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Elements, Atoms, Ions, and the Periodic Table

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This document provides an overview of elements, atoms, ions, isotopes, and the periodic table. It defines elements as pure substances that cannot be broken down further. Atoms are the smallest particles that retain an element's chemical properties and consist of protons, neutrons, and electrons. Ions are atoms or groups of atoms with a positive or negative charge formed by gaining or losing electrons. Isotopes are atoms of the same element with different numbers of neutrons. The periodic table organizes the elements and provides their properties based on their atomic structure.

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Elements, Atoms, and Ions
 
The Language of Chemistry ,[object Object],[object Object],Sodium Bromine Aluminum
The Language of Chemistry ,[object Object],[object Object]
The Periodic Table ,[object Object]
Glenn Seaborg (1912-1999 ) ,[object Object],[object Object]
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],The Atom http:// www.youtube.com/watch?v =kypne21A0R4 http:// www.youtube.com/watch?v =qmgE0w6E6ZI&mode= related&search = Nucleus Electron cloud
Copper atoms on silica surface. ,[object Object],Distance across = 1.8 nanometer (1.8 x 10 -9 m)
Subatomic Particles ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],He
The red compound is composed of • nickel (Ni) (silver) • carbon (C) (black) • hydrogen (H) (white) • oxygen (O) (red) • nitrogen (N) (blue) ,[object Object]
Compounds ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
A MOLECULE is the smallest unit of a compound that retains the chemical characteristics of the compound. ,[object Object],H 2 O C 8 H 10 N 4 O 2 - caffeine
ELEMENTS THAT EXIST AS DIATOMIC MOLECULES Remember: BrINClHOF These elements only exist as PAIRS. Note that when they combine to make compounds, they are no longer elements so they are no longer in pairs!
Where Did it All Begin? ,[object Object],[object Object]
Dalton’s Atomic Theory ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Dalton’s Atomic Theory - Summary ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Problems with Dalton’s Atomic Theory? ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
[object Object],[object Object],Cathode Ray tube What about Electrons? ,[object Object]
[object Object],[object Object],Millikin Oil Drop experiment
Rutherford’s experiment. Ernest Rutherford wondered how all these particles were put together
[object Object]
Results of foil experiment if Plum Pudding model had been correct .
What Actually Happened
Niels Bohr ,[object Object],[object Object]
Niels Bohr
ATOM COMPOSITION ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],The atom is mostly empty space
ATOMIC COMPOSITION ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Atomic Number, Z ,[object Object],13 Al 26.981 Atomic number Atom symbol AVERAGE Atomic Mass
Mass Number, A ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Isotopes ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],10 B 11 B
Figure 3.10: Two isotopes of sodium.
Isotopes & Their Uses Bone scans with radioactive technetium-99.
Isotopes & Their Uses The tritium content of ground water is used to discover the source of the water, for example, in municipal water or the source of the steam from a volcano.
Atomic Symbols ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Isotopes? ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Answer: ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Counting Protons, Neutrons, and Electrons ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Learning Check – Counting ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Answers ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Learning Check ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Solution ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
IONS ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Forming Cations & Anions A CATION forms when an atom loses one or more electrons. An ANION forms when an atom gains one or more electrons Mg --> Mg 2+ + 2 e- F + e- --> F -
PREDICTING ION CHARGES ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Charges on Common Ions +3 By losing or gaining e-, atom has same number of e-’s as nearest Group 8A atom. http:// www.youtube.com/watch?v = IpaEGhjpZgc -4 -1 -2 -3 +1 +2
Learning Check – Counting ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Learning Check – Counting ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
One Last Learning Check ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Answers ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
AVERAGE ATOMIC MASS ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],10 B 11 B
Isotopes & Average Atomic Mass ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
The Periodic Table
Periods in the Periodic Table
Groups in the Periodic Table Elements in groups react in similar ways!
Regions of the Periodic Table
University of North Texas Chemistry Building The only full periodic table with all the elements (except man-made) in existence
Group 1A: Alkali Metals Cutting sodium metal Reaction of potassium + H 2 O
Magnesium Magnesium oxide Group 2A: Alkaline Earth Metals
Group 7A: The Halogens (salt makers) F, Cl, Br, I, At
Group 8A: The Noble (Inert) Gases He, Ne, Ar, Kr, Xe, Rn ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],XeOF 4
Transition Elements ,[object Object],Iron in air gives iron(III) oxide
[object Object],[object Object]
Chemistry of Groups ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Group 1: Alkali Metals ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Alkali Metals ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Group 2: Alkaline Earth Metals ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Alkaline Earth ,[object Object],[object Object]
Groups 3-12: Transition Metals ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Transition Metals ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Group 17: Halogens ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Halogens ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Group 18: Noble Gases ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Noble Gases ,[object Object],[object Object]
Diatomic Molecules ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Electronegativity ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Ionization Energy ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Ions ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
New Chemical Element ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Now You Should Be Able To… ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Now You Should Be Able To… ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

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Elements, Atoms, Ions, and the Periodic Table

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  • 13. ELEMENTS THAT EXIST AS DIATOMIC MOLECULES Remember: BrINClHOF These elements only exist as PAIRS. Note that when they combine to make compounds, they are no longer elements so they are no longer in pairs!
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  • 20. Rutherford’s experiment. Ernest Rutherford wondered how all these particles were put together
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  • 22. Results of foil experiment if Plum Pudding model had been correct .
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  • 31. Figure 3.10: Two isotopes of sodium.
  • 32. Isotopes & Their Uses Bone scans with radioactive technetium-99.
  • 33. Isotopes & Their Uses The tritium content of ground water is used to discover the source of the water, for example, in municipal water or the source of the steam from a volcano.
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  • 43. Forming Cations & Anions A CATION forms when an atom loses one or more electrons. An ANION forms when an atom gains one or more electrons Mg --> Mg 2+ + 2 e- F + e- --> F -
  • 44.
  • 45. Charges on Common Ions +3 By losing or gaining e-, atom has same number of e-’s as nearest Group 8A atom. http:// www.youtube.com/watch?v = IpaEGhjpZgc -4 -1 -2 -3 +1 +2
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  • 53. Periods in the Periodic Table
  • 54. Groups in the Periodic Table Elements in groups react in similar ways!
  • 55. Regions of the Periodic Table
  • 56. University of North Texas Chemistry Building The only full periodic table with all the elements (except man-made) in existence
  • 57. Group 1A: Alkali Metals Cutting sodium metal Reaction of potassium + H 2 O
  • 58. Magnesium Magnesium oxide Group 2A: Alkaline Earth Metals
  • 59. Group 7A: The Halogens (salt makers) F, Cl, Br, I, At
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