evolution of man prehistoric and post historic culture

1. By:
Krutika Bellary

4.  The oldest human
footprints in the world
were unearthed at
Laetoli, near Olduvai
Gorge, in Tanzinia.
These footprints led
Owen Lovejoy to
conclude that even
these early hominids

5. Lucy - is one of the oldest
and most complete
skeletons of human
ancestry, which was
discovered by Don
Johansson in Ethiopia's
Afar Triangle.

6.  Ramapithecus - ape man
 Australopithecus - definition of a man
 Homo erectus or Homo Sapiens - true man
 Heidelberg man - primitive man
 Neanderthal man - skill full hunting
 Cro-Magnon man – extinct mordern man
 lived in caves
 they were hunters and gatheres

9.  The pre-historic period was divided into –
1. Paleolithic age
2. Neolithic age
3. Chalcolithic age

10. Paleo - Old ; Lithos - Stone
Paleolithic or Old Stone Age dates from
the first stone tool makers (approx. 2
million BC) to about 10,000 BC.
 They used the rough/rugged stones for tools
and weapons.
 Absolute dependence on nature by
gathering food and hunting animals.

11.  Discovered fire from stones for cooking,
warmth and protection from animals.
 Extremely nomadic way of life (moving from
place to place to hunt).
 Developed simple tools from stone, bone or
wood.
 Invented clothing.
 Cave paintings and religious rituals.

13.  Neo – New ; Lithos - Stone
 This period began in Ireland with the arrival of the
first farmers around 3500 BC.
 Organized farming methods and crops and
animals.
 New house types.
 New crafts .
 Burials rituals – megalithic (great stones).
 They used polished and bladed stones.
 More sedentary life (stayed in fixed places able to
build cities).

14.  Farming became a major part of humans in the
Neolithic age

18.  Also known as the “ Copper Age” began at around 4500BC
 This age was the age of metals.
 The discovery of which was a milestone in the growth of
civilization
 The use of copper was at large, but later it was also mixed
other metals that were discovers during that time which
resulted in the discovery of bronze.
 Indus Valley Civilization is the best example in the
civilization of copper age.
 The metal was mainly used to make axes, swords,
spearheads, etc. used for hunting and farming.

20. Indus Valley Civilization

21. The Indus
Valley Region:

22.  Indus civilization is also called Indus valley civilization or Harappa
civilization.
 It was not discovered until the 1920’s.
 These settlements were established along the Indus River some 5000
years ago.
 These were one of the world's earliest major urban settlements.
 The Indus civilization is known to have comprised two large cities,
Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro, and more than 100 towns and villages,
often of relatively small size but well planned and walled.
 Trade and Agriculture were the major sources of their
income.
 Harappa to have been far larger than once thought, perhaps
supporting a population of 50,000 at certain periods

23. These cities were
well planned with
wide streets, public
and private wells,
drains, bathing
platforms and
reservoirs. One of
its most well-known
structures is
the Great Bath of
Mohenjo Daro .

24. People in the Indus Valley
played board games like this,
moving pieces between
squares.
Maze puzzles and dice games
were enjoyed by children and
adults.

27.  The period of new civilization is divided into three
phases – Ancient Age
Medieval Age
Modern Age

28.  The growth of kingdoms, steel weapons,
writings, politics, military, money, etc. were
the foundations of the new civilization.
 Literacy rate was on the rise with the
expansion of Rome.
 Roman empire showed how governing could
help the new civilization.

29.  In India, Indus Valley Civilization marks the beginning
of the ancient civilization.
 In early vedic period, the social order in ancient India
enabled members to smoothly climb the ladder of life.
 The religion of the Indian origin was very simple and
its contributions are evidently high.
 The four stages in an individuals life were
- Bhramacharya
- Grihastha
- Vanaprastha and
- Sanyasa.

30.  There was also division of classes called “
Varnashrama Dharma”.
 The classes were
- Brahmin: the one who parts knowledge.
- Kshatriyas: the ones defending the society.
- Vaisyas: were farmers.
- Sudras: the traders
• This social order did not imply any
discrimination such as big or small, high or low
in its constituents.

31.  The complete life concept called “Chaturvida
Purushartha” marked out the Indian society
globally.
 These fourfold objectives of life are-
- Dharma: the universal law
- Artha: the wealth
- Kama: the desire
- Moksha: the salvation

32. • The later vedic period saw the formation of powerful
kingdoms like panchala, kosala, maghada, etc.
• During this period, mauryas and guptas in the north;
satavahans, pallavas and cholas in the south of India
realized the importance education and established
universities like Nalanda, Ujjain, Sarnatha, Ajantha
and Taxasila.
• Great scientists like Aryabhatta, Virahamihira,
Brahmaguptha and others flourished during this
period.
• Establishments like institutions, health-care centers,
trade links, etc. were major achievements seen in the
ancient age.

33.  It starts with the fall of the Roman Empire and
establishment of the Muslim rule in India.
 India was under the Muslim rule for over 600years.
 Hinduism and Islam were however in the opposed and
influenced movements like Sufi among Muslims and
Bhakti among the Hindus.
 The unity of these two civilizations developed art called
“The Indo-Muslim Art”.
 Taj Mahal, Qutub Minar, Red Fort, etc. are the examples of
such art.
 The medieval age formulated and reformulated the socio-
economic order to meet the challenges of the changing
times.

35.  Scientific inventions and technological revolution is
evident in the modern historic period.
 Invention of microscope and telescope led to the
discovery of other many things.
 Advancement in the field of agriculture industry and
communication was a major support for the progress
of the civilization.

36.  Science and civilization textbook- Madan Lal Malpani
V.Prabhakaraiah
Saraswati Rao
 Acadamics.triton.edu.com