1. Universidad central del ecuador
Facultad de filosofía letras y ciencia de
la educación
Carrera de idiomas
Viviana Socasi
5to Semestre Francés
2. linguistics is a science that
implies a serious and deep
study of language.
Lots of concepts on Linguistics have
it aims to demostrate how peoples have been given through time by linguists
used, deal with and develop a lenguage PRELIMINAR according to their points of view,
backgrounds, realities, scenarios, and
day by day in order to face and overcome
defferents socio_linguistic obstacles Y NOTIONS linguistic environments where they
live in and are from
Iinguistic is the scientific study of a
language in general and of languages in
particular dealing with their history,
rreapProache5, grammar-rules. structure—
syntax, sounds -phonology1 meaning
systems —Semantics,
3. The word Linguistics was initially used in the middle of
the 19th century to emphasize the difference between a Philology is a branch of Linguistics that studies
newer approach to the study of language that was then language change and language relationship
developing and the more traditional approach of
philology. The differences were and are largely matters
of attitude ,emphasis, purpose, and approaches
LINGUSTICS
BACKGROUND
Franz Boas (1858-
Scholars such as Jacob Grimm (1 785-1 863), Franz Bopp 1942), in addition to being a sociocultural pioneer
(1791-1867). and August Schleicher (1821-1868) had anthropologist, was also
reconstructed what appeared to be the among the first to apply the comparative method to the
Proto_IndO_Eur0pean language. study of Native
American languages.
4. Other disciplines
It studies how dialects differ between groups separated
Sociolinguistics by certain socialvariables, such as: asethnicity, religion,
status, gender, level of education, age
It’s a discipline
Psycholinguistics
characteristics of indíviduals who select and
interpret them
It is also known as natural language processing.
is a branch of artificial intelligence that deals with
analyzing, understanding and generatíng the languages
Computational
that humans use naturally in order to interface with
Linguistics computers in both written and spoken contexts using
natural human languages intead of computer languages.
5. Anthropological
Linguistics lt deals with the relation ship between language
and culture
lt focuses on the functions of language in our
societies, especially : characterized by the deep
Socio—Ethnic differences of class, ethnicity, gender and
Linguistics generation in order to promote research into
multilingual and muticultural wealth that allows us
to advance in the building of intercultural
citizenship
It provides the theoretical and descriptive
Applied Linguistics foundations for the investigation and solution of
(AL) language-related problems, especially those of
language educations
6. CONTRASTIVE or
COMPARATIVE
LINGUISTICS?
Some terminological remark
are needed
COMPARATIVE Originally Know as comparative
LINGUISTICS philogy is a branch of historical
or diachronic linguistics
Certainly studies , analyzes,
and compares two or more
CONTRASTIVE languages descriptively in order
INGUISTICS to find out similarities and
differences among them during
the language learning process
7. FUNDAMENTALS FOR TEACHING CL
Carl James states that CL is a
relevant and rewarding study
area for certain types of student
CONTRASTIVE LLNGULSTICS SYLLABUS
The exposition of CL proceeds level—by-level, and the
traditional three levels :
Lexis: (language, terminology: terms, expressions.)
Sound: (utterances)
Syntax: (grammar, sentence structure. language rules)
8. CONTRASTIVE PRAGMATICS
it is “the study of the ability of natural language speakers to
communicate more than that which is explicitly stated.
The ability to understand another speaker’s intended meaning
is called pragmatic competence
METHODOLOGY OF CONTRASTIVE LINGUISTICS
The fundamental technique of contrastive linguistics is to
match up tolanguages by using a technique known as the
contrastive method. In principle, every difference or similarity
between two or more related languages should be explicable in
terms of isolation or context analysis
THE ROLE OF CORPORA
It supplies references to descriptions of linguistic phenomena
in the students’ mother tongue
It recognizesand usesthe IPA conventional register
It develops listening decoding and transcription notation.
It does transfer analysis among languages to bring into play
corrective phonology
9. LANGUAGE
Languageis an arbitrary,’ structured system of
utterances—sounds, gestures, signs, and
movements, written symbols, morphemes,
words and sentences used for human
communication
LANGUAGE LANGUAGE
Languages Speakers
5 Important languages in the
World area Persent Percent word:
Asia 32.8% 61.0& 1 Mandarin
Africa 30.3% 11.8% 2 hindi
Pacific 19.0% 0.1& 3 English
Americas 14.5& 0.8% 4 Arebe
Europea 3.5& 23.3% 5 Spanish
100% 100%
10. BRIEF CLASSIFICATION OF LANGUAGES
VERBAL LANGUAGE
Language family: It is a group of languages related by descent from
a common ancestor called the proto –language of that family.
Individual languages : It is a language as a whole from the same
family .
Extinct languages : They are the language that are no longer living.
A language is listed as extinct if it has gone extinct in recen times .
Dialect: Particular way of using a language regional and social.
Indialect : It is individual as expressed by the way a person speak,
voice quiality,
Jargon: Use by people who work in a particular area or who have a
particular interes . Eg. lawyer.
Colloquialism: It is informal expression
Slang: It is an informal use of the language is rude is non standar
11. BRIEF CLASSIFICATION OF LANGUAGES
NON VERBAL LANGUAGE
Ideographic written Alphabetic written Syllabic written
Use Sound Use symbols
ideographip pronunciation, but syllable
simbol use alphabetical by syllable
Eg. Chinese symbol eg.
Spanish and
english letters
12. ARTICULATE LANGUAGE
Writing systems
Based on alphabets
Foneting alphabets
designed
Utterances
13. English language
Considered thid or fourth largest native
language in the world
It is spoken as a first language in the
United States, India, Nigeria, United
Kinddom ,
Philippines,Canada,Australia,India,Ireland,
new Zealand, south Africa
14. SPANISH LANGUAGE
It is spoken as a
Spanish belongs first language by
about 352 million
to the romance earliest people or
branch of the by 417 million Spanish is the
indo-european including second official language of
language family lamguage speakers. 22 countries
15. LANGUAGE INCONSISTENCIES
It is hte incompatibility, it is the quelity or state of being inconsistent lack of
concordance with a structural patten, these inconsistences happen due to 1,2,3,.
1 The same letter or letter combination can refer to different sounds
Spanish English Françe
Cine [ sine ] Gymnasium
Cama [ káma ] [dʒɪmneɪzɪəm]
Gynecology
[gainəkalədʒɪ]
16. The same sounds can be written with diffrent
2 letters or letters combinations
SPANISH ENGLISH FRANÇE
Bonito Gypsy [ dʒɪpsɪ] Risquer [riske]
[ bo 'ni to ] Canjugate [ kandʒ ə get ] Kenya [kenja]
Vacaciones
[ ba ka 'θjo nes ]
17. Diffrent dialects pronounce the same worl
3 differently
SPANISH ENGLISH FRANÇE
Mismo [mísmo] s.e- Milk [mɪlk ] britanico Crime [kRim]
Mismo [míhmo] c.e Mik [məlk] ingles Crime [krim]
20. INITIAL CLUSTERS
/r/
CCV a) /p,b,k,g,f,/ + /l/
b) /p,t,k,b,d,g,f/ + R sound
E S FR
ccv SI SI SI
cccv SI X SI
21. MEDIAL CLUSTERS
S E FR
VCCV SI SI SI
VCCCV SI SI SI
VCCCCV SI SI SI
VCCCCCV X SI SI
INTRASYLLABIC MEDIAL CLUSTER: INTRASYLLABIC MEDIAL CLUSTER: It is
When it belongs to the second of the when once consonant of the cluster belongs to
two syllable pèaks between which they the first syllable and the other(s) to the
appear as medial second, so syllable division occurs between
the members
22. MEDIAL CLUSTERS
S E FR
VCC NO SI SI
VCCC NO SI SI
VCCCC NO SI NO
23. More specificallyand widely known as phonemics is the study of the system of
phonemes of a language , although some conceptualize phonology as
encompassing far more than sound segments
PHONEMICS PHONETICS
It studies the relevan, distinctive It is the study and description
and significant elements in a of the speech sounds made by
language which are use to establich the human voice
differebce in meaninig. The unit of
Phonemics is thephoneme
24.
25. THE INTERNATIONAL
PHONETIC ALPHABETH(IPA)
This alphabet was proposed (IPA)and mainly
accepted by Linguists, Phonetitians,Language
Teachers and currently dictionary makers. This
alpahbet was created by the International
Phonetic Association (Whose original
members were language teachers in France in
1886. This association published officially the
first
Version in 188. It has the acronym IPA
26. TRANSCRIPTION:
It is a systems of notation that represents utterances or partial
utterrances of a language pronounced by people in general
BROAD TRANSCRIPTION: Also PE DAGOGICAL HINTS: Marking stress in booth
identified as Phonemic Trascription, its monosyllabic and multisyllabic words issome
the notation that represent utterances of didactic advice for students to be able to use and
language by indicating only the significat pronounce properly thestressed syllables in words.
and underlying sounds (phonemes) that
make up a word
NARROW TRANSCRIPTION: It is written
between square brackets (phonetic bracket): []
27. SYMBOLS USED FOR TRASCRIPTION
Stress mark It shows the following syllable is
stressed.
´
Angle brackets They are used to enclose the
spelling of the orthographic
< > notation.
Slant brackets Phonemic trascriptionuses
them.
//
Square brackets They are used arounddetailed
phonetic trascription.
[]
Vertical line It shows a pause in phonetic
trascription.
Division marker . It shows the boundaries
between syllables.
Diacritics It shows the variation in the
vowel or consonant quality.
Nasal or dark quality.
