2. WHAT IS RESEARCH
Research is a thorough, orderly, organized, efficient and logical
investigation of an area of knowledge or of a problem. In the
broadest sense of the word, the definition of research includes
any gathering of data, information and facts for the
advancement of knowledge. Main components of a research are:
1. Curiosity:
Science is knowledge of the physical or material world gained
through observation and experiment. Research begins with a
broad question that needs an answer.
2. Theory (Hypothesis)
Researcher creates an assumption to be proved or disproved
with the help of data.
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3. 3. Experiment
Researchers design an experiment with steps to test and
evaluate the theory (hypothesis) and generate analyzable
data. Experiments have controls and a large enough
sample group to provide statistically valid results.
4. Observation
Observing and recording the results of the experiment
generated raw data to prove or disprove the theory.
5. Analysis
Statistical analysis on the data and organizing it so that it is
understandable generates answers to the initial question.
Data may show trends that allow for the broadening of the
research.
6. Conclusions
Research following the scientific method will either prove
or disprove the theory
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4. Application of Research in Business
Product Research
Customer Research
Sales Research
Pricing Research
Advertising Research
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5. Product Research is related to
new product development as well
as to existing product into the
market.
For Example-If sale of a company
is declining from a long period of
time then the company may
interested to know about the
reason behind that.
This kind of research is needed
at every stage of product life
cycle.
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7. Customer Research is related to
know about the consumer buying
behaviour.How a customer react
before purchasing a product is
done under customer research.
For Example Big - Bazar
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8. Sales research is done to know
about the different exercise done
in different area related to sales
volume
It is related to know about the
sales occurred and the activities
of sales team as well.
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9. Pricing is the key factor to measure the success
or failure of any organization.
Pricing research is done to know about the
customer perception about the price to be fix for
a product or service
A company uses this research to fix the prices for
goods and services.
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10. Advertising research is done to know the
best way by that a company may aware
the customer for their product or
services.
Advertising research is done to know
that which method of advertisement is
most appropriate.
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11. TYPES OF RESEARCH
Descriptive Research :-
Descriptive research or statistical research provides data about
the population or universe being studied. But it can only describe the
"who, what, when, where and how" of a situation, not what caused it.
Therefore, descriptive research is used when the objective is to provide
a systematic description that is as factual and accurate as possible. It
provides the number of times something occurs, or frequency, lends
itself to statistical calculations such as determining the average number
of occurrences or central tendencies.
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12. One of its major limitations is that it cannot help determine what
causes a specific behaviour, motivation or occurrence. In other
words, it cannot establish a causal research relationship
between variables.
The two most commonly types of descriptive research designs
are
1- Observation
2- Surveys
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13. EXAMPLE OF DESCRIPTIVE
RESEARCH
EXAMPLE:-
How do students in free lectures spend their time?
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14. ANALYTICAL RESEARCH
In analytical research the researcher
has to use facts or information
already available and analyze these
to make a critical evaluation of the
material.
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15. EXPLAORATORY RESEARCH
Exploratory research is conducted into a research
problem or issue when there are very few or no
earlier studies to which we can refer for
information about the issue or problem. The aim
of this type of study is to look for patterns, ideas
or hypotheses, rather than testing or confirming a
hypothesis.
Exploratory research often relies on secondary
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data.
16. APPLIED RESEARCH
Applied research is also known as an action
research.
Applied research aims at finding a solution for an
immediate
problem facing a society or any business
organization. Marketing research is a part of
applied research.
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17. An interview survey among clerical staff in a
particular office, department, company,
Exploratory group of companies, industry, region and so
Research on, to find out what motivates them to
increase their productivity (that is, to see if a
research problem can be formulated)
A description of how the selected clerical staff
Descriptive are rewarded and what measures are
Research used to record their productivity levels
An analysis of any relationships between the
Analytical rewards given to the clerical staff and
Research their productivity levels.
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18. Quantitative Research
Quantitative research is based on the
measurement of quantity or amount. It is
applicable to the phenomenon that can be
expressed in terms of quantity.
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19. Qualitative Research
Qualitative research is concerned with qualitative
phenomenon relating to quality.
For Example-When we are interested in
investigating the reason for human behviour.
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20. Types of business
Problems Encountered
By a Researcher in
India
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21. Language Problem- There are so many
languages are spoken in India in different
regions. It may be a problem for researcher to
make different questionnaire.
Lack of Scientific training- Many researchers
take a leap in dark without knowing research
methods.Ressearch to many researchers and
even to their guides is mostly a cut and paste
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job.
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22. Negative thinking- Most of the companies thinks
that the research work is completely waste and
experience people can do the same work for the
company by their intuition and experience..
Weak Relationship between researcher and
management- Sometimes there is a weak
relationship between management and
researcher and they do not appreciate each other
views.
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23. Lack of funds for research work- Generally
there is a research department in every
organization and some funds are allocated to this
department.But many times companies do not
provide sufficient fund to this department.
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25. Identify the research problem
Determine the research design
Determine the data collection form
Determine the sampling method
Collection and Analysis of data
Present the Report
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26. Identify the Research Problem
The first step in research process is formulation of
research problem. It is most important step in
research process as poorly defined problem
would not yield useful results.
It is rightly said that “ A problem well defined is
half solved”.
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27. Determine the research design
After formulation of research problem, the researcher has
to workout a design for the study. A research design is a
plan comprising the researchers' decision about the whole
process taken out to solve the research process. Basic
types of research design are
Exploratory Research Design
Descriptive Research Design
Causal Research Design
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28. Design the data collection Form
Data
Primary Data Secondary Data
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29. Determine the Sampling Method
Sampling Method
Probability sampling Non-Probability sampling
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30. Collection and Analysis of Data
After drafting a satisfactory plan , the most crucial
and lengthy stage of the statistical investigation is
collection and analysis of collected data.
Many statistical tools are used to analyze the
data like correlation and regression analysis,
ANOVA
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31. Present the Report
The last step in research process is
present the report in a proper format.
Basically there are two types of reports
1. Oral Report
2. Written Report
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33. RESEARCH DESIGN
Research design is the blue print for the
research. Research design is also known by
different names such as research outline,
research plan or blue print.
According to Miller, “ It is the sequence of the
entire process involved in conducting a research
study.”
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34. METHODS OF RESEARCH DESIGN
There are mainly three types of research design
and these are as follows-
Exploratory Research design
Descriptive Research design
Causal Study
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35. EXPLAORATORY RESEARCH DESIGN
Exploratory research design is also known as
Formulative Research Studies. The main
purpose of such studies is to determine the
general nature of problem and the variable
related to it. The major emphasis is laid on the
discovery of new ideas. It is generally based on
secondary data.Explaoratory research design is
generally carried out by using 3 methods.
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36. Methods of Exploratory Research Design
Secondary or literature survey
Experience survey or discussion with experts.
Study of some specific cases.
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37. DESCRIPTIVE RESEARCH DESIGN
These designs are used for some definite
purpose. It is focused on explanation of
characteristics of certain group like
age,gender,income,education and occupation.
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38. CAUSAL RESEARCH DESIGN
These designs attempt to specify the nature of
functional relationship between two or more
variables present in the problem environment.
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39. BASIC ELEMENTS OF RESEARCH DESIGN
Need of the study
Review of previous studies
Statement of problem
Objectives of the study
Formulation of hypothesis
Source of data
Methods of collection ( Primary/Secondary)
Tools & Techniques ( Questionnaire, Schedules)
Data analysis
Financial Budget
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41. Which one of the following is the basic part
involved in any research investigation
I. Defining the problem
II. Formulating a hypothesis
III. Collecting the data
IV. All of these
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42. Truth is the basic need of research. This is
achieved only by
I. Primary data
II. Secondary data
III. Sufficient & Reliable data
IV. None of these
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43. Which of the following is not a step in research
study
I. Field Work
II. Problem definition
III. Understanding of competitors
IV. Research design
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44. Which one of the following is not a type of
research
I. Exploratory
II. Descriptive
III. Analytical
IV. Causal
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45. A researcher must possess
I. Integrity
II. Honesty
III. Sincerity
IV. All of these
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46. Social Science includes
I. Political Science
II. Botany
III. Physics
IV. Zoology
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47. Quantitative Research is
I. Variable Based
II. Attributes Based
III. Hypothetic
IV. None of these
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48. Research design is also known as
I. Research outline
II. Research outline
III. Blue print
IV. All of these
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49. 2 nd UNIT
Data Collection &
Sampling Methods
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50. CONCEPT OF DATA
Data is any symbol, sign or measure which is in a
form can be directly captured by a person or a
machine.
For Example-students fill an admission form when
they get admission in college. The form consist of
raw facts about the students.
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51. TYPES OF DATA
Data
Primary Secondary
Data Data
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52. PRIMARY DATA
Primary data is one which is collected by the
investigator himself for the purpose of a specific
study.
These data are
Collected first time
as original data.
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53. ADVANTAGES OF PRIMARY
DATA
More accurate
More Reliable
Good response rate
Ready to use at any time
More validate
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54. METHODS OF PRIMARY DATA
COLLECTION
Structure
d
Observation
Un-
Primary Structured
Data
Communicati Personal
on Interview
Through Schedules
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56. OBSERVATION METHOD
Under observation method an observer observe
the person called subject. Under this observer
does not ask any question. The big advantage of
this method is that under this method actually
happening is observed.
Structured Observation
Un-Structured Observation
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57. COMMUNICATION METHOD
Personal Interview- Personal interview method
requires a person known as the interviewer
asking questions generally in a face to face
contact to the another person.
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58. ADVANTAGES OF PERSONAL
INTERVIEW
More Information and that too in greater depth
can be obtained.
Personal interview can as well be obtain easily
under this method.
Under this method an interviewer can directly
observe the facial expressions of respondent.
This method is more reliable because it is a face-
to-face interaction.
An interviewer can collect more & more
information.
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59. DATA COLLECTION THROUGH
QUESTIONNAIRE
In this method a questionnaire is sent (Usually by
post) to the persons with a request to answer the
questions and return the questionnaire. A
questionnaire consists of a number of questions
printed or typed in a definite order on a set of
forms.
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61. MERITS OF QUESTIONNAIRE
METHOD
There is low cost even when the universe is
large.
It is free from the bias of the interviewer.
Respondents have adequate time to give well
thought out answers.
Respondents, who are not easily approachable,
can also reached conveniently.
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62. DEMERITS OF QUESTIONNAIRE
METHOD
Low rate of return of the duly filled in questionnaire.
It can be used only when respondents are educated
and cooperating.
The control over questionnaire may be lost once it is
sent.
It is difficult to know whether willing respondents are
truly representatives.
There is also the possibility of ambiguous replies or
omission of replies.
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63. PRECAUTION IN PREPRATION
OF QUESTIONNAIRE
Questions should proceed in logical sequence
moving from easy to difficult questions.
Technical terms should be avoided.
There should be some control questions which
indicate the reliability of the respondent.
Questions affected the sentiments of respondents
should be avoided.
Adequate space for answers should be provided
to the respondent.
The quality of the paper should be good so that it
may attract the attention of respondents.
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64. DATA COLLECTION THROUGH
SCHEDULES
This methods is very much like the collection of
data through questionnaire. Schedules are filled
by the enumerators who are especially appointed
for this purpose. These enumerators along with
schedule go to respondents, put to them the
questions form the Performa. Enumerators
explains the objective of the investigation.
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65. DIFFERENCE B/W SCHEDULE AND
QUESTIONNAIRE
1. The questionnaire is generally sent through mail
but without further assistance. The schedule is
filled by the enumerator who can interpret
questions when necessary.
2. To collect data through questionnaire is
relatively cheaper since we do not need to
spend money to appoint any person, on the
other hand in schedule there is a need of
enumerators and they need money.
3. Non-response rate is high in case of
questionnaire but not in schedule.
4. In questionnaire, it is not clear always as to who
replies but in case of schedule the identity of
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respondents is known.
66. Personal contact is generally not possible in
questionnaire but in schedule direct personal
contact is established with respondents.
Questionnaire method can be used only when
respondents are literate but in case of schedule
the information can be gathered even when
respondents are illiterate.
The success of questionnaire method lies more
on quality of the questionnaire itself, but in the
case of schedule much depends upon the
honesty of enumerators.
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67. SECONDARY DATA
Secondary data are those which are collected by
some other agency and are used for
investigation. It is time and money saving
method.
The secondary data can be classified as-
• Published data
• Unpublished data
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68. SOURCES OF PUBLISHED DATA
Published Thesis- There are number of students
engaged in research work at different
institutions/universities of the country. Their work
contribute significantly to the availability of secondary
data.
Government Reports- Most of the departments of
central and state government publish statistics on
various subjects.
Ex-Ministry of Agriculture publishes monthly report-
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Agriculture situation in India.
69. International Reports- International
organizations like FAO,WHO,ILO regularly
publish their statistics.
Sources of Unpublished Data
Some of research institutions collect data but they
normally do not publish it, such as unpublished
thesis submitted to university for the award of
Ph.D. degree.
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70. PRECAUTIONS IN THE USE OF
SECONDARY DATA
Suitability of the data
Adequacy data
Reliability of the data
Period of data
Units of measurement
Accuracy of data
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72. Mailed questionnaire method of enquiry can be
adopted if respondents
a) Live in cities
b) Have high income
c) Are educated
d) Are poor
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73. Secondary data
a) Should be avoided
b) Should be used after careful editing
c) Should be used as their face value
d) None of these
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74. A researcher wants to study the future of
congress in India. For the study which tool is
more appropriate
a) Questionnaire
b) Schedule
c) Interview
d) Rating Scale
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75. Primary data are
a) Always more reliable
b) Less Reliable
c) Depends upon agency collecting them
d) None of these
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76. Some of the sources of the primary data are
a) Confidential reports of the firm
b) Reports of firm’s sales, purchase etc.
c) Reports and publication of government
d) None of the above
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77. Primary data is preferred over secondary data
because
a) It is concise and accurate
b) It contains no error
c) It shows greater detail
d) None of these
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82. CENSUS INVESIGATION & SAMPLE
INVESTIGATION
When the information on each and every unit of
he population is collected, it is called census
investigation.
On the other hand when each and every unit is
not investigated but only a part of population
called sample is investigated, it is called sample
investigation.
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83. Superiority of sample over census
investigation
The most apparent one is that sample investigation is cheaper
than census investigation.
Sample investigation is less time consuming rather than census
investigation.
A sample survey obtain data that could not possibly otherwise.
A more minute and detailed study of problem is possible when
the units are less in number.
When the population is too large and geographically
sacttered,then study on each and every unit is not possible.
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84. The Sampling process
The Sampling process consists of five sequential
steps. These steps are as follows-
1. Defining the population
2. Identifying sampling frame
3. Choosing appropriate sampling design
4. Determine the sample size
5. Selecting the sample
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85. Defining the population
It is the aggregate of all elements , usually prior to the
selection of the sample. The population is said to be
completely defined if at least the following terms are
specified-
Elements
Sampling units
Extent
Time
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86. For Example
For monitoring the sales of our product, the
population might be
Elements-Our Products
Sampling units-Retail outlets, Super market
Extent-Bareilly,Moradabad,Badaun,Pilibhit
Time- May 1st 2013
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87. Identifying the sampling frame
A complete list of population units is the sampling
frame. The sampling frame should be selected
which consists of almost all the sampling units.
For Example- If we wish to identify the sale of
Maggi then all retailers are our sampling frame
and all retailers selling Maggi are our sampling
units.
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88. Choose appropriate sample design
Basically there are two types of sampling design
and these are
Probability Sampling
Non Probability Sampling
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89. Determine the sample size
Deciding a sample size is the most important step because
too large sample implies a waste of time and money and
too small sample will not yield good results.
factors affecting the sample size-
Nature of population
Size of population
Desired level of accuracy
Time & Money availability
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90. VARIOUS SAMPLING METHOD
Sampling
Method
Non
Probability
Probability
Sampling
Sampling
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91. Probability Sampling
Simple Random Sampling
Systematic Sampling
Stratified Sampling
Multi stage sampling
Non Probability Sampling
Judgment Sampling
Convenience Sampling
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93. Which one of the following is a non probability
sampling
a) Stratified
b) Systematic
c) Convenience
d) Cluster
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94. A statistical population may consists of
a) An infinite number of units
b) A finite number of units
c) Either a or b
d) None of a or b
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95. A study based on complete enumeration is known
as
a) Pilot survey
b) Sample survey
c) Census survey
d) None of the above
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96. A researcher selects only 10 members out of
6000 population and considers it good because
a) He was a good researcher
b) He was guided by his supervisor
c) The population was homogeneous
d) All of these
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97. The final result of a study will be more accurate if
the sample drawn is
a) Taken randomly
b) Fixed by quotas
c) Representation to the population
d) Purposive
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98. A simple random sampling may be selected by
a) Lottery method
b) Random numbers
c) Stratification
d) a & b
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99. When a research problem is related to
heterogeneous population, the most suitable
sampling method is
a) Cluster sampling
b) Convenient sampling
c) Stratified sampling
d) Lottery method
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100. A study based on complete enumeration is known
as
a) Sample survey
b) Census survey
c) Pilot survey
d) None
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