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AS geography grey areas and key concepts
1. AS Geography ‘grey areas’, challenges, and other important concepts
All / many topics
There’s no perfect solution
It depends whose perspective you are considering
Sustainability:(1) SEE; (2) Ec v Env usually in conflict;(3) no such thingas perfect sustainability
Top down v bottom up management (e.g. re alternativetechnology, indigenous in tundra)
Rivers
Hjulströmcurve – SAND easiestto erode (clay coagulates)
Hydraulic radius =cross section area / wetted perimeter – larger = less friction / roughness so faster
Deltas when rate of deposition > rate of removal by tides,waves, LsD – otherwise estuaries
Braiding=fluctuatingflow (periglacial / monsoon areas)
Rejuvenation – causes,landforms
Not ‘hard’ (physical blockingof natural processes) v ‘soft’(working WITH natural processes) butholistic
LDC flooding – greater emotional resilience?? (sh** happens,spirituality)
The storm hydrograph (sketch even if not asked for) – urbanisation / deforestation “stories” – TERMS (less interception,
infiltration excess overland flow,or impermeable steeper risinglimb, shorter lag time (flashier),higher peak discharge,
exceeds bankfull)
READ UP PAKISTAN 2010 Taliban deforestation alleged, uncontrolled floodplain development (stage 3 DTM)
Physical causes contrast(Brown Willy Effectv frozen jet stream infiltration excess v saturated overland flow)
SPECIFICS for IMPACTS of floodingin Pakistan 2010 v Boscastle2004 (S,E, E)
Cold Envs
Glacial budget– accumulation v ablation –advanceor recession (some advancingTODAY due to accum)
Depositional landforms / characteristics –glacial (UNsorted, angular,no layers,clay fromabrasion,boulders fromscree/
plucking) v fluvioglacial (sorted,sub-rounded, seasonal layers)
Meltwater erosion – rapid,maybe glacial troughs,channels can go uphill dueto hydrostatics under ice
Oil,REEs, uraniumetc (Alaska,Greenland)
Krill pills (Southern Ocean) – keystone species,food webs
Thermokarst (& attempted solutions –keep heat away from ground - stilts,gravel nottarmac etc)
Periglacial –freezing / thawing – +9% vol
on surface frostshattering, gelifluction felsenmeer, scree, solifluction lobes,nivation hollows
underground frost heave stone polygons,pingos,icewedges, etc
Indigenous (Inuit, Sami) sustainablelifestyle,butthat’s changing… e.g. tourism,Greenland suiciderate,McDs
Three general points of view in conflict:(1) exploitingTNCs, (2) ‘Western’ environmentalists / eco-groups,
BUT the interesting one = locals (indigenous and otherwise) – generally pro-development, pro-jobs,anti-greenwashing
(e.g. narwhal quotas) – obviously aimfor SUSTAINABILITY, but economic and social morethan environmental
Fragile environment (easily damaged due to low biodiversity,slowto regenerate (cold and DRY – high P)
READ YOUR CASE STUDY NOTES / CGP BOOK / ETC – especially reearly v more recent development
Population
Stage 2/3 pyramid = concave[NB lower lifeexpectancy NOT higher death rate]
UK c.130 years DTM 2 4, Thailand 30 years problem = RAPID ageing
Immigration / fertility link (UK,EU, Japan, USA)
Importance of BRICs (NICs, MINTs) – rapid pop.growth (not Russia) AND largepopulations AND wealth
The ‘demographic dividend’ – LDCs – IF education / employment [China in Africa…]
Population policies – antinatal Thailand vpronatal Code de Famille,SingaporeNational Night,Denmark holidays,South
Korea government lights out LEARN THE SPECIFICS and how these aim for sustainable development
SPECIFICS for East Marsh v Waltham (see my sheet / notes lastweek)
Energy
USA, China & India
Fossil fuel exporters mainly politically unstableetc. (Russia,MiddleEast,North Africa,socialistSouth America (Venezuela /
Bolivia etc)
Fuelwood crisis(sub-Saharan Africaplus Nepal,Bangladesh,etc)
Investingin renewable etc becauseeven if not economically viable now,it will become more so in future AND desireto be
‘in the lead’when it does
“Renewable” (incl biofuels) notalways very sustainable… (or atleasthave many environmental side-effects) – e.g. HEP
methane & concrete, biofuel crops pesticideand eutrophication,etc
Boserupian ideas (e.g. Elon Musk powerwall)
EF Schumacher – “Small is Beautiful”(1973) – alternativetechnology, people-centred economics
Energy conservation – more efficient (eg CHP), use less (eg jumpers, car sharing,Boris Bikes etc) - SPECIFICS
LEARN SPECIFICS for Norway v Morocco (worksheet 07) – both going ‘renewable’, Norway keeping oil in the ground, etc.