2. Learning Objectives
• Differentiate between culture and society
• Explain material versus nonmaterial culture
• Discuss the concept of cultural universalism as it relates to society
• Compare and contrast ethnocentrism and xenocentrism
3. Culture defined
1. the ideas, customs, and social behavior of a particular people or
society.
2. the arts and other manifestations of human intellectual
achievement regarded collectively.
4. Components of culture
Culture was defined earlier as the :
• symbols
• language
• beliefs
• values
• artifacts
As this definition suggests, there are
two basic components of culture:
ideas and symbols on the one hand
and artifacts (material objects) on
the other.
5. Symbols
• Every culture is filled
with symbols, or
things that stand for
something else and
that often evoke
various reactions and
emotions
6. Material Culture and Non-Material
• Material culture is the totality of physical objects and belongings of
members of a group of people. Material culture includes objects made by
the group and objects obtained by the group in other ways, such as
trading, stealing, or extracting something from the natural environment to
serve as an object for human use. material culture include money, tools,
weapons, utensils, machines, clothing, ornaments, art, buildings, and
monuments.
• Non-material culture includes ideas, beliefs, social roles, rules, ethics, and
attitudes of a society. Non-material culture does not include any physical
objects or artifacts. non-material culture plays a major role in shaping how
members of a society behave, interact with each other, and make sense of
the world around them. nonmaterial culture include languages and words,
dress codes, etiquette, rituals, business and social transactions, religion,
laws, punishments, and values
7. Cultural variability's
• Are customs and
practices that occur
across all societies they
include
Cultural variation refers
to the rich diversity in
social practices that
different cultures exhibit
around the world.
8. Cultural Universals
• here are some cultural traditions that are
universal, despite the fact that there are as
many varied and unique cultures as
societies. There are some basic qualities
that may be observed in practically all
societies, notwithstanding the diversity of
human cultural behavior. Practices, beliefs,
values, norms, material objects, and other
cultural universals are those that are
observed across all societies in the globe,
or across different social groupings within
a society.
9.
10. cultural alternatives
• There are many different ways to do the same. For example, create a
universal aspect of culture for a patient; but the way people vary
patient care. There are many different ways to do the same. It's called
cultural alternatives. In other words, cultural alternatives refers to
two or more forms of behavior in a socially acceptable in a given
situation. These alternatives give different reactions to the same
situation or different techniques to achieve the same result. Cultural
alternatives (also) the nature of the choices that allow for differences
in ideas, habits and lifestyle. Modern industrialized society offers
much more than cultural alternatives had many past societies.
• On the other hand,
11. Cultural specialties
• cultural specialties refer to specific
skills, training, knowledge, and
others which are limited to a
certain group or society. These are
elements of culture that are shared
by members of certain social
groups, but which are not shared
by the whole population. Cultural
specialties cause behavioral
differences between people, as
opposed to cultural universals.
12. Culture lag Culture lead
• The difference between material culture and non-material culture is
known as cultural lag
• The term cultural lag is used to describe the situation in which
technological advancements or changes in society occur faster than
the changes in the rules and norms of the culture that go along with
those advancements or changes. This can lead to moral and ethical
dilemmas for individuals as the new social norms are developed.
•
13. Basic Characteristics of Culture
• Culture is organic and supraorganic
• Culture is implicit and explicit
• Culture is stable and changing
• Culture is overt and covert
• Culture is learned and shared
• Culture is symbolic
• Culture is ideal and manifest
14. Group Assignment
Group three
Group five
Group two
Group one
Somaliland and Ethiopian Cultural variation
Symbolic Interactionism and feminism
20 most common Somaliland Cultural specialties
Deeply discuss Types or Categories of
Societies?
20 Universals Culturals that Somaliland share in the
world
Group four
