Redesigning Cities and Public Space for InnovativeMobility System
Planning Transit-Oriented Developments in Greenville County
1. Kelly E. Larkins April 18th, 2011 Committee Dr. Cliff Ellis Dr. Anne Dunning A concept drawing for bus-oriented development in White Plains, NY.
2. Outline Problem Statement Research Question and Objective Literature Review Research Design Case Studies Planning for Selected Greenville County TOD Sites Recommendations Conclusion 2
3. Problem Statement 3 The current trend of auto dependency leaves populations vulnerable to losing access to employment, shopping, and social connections. Fighting Oil Addiction: Ranking States’ Gasoline Price Vulnerability and Solutions for Change
4. Ways to Reverse Auto Dependency Short term Increase transportation options Long term Land use and densification http://tsix.ca/projects/?cat=5 4
5. Research Question and Objective 5 How can the planning, policy, and design principles of transit-oriented development be implemented within Greenville County? Objective: Increase access to employment, shopping, and social connections through the strategic combination of transit and densification.
6. Definition “A pattern of dense, diverse, pedestrian-friendly land uses near transit nodes that, under the right conditions, translates into higher patronage” – Robert Cervero 6 Transit Cooperative Research Program: Report 102
8. Different Transit Developments Transit-Adjacent Suburban street pattern Low densities Dominance of surface parking Limited or no pedestrian access Single-family homes Industrial land uses Segregated land uses Gas stations, car dealerships, drive-thrus and other auto-focused land-uses Transit-Oriented Grid street pattern High densities Mostly underground or structured parking Pedestrian-focused design Bicycle access/parking Multi-family homes Office and retail uses, especially along main streets Vertically and horizontally mixed land-uses 8 John L. Renne, From transit-adjacent to transit-oriented development.
9. TOD Typologies 9 The New Transit Town: Best Practices in Transit-oriented Development
10. Building Blocks of TOD Affordable housing for a variety of income groups and household types Access to diverse employment opportunities Access to community services Libraries Child care centers Health clinics Educational facilities Banks Access to a variety of food and retail opportunities Pedestrian-friendly and bicycle-friendly infrastructure Public spaces and green space 10
11. Goals of Transit-Oriented Development Location efficiency Objective: to make a region more equitable for people without access to a private automobile Placing goods, services, and employment close to transit stations to promote walking, biking, and transit ridership Rich mix of choices Value Capture Increased sales tax revenues Higher property values Increased farebox revenues Enhanced foot traffic Placemaking Portal to the Region 11 Transit-Oriented Development Strategic Plan (Denver, CO)
12. Zoning Permitted Uses Prohibited Uses 12 Apartments (above ground floor in active business districts) Townhouses Service-oriented office uses Non-service oriented office uses on upper floors only Mixed uses with ground floor retail, personal services and/or service-oriented offices Banks Retail under 10,000 square feet Healthcare facilities Hotels Transit stations Restaurants (except fast food) Civic, cultural and community facilities Theaters, except drive-ins Dry cleaners stores with cleaning facilities outside the Overlay District Accessory uses (parking garages, gift shops, cafeterias and day care facilities) Auto sales, auto service and repair, auto storage and auto rental uses Gasoline sales Industrial uses Car wash Strip commercial development Mini-storage and self-storage facilities Commercial laundries with dry-cleaning operation on site Low density housing (<7 units per acre) Retail uses, except grocery stores, larger than 10,000 square feet, unless part of a mixed-use development Drive-through facilities Commercial parking facilities 12 Massachusetts Transit-Oriented Development Overlay District Model Bylaw
13. Potential Benefits of TOD Reduced fuel consumption Better air quality Reduced sprawl Conservation of open space Reduced transportation spending and increased housing affordability for households Agglomeration efficiencies and increased productivity Increased property values Increased return for developers from less money and land spent on parking and roads Improved social cohesion through positive interactions among people in a community Reduced traffic accidents Improved transportation options, particularly for non-drivers Expanded labor market shed for employers Improved access to job opportunities for workers Neighborhood revitalization 13 Center for Transit-Oriented Development and Envision Utah
15. Research Design Case studies. Orenco Station, Oregon Englewood, Colorado Apply best practices in transit-oriented development to Greenville County. Spatially analyze existing land uses. Compile quantitative information. Perform document analysis on public documents. Develop recommendations. Create illustrative plans. Cherrydale Taylors 15
16. Case Study Questions What are the characteristics of the residents? How are shopping and retail opportunities utilized? How does the development work to maximize transportation options? 16
17. Orenco StationContext & History Started as a company town for Orenco Nursery Company in 1898 Company and community collapsed in the 1930s Situated between Hillsboro (west) and Beaverton (east) Development increased with the planned expansion of the Blue MAX Line (1993-1994) Orenco Station opened in 1998 17 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Old_store_in_Orenco_-_Hillsboro,_Oregon.JPG http://www.blog.fusionhappens.com/wp-content/uploads/2009/12/ptl-orenco-stat.jpg
19. Orenco StationTransportation Options Transit Options MAX Blue Line 10-15 minutes Local Bus 30-45 minutes Parking Availability 180 (surface) Bike lockers available 19 TriMet
20. Orenco StationRetail on Site Specialty Shops Jeany’s Bridal Couture Nature’s Pet Market Renaissance Premium Wines Kitchen Kaboodle Grooming Ann’s Nail & Skin Care Bishop’s Barbershop Health Dr. Judith M. Kemp(family practice) Elizabeth Guimont DC PC (chiropractor) Cornell Dental Eye Health Northwest Cafes Starbucks Merchant of Venice Cafe Dining Swagath Indian Cuisine Orenco Station Grill Yuki Japanese Restaurant Hotels Towneplace Suites by Marriott Holiday Inn Express Orenco Station Manor Suites Other services New Seasons Market (supermarket) McNeil & Goldstein(law office) 20
21. Orenco StationLessons Learned Create a coherent neighborhood structure with livable features and services. Overcome major challenges by bringing jurisdictions onto the team. These can help overcome: Obsolete national building codes Traffic engineering practices Local zoning Provide good market research to envision future residents needs and desires. Learn from history but do not copy it. Let the design evolve and change with real-world conditions. 21 Source: Michael Mehaffy
23. CityCenter EnglewoodContext & History Cinderella City opened in March1968 Sales began to fall in the 1980s due to competition Last anchor store closed in 1997 The mall was demolished and the site redeveloped Materials from old mall reused for new mixed-use development CityCenter opened in 2000 23
25. CityCenter Englewood Transportation Options Transit Light rail (Routes C & D) 7.5 -15 minutes Local bus 30 minutes Parking 1,968 (surface) 767 (structured) 25
26. CityCenter EnglewoodRetail & Services on Site Specialty Fred Astaire Dance Studio Heavenly Ham Bally Total Fitness Chuck E Cheese’s Municipal Englewood City Hall Englewood Finance and Administration Services Englewood City Clerk Museum of Outdoor Arts Health Hearing Center Specialty Eye Care City Center Dental Group Grooming Supercuts Nail Center Big Box Retail Walmart Supercenter Office Depot Sports Authority Petco Ross Hobby Lobby Dining Quiznos IHOP Cold Stone Creamery Qdoba Mexican Grill Tokyo Joe’s Englewood Country Buffet Blondie’s Firehouse Pub Cafe Mile High Coffee Banking Bank of the West Academy Bank (inside Walmart) 26
27. CityCenter EnglewoodLessons Learned Avoid fronting buildings towards arterial roads Avoid large parking lots which drain the life out of civic spaces Ensure foot traffic and critical mass through development Ensure the development has good “front doors” Locate transit parking away from station/stop to channel riders through development 27
30. Greenville County’s Readiness for TOD Greenlink Building and strengthening neighborhoods Neighborhood should have transitions to appropriate land use intensity; transit villages, major employment districts, and higher density developments Greenville-Pickens Area Transportation Study No specific mention of TODs Avocation for Complete Streets Transit integration into land use “Areas for high-quality transit service must be supported through land use and zoning policies” Greenville County No specific mention of TODs Three elements: “Communities, Centers, Corridors” Focusing development into centers Organizing land use to increase access to transit City of Greenville Noted specifically the goal to “pave the way for transit-oriented development” Locating density near transit and allowing for mixed-use Orienting buildings near roadways Re-evaluating building codes to ensure vibrancy in TODs Supporting adaptive reuse to create identity Three specific mentions by the public concerning TODs 30
35. CherrydaleExisting Conditions Transportation Natural Environment Transit Greenlink Route 3C Greenville Area Paratransit Roadways Poinsett Highway N. Pleasantburg Drive Furman Hall Road Cherrydale Street Canterbury Drive Soil Types Cecil-Urban Land Urban Land Cecil-Urban Land Complex Retention pond No rare, threatened, or endangered species reported 35
36. CherrydaleRetail & Services Retail Ingles Old Navy RadioShack Hibbett Sports GNC Payless Shoe Source Dollar Tree Shoe Carnival Ross Anna’s Linens TJ Maxx Mattress Firm Cherrydale Cinemas Services Ultratan Great Clips Anytime Fitness Rush Fitness H&R Block State Farm Insurance Sands Motel Dining Chick-fil-a Ruby Tuesday Jack In The Box Wendy’s Five Guys 36
45. Recommendations for Greenville County Begin early by developing a regional plan for transportation and land use Identify potential TOD sites and corridors Begin stakeholder involvement early Work closely with Greenlink and other transit providers Strengthen existing land use regulations Use existing knowledge and local expertise Use developers with existing TOD experience Incorporate existing uses Incorporate or strengthen street patterns inside and around TODs Control parking within TOD with both policy and design guidelines to maximize location efficiency 45
46. Transportation at Greenville County TODs Parking strategies Unbundled Joint Structured On-street Metered Bicycle racks and lockers Transit Local bus Paratransit Bus rapid transit (BRT) Light rail Demand management Car sharing Car and van pooling Taxis 46
47. Parking Strategies 47 Left : Campus of UNC Greensboro; Right: Downtown Greensboro Bottom: Conceptual Drawing of Mixed Use Parking Deck: Athens, GA
48. Conclusion Greenville County can benefit from TODs Improving air quality Land conservation Housing choices Rise in senior population Conditions will prove favorable for TOD in coming years Expansion of Greenlink Increasing number of mixed use developments Focus on centers and corridors Increased research and study of existing TODs More suburban TOD examples are becoming available for Greenville County to follow 48
49. Thank You 49 Bowen Studios:1700 South Salt Lake Master Plan
Shown here are some of the many benefits of TOD. This list is compiled both from the Center for Transit-Oriented Development and those that were included in the first plan developed in the Salt Lake City region by Envision Utah. Those I feel are most important for Greenville County include:Reduced fuel consumption Better air quality Conservation of open space Reduced transportation spending and increased housing affordability for householdsImproved social cohesion through positive interactions among people in a community Improved transportation options, particularly for non-drivers Improved access to job opportunities for workers
