2. TO,
Miss .Radha
Dept . Of seed science
technology
College of sericulture
From,
Koushalya t. n
ALC2020
3rd BSc(agri)
College of sericulture
chintamani
6. RED GRAM
• (Cajanus cajan) (2n = 22)
• Self pollination is the rule in
Red gram and natural
crossing extents up to 65 per
cent.
• often cross pollinated crop.
7.
8. • Selfing, Mature flower buds are to be covered
with paper bags for one or two days.
• Crossing :Hand emasculation followed by artifical
cross pollination is essential.
• Emasculation should be done in the previous day
evening and the emasculated buds are protected
by covers.
• Early morning on the next day, pollination is
done using pollen collected from the protected
flowers of the selected male parents.
9. hybrid seed production
Male sterile line:In some redgram varieties the anthers are unable
to produce pollen grains. These are called male sterile lines. These
lines are used as female parent in hybrid seed production.
Male line:At the time of hybrid seed production, the male sterile
female parent is crossed with another variety having usual pollen
grains. The variety which is having pollen grains is called male line.
•
male sterile
female parent
male line
10. Selection of land
• Red sandy loam soils , well drained
black soils are suitable.
• Saline, saline alkaline and soils
prone for inundation during crop
period are not suitable.
• neutral pH
• Deep loam soil( as redgram is a
deep rooted crop).
• Higher organic matter will lead to
production of vigorous seed.
11. Isolation
The minimum isolation distance required is 200 m
(600 ft).
F/S=250 mts
C/S=100 mts
(from fields of other red gram varieties and of the
same )
In USA 180-360 metres is followed.
At ICRISAT 300-400 m is followed for very safe
production of hybrids and male sterile lines
12. Season
• For realizing maximum seed yield with high
quality seeds, sowing in correct season is to be
adopted.
• The seed maturation phase should not
coincide with heavy rain, temperature and
chillness.
• For this June and December are the best
months of sowing.
13. Preparation of land
• Plough the land to get
fine tilth. Since it is a
deep rooted crop, deep
ploughing is necessary.
• Then form 1½ feet
ridges and furrows.
14. Fertilizer application
• Apply 10 cart loads of farmyard manure.
• Then add 25 kg urea and 60 kg super
phosphate as basal fertilizer in the sides of the
ridges.
15. Selection of seeds
• For seed production always use c/s.
• Since c/s are having higher percentage
germination and vigour,
• it germinates quickly and it gives vigorous
seedlings.
• crop population and yield is increased.
16. Seed rate
For hybrid seed production we are
using male and female lines.
So care should be taken for not
mixing the two lines.
Male parent - 2kg/ac
Female parent – 12-15kg/ac
17. Seed treatment with fungicide
• During germination the fungus present in the
soil affect the germination per cent by causing
seed decay.
• To control this treat the seed with captan or
thiram 2g/kg seed.
• Rhizobial seed treatment
18. Sowing
• The female and male parents are to be sown
separately in the ratio of 4:2
• with border rows of pollen parent (male parent).
• The border rows should be of male parent to give
more pollen for pollination.
• For both male and female parents the spacing
between plant is half feet.
It is necessary to sow 3 seeds per hill for female line
and 1 seed per hill for male line.
19. Irrigation Management
Water is applied immediately after sowing
followed by life irrigation on the third day.
Then, irrigation is given whenever the fields
become dry.
Irrigation during flowering,
pod formation
seed development
20. Foliar application of fertilizers
• . The nutrients given
through foliage are easily
absorbed by the plants
and it goes to the
developing seed, thereby
vigorous seed is obtained.
• For foliar application DAP
solution can be used.
21. Preparation
• Soak 4 kg DAP in 13 lit of water in the previous
day evening.
• The next day supernatant solution is filtered
through cloth.
• Then mix one liter of supernatant solution with
14 lit of water.
• Spray the DAP solution in the evening hours to
avoid leaf scorching.
• To spray one acre 200 lit solution is needed.
• Irrigate the field immediately after spraying.
• Spray the solution at the time of 50% flowering
stage and 15 days after first spraying.
22. Growth regulators
.
• In pulses 50% of the flowers shed.
• Hormonal deficiency is the major problem. Due
to flower shedding, pod formation and seed yield
is reduced.
• Therefore it is necessary to spray growth
regulators to the pulses.
• To reduce flower shedding,
• spray 4 ml of planofix for 10 litres of water at 50%
flowering stage.
23. Weed Management
• Removal of weeds helps in the faster growth
of plants.
• first hand weeding at 10 DAS
• second weeding at 15 days after first weeding.
• The pre-emergence herbicide phosalone @ 1
ml/lit can be sprayed 3 days after sowing.
25. Plant protection
• Pod borer It bores the flower and pod, thereby
reduce the seed yield. To control this spray 80 ml
monocrotophos per acre.
• Blister beetle It feeds on flower buds and flower
petals. To control this catch the beetles and destroy
them.
• Downy mildew Ash coating is seen under the
surface of the leaf. This can be controlled by spraying
with wettable surplur 240 g/ac dissolved in water.
26. • Sterility mosaic virus The affected plants are
dwarf in appearance with pale green leaves. The
plants will not flower at all.
To control this rogue out the infected plants in
the early stages of growth or spray
monocrotophos 500 ml/ha.
• Root rot The affected plant is dwarf and dried.
Uproot the decayed plants and spot drench
around the bore of the affected plants as well as
healthy plants surrounding them with
carbendazim @ 1 g/lit.
28. • Remove the male fertile plants (pollen shedders) by
examining the colour of the anther (yellow) in the
female rows at the time of first flower formation.
• One day before flower opening, the plants with
translucent white anthers (sterile) alone are retained in
the female rows.
• The above operation should be completed in 7-10 days
time by daily visit to the field. In case of male parent,
remove immature pods set in the plant from time to
time to induce continuous flowering to ensure pollen
availability for a longer period.
• Later flowering plants are also to be removed in
female parent.
29. Methods to increase seed content
• male parent is sown one week after female
parent
• sowing the male parent as border crop.
• In male parent the first formed immature
pods can be removed
• Sunflower is sown around the hybrid seed
production plot.
30. Harvest
• at appropriate time of seed maturity
• when the pods turn to tan colour.
• Delayed harvest will cause shattering of seeds.
• To control pulse beetle damage,
• spray Quinalphos 2 ml/lit as pre harvest
sanitation spray.
• Male and female rows can be identified by
putting different colour bamboo stakes.
• The seeds obtained from female parent is
considered as hybrid seed.
31. Mature pods
• Therefore the pods of female and male line
should be harvested separately.
• The seeds from male should be used as grain.
• The harvested plants can be shade dried for 2
days and thresh the seeds by beating on
wooden bench.
32. Seed processing
To get plumpy seeds, size grade them using
3.35 mm or 2.8 mm round perforated sieve
depending upon the variety.
Remove broken and disease affected seeds
from processed seeds and use quality seed for
storage.
33. Seed storage
• The care given for seed production should also
be given to store the seeds till the next
season.
34. Seed moisture content
• The seed quality varies depending upon seed
moisture content.
• The high moisture seed loose their germination
capacity quickly.
• For short term storage dry the seeds to 9 per cent
moisture content and store in cloth bag or gunny
bag.
• For long term storage dry the seeds to 8 per cent
moisture content and store in vapour proof
polythene bag.
35. Seed treatment
• Before storing the seeds, it should be treated
with captan or thiram @ 2 g/kg of seed.
36. Storage containers
• To store the seeds in the high moisture places like
sea stores and near lakes, moisture vapour proof
containers should be used (700 gauge polythene
bag )
• Always use new bags.
• Care should be taken when the seeds are stored
in godown.
• Seed bags can be stacked one upon other upto 6
layers.
• Stacking beyond this will damage the seeds
present in the lower layers.
37.
38. • To prevent damage to seeds in the bottom
layers, the layers can be rotated periodically
by shifting the lower layers to the top and
vice-versa.
• Stacking must also be done on dunnages.
• Dunnages are wooden rafts that keep the
seeds above floor and allow aeration.
• Tarpaulins and thick plastic seed can also be
used.
40. Grain cum seed storage
• Pulses are both as seed and grain.
• Being of high protein value, pulse seeds have
high demand as grain also.
• Farmers may be tempted to use them for grain
as the market price for grain some times
exceeds the seed cost.
• Under such circumstances the seeds can
treated with harmless substances like
activated clay, neem oil and vegetable oil.
41. Seed certification
• Seed certification guarantees the quality of seed as it
ensures that the certified seed has the
• Genetical,
• Physical,
• Physiological and
• Seed health qualities.
• By genetical quality seed has all the characteristics
as desired by the breeder who had developed the
variety, like short duration, higher yield, high protein
etc.
.
42. • The physical quality entitles the seed to be
free of stones, broken seeds, straw bits, leaf
bits and has low seed moisture for better
storage life.
43. • Physiological quality is
measured by
germination and seed
health envisages free
from pest and diseases.
• Only those seeds that
possess the
aforementioned
qualities are certified by
the certification agency
44. • The certification
officials visit the seed
field for quality
inspection and only
those seed fields that
are maintained
properly are alone
accepted for
certification.
45. The accepted fields are then harvested
and processed under the supervision of
the certification agency and tested for
germination and other seed qualities in
the laboratory.
Only those seeds that possess the required
quality are given certificate known as tag.
This tag is blue for certified seeds.
