AQA A2 PE

1. Deviance in Sport
– Part 2

2. Learning Objectives
•Be able to give 5 arguments why hooliganism occurs and the
counterarguments for these reasons
•Give 5 strategies to control violence by spectators
•Give 5 effects of violence on a sport, spectators, players and
clubs
•Outline the law and spectators, players, club owners and
officials
•Explain for an increase in the involvement of the legal system
in sport

3. Hooliganism - Causes
Ritualised behaviour –
expression of masculinity
– a rite of passage
……..may be some
explanation but goes
beyond this
A form of tribal
behaviour?
Membership granted if
prove yourself. Group
perceive protecting
their local area/patch
……Not always locals,
supporters of fans in
other sports don’t do
this
Tension on pitch – violence
between players – or poor
ref decision can all trigger
passionate fans
………………………may be but
doesn’t affect all fans or in
all sports
An outlet for young working
class males – feel restricted
by the constraints of an
increasingly ‘safe’ society
………counterargument –
not all hooligans are
working class, not all young
men feel need to engage in
this behaviour
Some football
groups infiltrated by
extreme political
groups
…….true of a
minority but cannot
account for all
Change in fan base from just
working class to include
middle class
(bourgeoisification) and
increased unemployment,
loss of trad W/C jobs,
boredom – a reaction to this?
…..may be but although
balance has changed…all
hooligans not working class

4. Hooliganism - Causes
Ritualised behaviour –
expression of masculinity
– a rite of passage
……..may be some
explanation but goes
beyond this
A form of tribal
behaviour?
Membership granted if
prove yourself. Group
perceive protecting
their local area/patch
……Not always
locals, supporters of
fans in other sports
don’t do this
Tension on pitch – violence
between players – or poor
ref decision can all trigger
passionate fans
………………………may be but
doesn’t affect all fans or in
all sports
An outlet for young working
class males – feel restricted
by the constraints of an
increasingly ‘safe’ society
………counterargument –
not all hooligans are
working class, not all young
men feel need to engage in
this behaviour
Some football
groups infiltrated by
extreme political
groups
…….true of a
minority but cannot
account for all
Change in fan base from just
working class to include
middle class
(bourgeoisification) and
increased
unemployment, loss of trad
W/C jobs, boredom – a
reaction to this?
…..may be but although
balance has changed…all
hooligans not working class
Close rivalry between fans –
local derbies can inflame
fans passion – particularly
when sensationalised by
media
…….may be but other sports
have rivalries and some of
these fans sit together to
enjoy the match
ULTIMATELY……..
Impossible to identify
just one cause
Seen as multi-causal –
each reason adds to
over overall
understanding

5. Effectofviolenceon
individuals,sportandwider
society
1. Violence brings a sport in to disrepute
2. Damages ability to encourage children, young people and families
to participate
3. Parents will not allow their children to be involved in a sport
where their well-being will be put at risk
4. A similar reaction is going to happen if poor behaviour occurs at
local matches
Effects:
 Fan violence leads to poor treatment of legitimate fans and
supporters
 i.e. held in grounds until home fans gone, herded through
streets with suspicion and distrust (particularly abroad)
 Career ending tackles as a result of deliberate fouls
 Individual players may miss chance for international recognition if
team restricted from playing in some competitions
 Huge cost – FA/Club pays some – local police pay rest – tax money
spent on this instead of other issues
Reputation of country damaged – poor behaviour abroad can effect
national morale effect of achieving international success (just as
easily as the lift this can bring)

6. Strategiestocombat
hooliganism:
Prevention of known
hooligans travelling to
matches – banning
orders – having to
report to police stations
during match time
Control of alcohol – bans in
grounds, on terraces,
local pubs shut
Segregation of fans –
travelling and within
grounds
All-seater stadiums – better
control of movement
within ground and
control of ticket sales
Improved levels of police
and stewards (and
training)
CCTV with face-recognition
software
Sharing police intelligence/UK
officers travel abroad to share
knowledge
Not allowing players to make
gestures to crowd or take any
action
Responding to poor behaviour by
banning or removal from
competitions, fines, playing
matches away or behind closed
doors
Use by FA of high profile role
models to appeal for better
supporter behaviour (‘Kick racism
out of football’)

7. Drugs and Sport
Summary of previous work
Unethical
Against
sporting
regulations
Dangerous
Cheating
Against the
law
Role
models
take drugs
Win-at-all-
costs
Unbridled
ambition
Desire to
excel
Reasons
why some
take drugs
Possible
solutions
Random
testing
Punish
coaches
Miss tests
gives ban
Punish
Governing
Bodies
Urine and
blood
samples
Fail second
test
permanent
ban

8. Drugs and Sport
Things to remember
Great care taken to
get it right – have
been sued when
issues – Diane
Modahl –failed test in
94 – proved to be
issues with testing
process – she was
reinstated but never
regained fitness
needed to be elite
athlete.
WADA – World Anti-
Doping Agency – set
up 1998 to enforce
international regs
on doping
BOA and UK
sport/NADO –
widespread
random drugs
testing
programme
Whereabouts rule
– provoked anger
from some – says
breaks European
Privacy Law
Under WADA
rules (Jan 09) – all
Olympic athletes
are required to
state 3 months in
advance their
locations for 1
hour per day 7
days a week
UK Sport fund
research in to
new techniques
to detect drugs
NGBs try to
educate athletes
against drug use
NADO –
National
Anti-Doping
Agency

9. Arguments for
and against
drug testing
For:
Remove dangerous
substances
Allow people to take
drugs in a controlled
manner
Allow everyone a level
playing field
Create possibility that
more records could be
broken – great for
spectators
Against:
Some people would
never be prepared
to take drugs and
therefore never a
level playing field
Dangerous side
effects
Illegal programmes
would still exist and
athletes may be
forced in to these
Cost

10. Sport and
the Law

11. Sport Law – the body
of legislation, case law
and precedence that
applies to sport
Seeing more issues in
sport that are requiring
legal involvement –
violence, illegal
betting, employment
disputes e.g. Bosman
Ruling
Sport would like to
control its own issues –
be judge and jury – but
increasingly they are
having to operate within
the normal legal system
– we need to know why
Specialist
Sports
solicitors
Bosman ruling – the
ruling by the European
Court of Justice, giving
a professional player
the right to a free
transfer at the end of
their contract
More media, money and
high profile of elite
players the possibility
that players are treated
unfairly, incorrectly or
illegally will increase

12. Lawandtheperformer
1. They have employment protection (e.g. Bosman ruling)
2. Players within the EU have right to work anywhere they
wish with EU – restricting number of non-England
qualified players in premiership could break European
Law
3. Sanctions against those found drug doping – can appeal
NADO but some then still pursue legal action e.g. Diane
Modahl, Dwain Chambers
4. NGBs have rules against betting on matches a player is
involved in – can be prosecuted for match fixing
5. NGBs and legal authorities divided on how to deal with
player violence – most handled by NGB – UK CPS has
been involved in some incidents – Duncan Fergurson
served 44 days for head-butting another player in 1995.
In 2003 – El Hadj Diouf – Liverpool – fined £5000 for
spitting (assault) on a Celtic fan during a UEFA match
6. Some Civil claims being made – 2008 – rugby player
sued for compensation when left with a broken eye
socket after being punched – Hugh court ruling in his
favour

13. LawandtheOfficial 1. Officials in sport – particularly match
officials are open to investigation if
thought to being bribed. And prosecuted
if found doing so.
2. Referees duty of care. Ref may be liable if
it is thought decisions of a referee allowed
a dangerous situation – In 1998 Law Lords
upheld a negligence case against a ref and
the Welsh RFU for not applying the laws
about non-contested scrums correctly.
3. Organisers of sport events have a duty of
care towards competitors and spectators –
to ensure they are not put at risk though
avoidable or predictable events

14. Lawand
managers,agents,directors
andclubowners
1. Commercial Law applies to transfers of
players and other club dealings – failure to
follow the law on this will lead to
prosecutions
2. Club Directors and Owners have an obligation
to follow all Health and Safety Legislation to
protect spectators –
The Hillsborough disaster caused a major rethink
in the way crowds are managed and stadium
designed – Taylor report lead to all seater
stadiums, removal of pitch side fencing and more
stewards. Also led to changes to sales of alcohol
at stadiums, tick controls and turnstiles

15. LawandtheSpectator 1. Spectators must act within the law
at sports events with a regard to
their own safety and the safety of
others.
2. Invasion of playing surfaces, use
of foul language and racist chants
could all be dealt with under
various public order acts.
3. Hooligan behaviour, as defined
before, clearly breaks the law and
would be dealt with by the courts

16. 1. Give reasons for spectator violence at professional association
football matches (5)
2. Define Hooliganism and discuss the reasons it might occur (4)
3. What steps have been taken to reduce the incidents of
hooliganism in the Premiership? (3)
4. Explain the differences between sport law and national law and
discuss how this has changed (8)
5. Discuss the problem of illegal drug taking. Focus your answer on
one specific drug (14 marks)
6. Sportsmanship and gamesmanship are two opposites. Explain the
differences between the two in a game of your choice (6)