1. “We talk a lot and talk pretty well
about race, but we don’t listen
enough. And I’m hoping that if we
listen to each other, we can begin to …
make this society of ours into less and
less of a country of strangers.”
- David Shipler
2. Appreciation of our differences starts
with the acknowledgment of our
similarities.
-Peter Reese
3. SOCIOLOGY AND ANTHROPOLOGY WITH FAMILY PLANNING
THE STUDY OF CULTURE
04 December 2012
College of the Holy Spirit Manila
Mendiola Street, Malacañang Palace Complex,
Manila, Metro Manila
4. DEFINITION OF CULTURE
TYPES AND COMPONENTS
OF CULTURE
CHARACTERISTICS
OF CULTURE
PRESENTATION
OUTLINE
ADAPTATIONS OF
CULTURE
FUNCTIONS OF CULTURE
5. The word culture is
derived from the Latin
word culture which
means ‘care’, or cultus,
meaning ‘civilization.’
WHAT IS CULTURE?
6. DEFINITION
“Culture refers to that complex whole
which included knowledge, beliefs,
art, morals, law, customs and any
other capabilities and habits acquired
by man as a member of society.”
SIR EDWARD TAYLOR
7. As we go from place to place, we will note differences in
behavior and beliefs among people with regard to dressing, food
and cooking, love, courtship, marriage practices, way of
worshipping God, earning a living, leisure time activities and the
like. The Chinese, Japanese, the Indians, the Arabs, the American,
the Russian – people, in general – are brought up differently,
thus they acquire different ways of behaving. These ways of
behaving peculiar to a group of people comprise what
sociologists call CULTURE.
8. 12 ASPECTS OF CULTURE
History-time period and conditions under
which a group migrated or immigrated.
Social Status Factors – education, occupation,
income
Social Group Interaction Patterns: Intra-group
(within group relations) and Inter-group
(between-group relations)
Value Orientation – standards by which
members of a culture judge their personal
actions and those of others.
Language and Communication: Verbal and
Nonverbal
9. 12 ASPECTS OF CULTURE
Family Life Processes – gender roles, family
dynamics
Healing Beliefs and Practices – attitudes and
beliefs about health.
Religion – spiritual beliefs and practices
Art and Expressive Forms – art, music, stories,
dance, etc.
Diet/Foods – preferred food eaten by groups.
Recreation – activities, sports for leisure, etc.
Clothing – types, styles, and extent of body
coverings.
10.
11.
12. TYPES OF CULTURE
MATERIAL
Includes physical objects or artifacts – things that human beings
create by altering the natural environment. They are easy to observe
and are often impressive. Examples of these are dwelling units, tools,
weapons and implements, clothing, stone axes, wooden chair, book,
jet airplanes, and other concrete elements of culture that can be
perceived as an important part or product of any behavior system of
man, past, present and future.
NON-MATERIAL
Consists of words people use, the habits they follow, the ideas,
customs, behavior, of any society profess and to which they strive to
conform. Laws, techniques, lifestyle, and knowledge are included,
too. The non-material aspect of culture is the meaning and substance
inherent in culture.
13. PHILIPPINE OF CULTURE
MANANANGGAL/ASWANG/TIKTIK
described as being a hideous, scary vampire-
like creature , capable of severing its upper
torso in order to fly into the night with huge
bat-like wings to prey on unsuspecting,
pregnant women in their homes; using an
elongated proboscis-like tongue, it sucks the
hearts of fetuses or the blood of an
unsuspecting, sleeping victim.
14. PHILIPPINE OF CULTURE
Penanggalan- A vampire akin to Manananggal
from the Malay peninsular
Krasue—Floating vampiric female head and
entrails that is similar to a manananggal
Chonchon-mapuche creature that also
detaches its head
Nukekubi—Japanese creature that also
detaches its head to feed on victims
15. PHILIPPINE OF CULTURE
HALO HALO
Ingredients include boiled kidney beans,
garbanzos, coconut milk and plantains
caramelized in sugar, gulaman, tapioca,
nata de coco, sweet potato
Ais kacang - a similar dessert from Malaysia and
Singapore
Cendol - a similar dessert from Indonesia, Thailand,
Malaysia and Singapore
Es campur - a similar dessert from Indonesia
Es teler - a similar dessert from Indonesia
Sâm bu long - a similar dessert from Vietnam
Kakigōri - a similar dessert from Japan
Baobing - a similar dessert from China
Patbingsu - a similar dessert from Korea
16. PHILIPPINE OF CULTURE
MANGO
cultivators include North, South and
Central America, the Caribbean,
south, west and central Africa,
Australia, China, Pakistan,
Bangladesh, and Southeast Asia.
18. PHILIPPINE OF CULTURE
BALUT
They are common food in countries
in Southeast Asia, such as
Laos,
Cambodia - pong tia koon
and Vietnam - trứng vịt lộn or hột vịt lộn
19. PHILIPPINE OF CULTURE
Terraced paddy fields are used
widely in rice farming in east,
south, and southeast Asia, as well
as other places.
China, Nepal, Vietnam, Indonesia
21. COMPONENTS OF CULTURE
NORMS
Guides or models of behavior which tell us what is proper and which
are appropriate or inappropriate, right or wrong. They set limits
within which individuals may seek alternatives or ways to achieve
their goals. Norms regulate people’s behavior in a given society.
-usually in the form of rules, standards, or prescriptions followed by
people who follow certain standards or roles.
VALUES
LANGUAGE
23. COMPONENTS OF CULTURE
NORMS
FORMS OF NORMS:
FOLKWAYS
-are customary patterns of everyday life that specify what is socially
correct and proper in everyday life.
-customary ways. They are the repetitive or the typical habits
and patterns of expected behavior followed within a group of
community.
VALUES
LANGUAGE
24. COMPONENTS OF CULTURE
NORMS
FORMS OF NORMS:
MORES
-are seen as extremely important and are considered vital for the
group’s welfare and survival.
-while folkways specify correct and proper behavior, mores
define what is morally right and morally wrong.
VALUES
LANGUAGE
25. COMPONENTS OF CULTURE
NORMS
FORMS OF NORMS:
LAWS
-are norms that are enforced formally by a special political
organization. They are formalized social norms enacted by people
who have been vested through the machinery of the state.
VALUES
LANGUAGE
26. COMPONENTS OF CULTURE
NORMS
VALUES
MAJOR VALUE ORIENTATIONS:
achievement and success
activity and work
moral orientation
humanitarianism
efficiency and practicality
LANGUAGE
27. COMPONENTS OF CULTURE
NORMS
VALUES
FILIPINO MAJOR VALUE ORIENTATIONS:
Emotional closeness and security in the family.
The authority value.
Economic and social betterment.
Patience, suffering, endurance.
LANGUAGE
28. COMPONENTS OF CULTURE
NORMS
VALUES
LANGUAGE
-refers to a system of symbols that have specific and arbitrary
meaning in a given society.
29. COMPONENTS OF CULTURE
NORMS
VALUES
LANGUAGE
The Sapir-Whorf hypothesis, which is the idea that language
structures thought, and that ways of looking at the world are
embedded in language, supports this premise.
30. COMPONENTS OF CULTURE
NORMS
VALUES
LANGUAGE
The degree of cultural diversity in finger counting has been
grossly underestimated. Europeans, for example, tend to begin
counting with the thumb of their left hand. People from the
Middle East, however, often begin counting with the little finger
of their right hand. If you hail from China, or North America,
you're more likely to begin counting on an index finger. The
Japanese are the odd ones out; they tend to start from an open-
hand position, and count by closing their fingers into a fist,
beginning with the little finger.
32. COMPONENTS OF CULTURE
A taboo is a norm engrained
so deeply that even thinking
about violating it evokes
strong feelings of disgust,
horror, or revulsion for most
people.
33. COMPONENTS OF CULTURE
Sanctions are positive or negative reactions
to the ways that people follow or disobey
norms, including rewards for conformity
and punishments for norm violators.
Sanctions help to establish social control,
the formal and informal mechanisms used
to increase conformity to values and norms
and thus increase social cohesion.
34. CHARACTERISTICS OF CULTURE
•CULTURE IS LEARNED AND ACQUIRED
•CULTURE IS ACQUIRED AND TRANSMITTED
•CULTURE IS SOCIAL
•CULTURE IS IDEATIONAL
•CULTURE GRATIFIES HUMAN NEEDS
•CULTURE IS ADAPTIVE
•CULTURE TENDS TOWARD INTEGRATION
•CULTURE IS CUMULATIVE
36. FUNCTIONS OF CULTURE
•CULTURE AS A CATEGORY
•CULTURE AS A TOOL IN PREDICTION
•CULTURE PROVIDES INDIVIDUALS WITH THE
MEANING AND DIRECTION OF HIS EXISTENCE
38. TAKE AWAY POINTS
Culture is a lens through which we view the world
around us.
It is also a filter that we are (mostly) unaware modifies
our perception of reality.
Culture is given to us from our ancestors and we
recreate it through interaction with other people.
39. CULTURAL DIFFERENCES
Values represent personal or socially preferable
modes of conduct or states of existence that are
enduring.
Why doesn’t McDonald’s sell hamburgers in India?
40. CULTURAL DIFFERENCES
When Gerber started selling baby food in
Africa, they used US packaging with the
smiling baby on the label.
In Africa, companies routinely put
pictures on labels of what’s inside, since
many people can’t read.
41. CULTURAL DIFFERENCES
Pepsi’s “Come Alive With the Pepsi
Generation” in Chinese translated into
“Pepsi Brings Your Ancestors Back From
the Grave”
42. CULTURAL DIFFERENCES
Coca-Cola’s name in China was first read
as “Kekoukela”, meaning “Bite the wax
tadpole” or “female horse stuffed with
wax”, depending on the dialect.
Coke then researched 40,000 characters
to find a phonetic equivalent “kokou
kole”, translating into “happiness in the
mouth.”
43. CULTURAL STEREOTYPES
Cultural stereotypes: values and
behaviors considered typical of a culture
Are they valuable?
Yes, if they reduce uncertainty
about what expatriate can expect.
No, if used to label an individual
unlike the stereotype
