2. The study of human behavior- how
people behave & why they behave in
the way they do
Concerned with
individual, personality, behavior
Helps to understand
attitudes, beliefs, learning, memory
process
Helps to promote mental health in
individuals & families

3. Normal psychology
Abnormal psychology
Educational psychology
Social psychology
Child psychology
Applied psychology
Psychoanalysis
Medical psychology

4. Human behavior is result of physical
& mental factors
“The total reactions of an individual
accessible to external observation”
Thought & understanding are
implicit behavior not directly
observable
Inferred from other observable
behavior

5. Knowledge
Beliefs
Values
Attitudes
Skills
Finance
Materials
Time
Influence of family members, friends, co-
workers, opinion-leaders, health-workers

6. Male/female roles
Societal norms
Ethnic discrimination
Poverty
Unemployment
Educational opportunities

7. Aggregate of specific
educational, scientific, &
professional contributions of the
discipline of psychology for
- Promotion & maintenance of health
- Prevention & treatment of illness
- Identification of etiologic &
diagnostic correlates of
health, illness & related dysfunction

8. a) Research into psychological aspects
of behavior relevant to the health
system
b) Application of psychological
concepts & knowledge to problems
arising in the health system
c) Teaching relevant psychological
material to the non-psychologists
who work within the health system

9. - Studies psychological adaptive mechanisms of
the body as it responds to challenges or
hazards in the form of physical/chemical
insults
- Ways in which people respond to hazards &
threats through complex, learned, socially
modulated pattern of behavior
- Originates from concern with interaction
between biological stresses, symbolic
processes & body’s reactions

10. Behavior guided by health purposes or
reinforced by health outcomes
Refers to those activities undertaken by
people to avoid disease & to detect
asymptomatic infections through
appropriate screening tests
Eg;
- use of condoms
- Keeping good health-habits (use of seat-
belts, regular brushing of teeth, non-
smoking)

11. Refers to how people react to
symptom
A friend / acquaintance is
approached first before seeking
formal medical advice
Activities used to cure disease &
restore health
Cooperation of patients is important

12.  Early marriages for girls in certain traditional
rural families
High fertility & consequences of teenage
pregnancy
 Polygamy large family size
 Polyandry Reduction in family sizes
 Resistance of men to vasectomy
 Universality of marriage in India
No problem of unmarried mothers & illegitimate
children

13. - Classification of responses:
:
habits, skills
:
emotions, feelings, tension
perceptions, thinking, reasoning

14. i) Environmental stimuli:
- Environmental stimuli generate nerve
impulses, which reaching cerebral cortex & being
assembled & evaluated, generates ones “conscious
behavior”.
- Determined by standards/expectations of society
ii) Emotions & feelings:
- Seat of primary emotions(anger, joy, hunger):
thalamus
- functions under cerebral cortex
iii) Needs:
- wants, desires, urges
iv) Motivation:
- Inner force driving individual to certain action
v) Intellectual perceptions:

15. May be active or passive
Loss of temper & making complaint
Self isolation/ avoidance
Making excuse
Acceptance of failure with good
spirit & making behavioral changes

16. A. Respondent learning:
- Dependent upon the theory of respondent
conditioning by Ivan Pavlov
- Plays important role in many health problems
& several therapeutic approaches are based
on this principle
- Peptic ulcer related to psychological stress
B. Operant learning:
- Behaviors are controlled by their
consequences or environmental events that
follow the behavior
- Four techniques for modifying operant
behavior
- i)positive
reinforcement, ii)punishment, iii)negative

17. Change in
Health Behavior
Social
Support
Goal
specification
Self-
reinforcement
Self monitoring Stimulus
control

18. - Fear
- Anger
- Love
- Hatred
- Jealousy
- Moodiness
- Joy
- Sorrow
- Sympathy
- Pity
- Lust
- Grief

19. - Most common emotion of man.
- May produce excitement,
depression, fight, flight
- Fear of dark, fear of death, fear
of dogs, fear of snakes, fear of
ghosts, fear of sickness
- When fear become exaggerate/
unnecessary: Phobia; common in
patients with mental disorder

20. - Offensive reaction
- Destructive in nature
- If not controlled timely, may impel a person to
commit crimes such as murder
- Manifest in symptoms such as sapid pulse &
breathing, flushing, tremors, sweating, dry
mouth, nausea, diarrhea, raised blood pressure
- Anxiety → Tension→ Pain
- Doctor/ nurse has great role in relieving anxiety
 Love
- Feeling of attachment to some person

21.  Disorders of emotion may impede human
efficiency:
- Lack of concentration
- Lack of appetite
- Increased risk of accidents
- Lack of sleep
- Palpitation
- Temper tantrums
- Abdominal pains Emotional disorder
- Spasms in children
- Tics
- Anti-social behavior

22. Essential
hypertension
Peptic ulcer
Asthma
Ulcerative colitis
Disturbed
emotional
states

23. Cultivation of hobbies- reading &
recreation
Adopting a sane philosophy in life to
avoid emotional conflicts
Trying to understand one’s own
limitations
Development of a sense of humor
- Study of psychology essential to
understand the basis of emotion

24. Inner force driving an individual to a
certain action
Determines human behavior
May be positive / negative
Motives, needs, wants, urges –all
interrelated
a) Biological needs:
- Food, sleep, rest, recreation, fresh air
b) Social needs:
- Need for company, love & affection; need
for recognition; need for education
c) Ego-integrative needs:
- Desire for prestige, power & self-respect

25. - Stimulate
motivation &
encourage specific
behaviors
- May be
intrinsic/extrinsic,
material/psycholo
gical, self
determined/
selected by others

26. Legislation:
- supports, promotes
, maintains
activities at
community level
- Should be
compatible with the
political, cultural, s
ocial & economic
situation of the
country/ region
- Should satisfy
requirements

27. A psychological skill
Consists of perception & attention
Requires correct use of following
senses: seeing, hearing, touch, smell,
movements
 correct observation → correct thinking,
reasoning
learning
Correct observation promotes attention
Sustained attention → concentration

28. Perception
observation, recognition & discriminition
Visual perception
Auditory perception
Muscular perception
Disorders of perception
i. Imperception: inability to recognize.(?
Damage sensory organs)
ii. Illusion: false perception. may be
auditory or visual
iii. Hallucinations: imaginary perception.
Found in mental disorder

29. Acquired
Permanent ways of
behaving
Three components:
a) Cognitive/knowled
ge :
b) Affective/feeling:
c) Tendency to
action:
- Attitudes are
learnt through
social interaction

30. Views held by people on a point of
dispute
Based on evidence available on time
Temporary, provisional by nature
Permanent, stable, almost
unchangeable
Handed down through generations
Accepted without any question
Difficult to change

31. Most significant- self-interest:
security, pleasure, self-esteem
Group interest: primary &
secondary
- caste interest
- Language group interest
- Peer group interest
- Interests of religious, social,
political, professional groups
- Social, regional, national interests