POPULATION AND
DEMOGRAPHY
Prepared by:
Restauro, Natasha Paula
Mustapha, Nayrah
Clavano, Katherene Joy

POPULATION
• refers to a collection of human beings.
• A group of individuals
or items that share one or more
characteristics from which data can be
gathered and analyzed.

POPULATION GROWTH RATE
• the rate at which the number of individuals
in a population increases in a given time
period as a fraction of the initial
population. Specifically, PGR ordinarily
refers to the change in population over a
unit time period, often expressed as
a percentage of the number of individuals
in the population at the beginning of that
period

DEMOGRAPHY
• the statistical study of human populations.
It can be a very general science that can
be applied to any kind of dynamic living
population, i.e., one that changes over time
or space. It encompasses the study of the
size, structure, and distribution of these
populations, and spatial and/or temporal
changes in them in response
to birth, migration, aging and death.

MAIN SOURCE OF DEMOGRAPHIC DATA
• Population census (different administrative
and political areas) and their social
economic characteristics (age, sex,
occupation, nationality, employment status
and migration)
• Vital registration statistics (births, deaths
and marriage)

• Sample or special surveys undertaken for a
particular purpose e.g Philippine Statistical
Surey of Household (PSSH)
• Demographic data gathered and processed
by government agencies (e.g. DECS, DOH)

THOMAS MALTHUS’ THEORY
• The increase in population is faster than
the increase in food supply, thus pushing
people to the verge of starvation

DEMOGRAPHIC TRANSITION
• The condition of high birth rate and
declining death rate in an accelerated
growth of population

DEMOGRAPHIC TRANSITION THEORY
• Holds that as socities become
technologically modern and urbanized, they
pass through three stages

3 STAGES OF DEMOGRAPHIC TRANSITION
• FIRST- the traditional pattern of high birth rate
and high death rate which results in a stable
population
• SECOND- a period of high birth rate but declining
death rate where the society experiences a big
natural increase of population
• THIRD- a period of low birth rate and low death
rate where the population is stabilized

CAUSES OF THE DECLINE IN BIRTH RATE
• Changed conditions of life caused by
industrialization
• Shifts in social values and attitude about
children and family size
• Conscious attempt to limit the number of
children
• Influence of secular education which reoriented
attitudes and values
• Urbanization

CAUSES OF THE DECLINE IN MORTALITY RATE
• Economic development
• Rising standard of living
• Improvements in medicine, agriculture, nutrition,
health and sanitation, and personal hygiene
• Formation of a more effective social organization
• Improvement of national markets

PROCESS IN POPULATION CHANGE
• Population change occurs as growth or as a
decline. Three variables, namely, fertility,
mortality and migration are involved. The
combination of these variables has resulted
in changes in the demographic structure,
influencing the social, economic, and
political structure of the society

FERTILITY
• Refers to the actual number of children
born to a woman or group of women
WAYS TO MEASURE FERTILITY
a. CRUDE BIRTH RATE
- the number of registered births per
1000 of the population in a given area at
a specified time

b. AGE- SPECIFIC FERTILITY RATE
- refers to the number of births to
women at a given age group per 1000
women in the same age group
c. TOTAL FERTILITY RATE
- is the sum of the age- specific fertility
rates for all women aged 15- 49

FACTORS THAT AFFECT FERTILITY
• Social and cultural values
• Economy of the society
• Family structure
• Education
• Labor force participation
• Age of marriage
• Proportion of people who get married
• Fertility intentions
• Knowledge and practice if birth control

MORTALITY
• Refers to the number of deaths per 1000
of the total mid- year population in a
particular place at a specified time
WAYS TO MEASURE MORTALITY
a. CRUDE DEATH RATE
- the number of registered deaths per
1000 of the population in a given area at
a specified time

b. AGE- SPECIFIC MORTALITY
- refers to the number of death at a
defined age span per 1000 of the total
mid- year population in the same group

LIFE EXPECTANCY
• Refers to the average number of
years a person can expect to live
at the time of birth

MIGRATION
• The spatial movements of a
person or group of persons from
one place to another, more or
less for permanent residency

REASONS WHY PEOPLE MIGRATE
• Economic
• Political
• Social
• Psychological
• Religious
• Educational
• medical

FORCES OF MIGRATION
• PUSH FACTORS
– Come in the form of unfavorable or
unattractive conditons which make one
dissatisfied with one’s natural resources;
natural disasters; political, religious, or
racial discrimination or persecution; or
internal disorders or war

• PULL FACTORS
– Refers to the corresponding conditions or
attractions of a locally which lure one to
go there e.g. favorable climate and good
topography, employment opportunities,
recreational and other cultural facilities
and religious freedom and peace

TYPES OF MIGRATION
• INTERNAL MIGRATION
– the spatial movement of a person or
group of persons within the country
• INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION
– the movement of a person or group of
persons from one country to another

STRUCTURES AFFECTED BY FERTILITY,
MORTALITY AND MIGRATION
• AGE STRUCTURE
- refers to the proportion of persons
at the different age levels
• SEX RATIO
– refers to the number of males per
one hundred females

POPULATION POLICIES AND PROGRAMS
• POPULATION COMMISSION (POPCOM)
- was made the policy- making,
coordinating, and monitoring agency of
the country’s family planning program
- its goal is to enhance national
development by meeting the social and
economic challenge of a high rate of
population growth

PHILIPPINE POPULATION
MANAGEMENT PROGRAM
- based on population- resource-
environment (PRE) framework which
aimed to secure proper balance among
population resources and environment
and to achieve an improved quality of
life for all Filipinos through the proper
management of population growth and
distribution