracy, collaborative science,
etc., have the transformative energy
etc., have the transformative energy
of the spinning wheel?
of the spinning wheel?
MUSIC OF THE SPINNING WHEEL
MUSIC OF THE SPINNING WHEEL
by Sudheendra Kularni
by Sudheendra Kularni
PUBLISHED BY AMARYLLIS ||
PUBLISHED BY AMARYLLIS
12. “An old tradition and a new technology
have converged to make possible an
unprecedented public good.”
Budapest Open Access Initiative
http://www.soros.org/openaccess/read.shtml
13. arXiv began its operations
before the World Wide Web,
search engines, online
commerce and all the rest,
but nonetheless anticipated
many components of current
'Web 2.0' methodology… It
continues to play a leading
role at the forefront of new
models for scientific
communication."
15. OA does not only remove or reduce price
barriers for researchers in developing
countries, it offers a more equitable model for
the exchange of knowledge as a global public
good (the philosophical dimension)
20. “Ten years of experience lead us to reaffirm the definition
of OA introduced in the original BOAI:
By “open access” to [peer-reviewed research literature],
we mean its free availability on the public internet,
permitting any users to read, download, copy, distribute,
print, search, or link to the full texts of these articles, crawl
them for indexing, pass them as data to software, or use
them for any other lawful purpose, without financial, legal,
or technical barriers other than those inseparable from
gaining access to the internet itself. The only constraint on
reproduction and distribution, and the only role for
copyright in this domain, should be to give authors control
over the integrity of their work and the right to be
properly acknowledged and cited.”
21. “The BOAI is distinctive in its scope and its
“The BOAI is distinctive in its scope and its
insistence on author consent. (1) BOAI focuses
insistence on author consent. (1) BOAI focuses
specifically on peer-reviewed research literature,
specifically on peer-reviewed research literature,
and does not apply to software, music, movies, or
and does not apply to software, music, movies, or
anything else.
anything else.
(2) For BOAI, free access should depend on
(2) For BOAI, free access should depend on
author consent, not just user need or desire.”
author consent, not just user need or desire.”
Peter Suber
Peter Suber
http://www.earlham.edu/~peters/fos/boaifaq.htm#
http://www.earlham.edu/~peters/fos/boaifaq.htm#
22. Modes of Open Access
User Rights
Gratis Libre
Green Green-Gratis Green-Libre
Author Self-
Archiving of
Venues published papers or
and pre-prints in
Institutional
Delivery Repositories
Vehicles Gold Gold-Gratis Gold-Libre
Author publish in
journals that are
open access
25. • OA benefits research and researchers, and the lack of OA impedes
them.
• OA for publicly-funded research benefits taxpayers and increases
the return on their investment in research. It has economic benefits
as well as academic or scholarly benefits.
• OA amplifies the social value of research, and OA policies amplify
the social value of funding agencies and research institutions.
• The costs of OA can be recovered without adding more money to
the current system of scholarly communication.
• OA is consistent with copyright law everywhere in the world, and
gives both authors and readers more rights than they have under
conventional publishing agreements.
• OA is consistent with the highest standards of quality.
26. • 1.5. We discourage the use of journal impact factors as
surrogates for the quality of journals, articles, or authors.
We encourage the development of alternative metrics for
impact and quality which are less simplistic, more reliable,
and entirely open for use and reuse.
• We encourage research on the accuracy of the new
metrics. As the research shows them to be useful and
trustworthy, we encourage their use by universities (when
evaluating faculty for promotion and tenure), funding
agencies (when evaluating applicants for funding), research
assessment programs (when assessing research impact),
and publishers (when promoting their publications).
http://www.soros.org/openaccess/boai-10-recommendations
27. • 3.14. We encourage experiments with new forms
of the scholarly research “article” and “book” in
which texts are integrated in useful ways with
underlying data, multimedia elements,
executable code, related literature, and user
commentary.
• We encourage experiments to take better
advantage of the digital medium, and digital
networks, for the benefit of research.
http://www.soros.org/openaccess/boai-10-recommendations
28. And there are obvious synergies
And there are obvious synergies
between Open Access and other
between Open Access and other
“open” movement: Open Educational
“open” movement: Open Educational
Resources, Open Science, Open
Resources, Open Science, Open
Source, Open Innovation, etc.
Source, Open Innovation, etc.
29. Hacking the bundle
Explore ways by which new practices can be coded
(codified) so that the key functions of scholarly
communication – authoring, certification, quality
control, archiving, and rewarding - can be
decoupled and better served by emerging tools for
collaborative authoring, sharing, and reputation
management.
30. But Open Access is only the Substrate of the
Research Life Cycle
31. Scholarly Primitives
“…basic functions common
to scholarly activity across
disciplines, over time, and
independent of theoretical
John Unsworth. "Scholarly Primitives: What Methods Do Humanities
Researchers Have in Common and How Might Our Tools Reflect This?" orientation.”
"Humanities Computing, Formal Methods, Experimental Practice"
Symposium, Kings College, London, May 13, 2000.
http://jefferson.village.virginia.edu/~jmu2m/Kings.5-00/primitives.html
32. The JIF is appallingly open to manipulation; mature alt-metrics
systems could be more robust, leveraging the diversity of of alt-
metrics and statistical power of big data to algorithmically detect
and correct for fraudulent activity. This approach already works
for online advertisers, social news sites, Wikipedia, and search
engines.
http://altmetrics.org/manifesto/
35. The IF is negotiable and doesn’t reflect
actual citation counts
http://www.plosmedicine.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pmed.0030291
36. The IF cannot be
reproduced, even if it
reflected actual citations
http://jcb.rupress.org/content
/179/6/1091.full
37. The IF is not statistically sound, even if
it were reproducible and reflected
actual citations
http://www.mathunion.org/fileadmin/IMU/Report/CitationStatistics.pdf
38. The IF are more eff
http://iai.asm.org/content/early/201
1/08/08/IAI.05661-11.full.pdf+html?
view=long&pmid=21825063
44. "commons-based peer production refers to any
coordinated, (chiefly) internet-based effort whereby
volunteers contribute project components, and there
exists some process to combine them to produce a
unified intellectual work. CBPP covers many different
types of intellectual output, from software to libraries of
quantitative data to human-readable documents
(manuals, books, encyclopedias, reviews, blogs,
periodicals, and more)”
Krowne, Aaron (March 1, 2005). "The FUD based encyclopedia:
Dismantling the Fear, Uncertainty and Doubt aimed at Wikipedia
and other free knowledge sources". Free Software Magazine.
46. Conclusions
• Leverage the various Open movement
• Align the values of research with appropriate incentives and
recognition
• Also need to align policies that are emerging from the top
with initiatives are rising from the bottom
• Support for metadata standards and open licences
• Recognition of non-proprietary and collaborative research
output from networked scholarship
• Reward dissemination of research findings through multiple
means – beyond the journal
• Move Prestige to Open Access
• Participation in scholarly exchanges will be far more
inclusive and democratic ?
Consequences of publishing in “ internatioanlly ” indexed journals
metrics of total publications and citations. Top 15 countries account for 82% of total publications Author with African institutional affiliation account for less than 1% of global output, and S. Africa has the highest output. The rest are “invisible” Consequence of trying to publish in “International” journal results in neglect of important local problems and solutions that are appropriate for local conditions.
internet as an avatar of the charkha Excerpts from a new book, to be released by former president A.P.J. Abdul Kalam on September 4 at Gandhi Smriti in New Delhi the Gandhian vision seeks to relocate the place of science and its practical uses in the overall terrain of human affairs where it can promote mankind’s holistic progress, and not be used for exploitation and violence. The Mahatma elevates science to a higher level of human pursuit and imparts to it a nobler purpose that is consistent with both mankind’s needs and the Divine Law this simple machine by imparting a mass and moral character to India’s struggle for freedom. He also used it as a powerful symbol for his advocacy of a new global order, based on the ideals of truth, non-violence, justice, universal brotherhood, respect for nature and ethically guided socio-economic development. However, he was by no means dogmatic about the charkha remaining the sole instrument of his economic philosophy forever and everywhere. He repeatedly urged both his followers and his critics to understand what khadi and the charkha stood for , what they connoted . Khadi, he insisted, was not merely a vastra (cloth) but a vichaar (an idea and an ideal). And he was realistic enough to know, and also to explicitly acknowledge, that new historical circumstances would need new tools and technologies to promote his vichaar. Indeed, towards the end of his life, he had contemplated a ‘better substitute’ for the charkha and even anticipated the birth of a new technological device, a non-violent machine that “ helps every individual ” everywhere in the world. ----- Meeting Notes (12/16/12 20:32) ----- this simple machine by imparting a mass and moral character to India’s struggle for freedom. He also used it as a powerful symbol for his advocacy of a new global order, based on the ideals of truth, non-violence, justice, universal brotherhood, respect for nature and ethically guided socio-economic development. However, he was by no means dogmatic about the charkha remaining the sole instrument of his economic philosophy forever and everywhere. He repeatedly urged both his followers and his critics to understand what khadi and the charkha stood for, what they connoted. Khadi, he insisted, was not merely a vastra (cloth) but a vichaar (an idea and an ideal). And he was realistic enough to know, and also to explicitly acknowledge, that new historical circumstances would need new tools and technologies to promote his vichaar. Indeed, towards the end of his life, he had contemplated a ‘better substitute’ for the charkha and even anticipated the birth of a new technological device, a non-violent machine that “helps every individual” everywhere in the world.
Green OA is OA delivered by repositories, regardless of peer-review status, gratis/libre status, funding model, embargo period, and so on. Gold OA is OA delivered by journals, regardless of peer-review methods, gratis/libre status, business model, and so on. It should be clear that the green/gold distinction is not the same as the gratis/libre distinction. Green/gold is about venues or vehicles, while gratis/libre is about user rights. For better or worse, there are four cases to keep distinct: gratis green, gratis gold, libre green, and libre gold.
1.5. We discourage the use of journal impact factors as surrogates for the quality of journals, articles, or authors. We encourage the development of alternative metrics for impact and quality which are less simplistic, more reliable, and entirely open for use and reuse. Insofar as universities, funding agencies, and research assessment programs need to measure the impact of individual articles, they should use article-level metrics, not journal-level metrics. We encourage research on the accuracy of the new metrics. As the research shows them to be useful and trustworthy, we encourage their use by universities (when evaluating faculty for promotion and tenure), funding agencies (when evaluating applicants for funding), research assessment programs (when assessing research impact), and publishers (when promoting their publications). We encourage the development of materials to explain how journal impact factors have been misused, and how alternative metrics can better serve the purposes for which most institutions have previously used impact factors. As impact metrics improve, we encourage further study into the question whether OA and OA policies increase research impact.
Open access models are proliferating, not only for sharing traditional forms of scholarly production (peer-reviewed papers), but also among new forms of content, especially databases and media archives. Data are increasingly born digital
he New Invisible College, Caroline Wagner combines quantitative data and extensive interviews to map the emergence of global science networks and trace the dynamics driving their growth. She argues that the shift from big science to global networks creates unprecedented opportunities for developing countries to tap science's potential. Rather than squander resources in vain efforts to mimic the scientific establishments of the twentieth century, developing country governments can leverage networks by creating incentives for top-notch scientists to focus on research that addresses their concerns and by finding ways to tie knowledge to local problem solving. T