Towards a Framework for XR Ethics - Kent Bye, AWE, November 11, 2021

1. Towards a Framework for XR Ethics @KentBye

2. ● My Journey into XR Ethics & Privacy ● Responsible Innovation Frameworks ● Nested Context Framework ● Survey of Some XR Ethics Frameworks ● Human Rights & Digital Rights Frameworks ● NeuroRights Frameworks ● Towards an XR Ethics Framework

4. My Journey into XR Privacy

5. Bye, K. (2016, April 28). The Human Experience of Virtual Reality: A Model of the VR Landscape [Presentation], Silicon Valley Virtual Reality Conference, April 28, 2016 (San Jose, CA). Published on YouTube, May 3, 2016. Retrieved on November 10, 2021 from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=acp0Ul0QlmI. Also Published on Voices of VR Podcast on May 4, 2016. Retrieved on November 10, 2021 from https://voicesofvr.com/355-the-human-experience-of-virtual-reality-a-model-of-the-vr-landscape/.

6. UploadVR’s April 2016 Article on Oculus’ Privacy Policy Catches the Attention of Senator Franken Mason,W. (2016,April 1). Oculus 'Always On' Services and Privacy Policy May Be a Cause for Concern. UploadVR. https://uploadvr.com/facebook-oculus-privacy/. Durbin, J. (2016,April 7). Senator Al Franken Questions Oculus Over Privacy Concerns. UploadVR. https://uploadvr.com/senator-al-franken-wants-answers-from-oculus-over-privacy-concerns/.

7. Voices of VR Privacy Coverage Starts May 2016

8. Photo by

9. Bye, K. (2016, April 28). The Human Experience of Virtual Reality: A Model of the VR Landscape [Presentation], Silicon Valley Virtual Reality Conference, April 28, 2016 (San Jose, CA). Published on YouTube, May 3, 2016. Retrieved on November 10, 2021 from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=acp0Ul0QlmI. Also Published on Voices of VR Podcast on May 4, 2016. Retrieved on November 10, 2021 from https://voicesofvr.com/355-the-human-experience-of-virtual-reality-a-model-of-the-vr-landscape/.

10. Bye, K., Ashmore, L., Niles, S. Rizzo, S., Richir, S., Luo, V., Bouchet, A., LeBlanc., M., Pallot., M. (2019, March 19). "Future Dreaming: Designing for New Realities & Mapping the Ethical Landscape of VR/AR." Laval Virtual Visionaries' Think Tank 2019. Presented at Laval Virtual Conference. Retrieved on November 10, 2021 from https://twitter.com/kentbye/status/1108116834186919937.

11. AWE - Augmented World Expo (Presented on 2019, May 31, 2019. Published 2019, June 20). Kent Bye (Voices of VR Podcast): The Ethical & Moral Dilemmas of Mixed Reality. Presented at Augmented World Expo USA, Santa Clara, CA. YouTube Retrieved on November 9, 2021 from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BNgXKX8IwcU.

12. AWE - Augmented World Expo (Presented on 2019, May 31, 2019. Published 2019, June 20). Kent Bye (Voices of VR Podcast): The Ethical & Moral Dilemmas of Mixed Reality. Presented at Augmented World Expo USA, Santa Clara, CA. YouTube Retrieved on November 9, 2021 from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BNgXKX8IwcU.

13. XR Ethics Manifesto Bye, K. (2019, October 19). XR Ethics Manifesto [Presentation], Greenlight XR Strategy Conference, October 18, 2019 (San Francisco, CA). Available at https://www.slideshare.net/kentbye/xr-ethics-manifesto-updated-nov-2-2019 (Accessed November 9, 2021) and https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CXgY3YXxqJ8

14. Help Write an XR Ethics White Paper: Call for Participation in IEEE's Global Initiative on the Ethics of Extended Reality Bye, K. (2021, February 5). XR Ethics: Invitation to Participate in IEEE's Global Initiative on Ethics of Extended Reality [Presentation], Public Launch of the IEEE Global Initiative on the Ethics of Extended Reality. Published on YouTube, February 8, 2021. Retrieved on November 10, 2021 from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7W96y7bRdXg.

15. The IEEE Global Initiative on Ethics of Extended Reality (XR) (n.d.). The IEEE Global Initiative on Ethics of Extended Reality (XR) Report. Unpublished manuscript. 1. Extended Reality and the Erosion of Anonymity and Privacy 2. Who owns our second lives: virtual clones and the right to your identity 3. Social and Multi-User Spaces inVR: Trolling, Harassment & Online Safety 4. XR Ethics in Education 5. Medical XR 6. Diversity, Inclusion,Accessibility 7. Business, Finance & Economics

17. ● Facebook Connect (2020, October 13). Facebook Connect | Keynote 2020. [Presentation] Facebook Connect. Published on YouTube. Retrieved on November 10 from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-cRxT32G7y4. ● Applin, S. A., & Flick, C. (2021). Facebook’s Project Aria indicates problems for responsible innovation when broadly deploying AR and other pervasive technology in the Commons. Journal of Responsible Technology, 5, 100010. doi:10.1016/j.jrt.2021.100010 ● Bye, K., Applin, S. & Flick. C. (2021, April 30). #991: Critiquing Facebook’s Responsible Innovation Principles & Project Aria through the lens of Anthropology & Tech Ethics. Retrieved on November 9, 2021 from https://voicesofvr.com/991-critiquing-facebooks-responsible-innovation-principles-project-aria-through-the-lens-of-anthropology-tech-ethics/.

18. Horizon 2020 European Commission (2020, December 7). Responsible research & innovation. Retrieved November 10, 2021, from https://ec.europa.eu/programmes/horizon2020/en/h2020-section/responsible-research-innovation. Horizon 2020 European Commission for Responsible Research & Innovation

19. Sutcliffe, H. (2016, January 22). Principles for Responsible Innovation. [Presentation] European Economic and Social Committee's Sixth Community of Practice Plenary Meeting for better self and co-regulation. Retrieved November 9, 2021 from https://web.archive.org/web/20210727141617/https://digital-strategy.ec.europa.eu/en/events/sixth-cop-plenary-meeting and https://ec.europa.eu/information_society/newsroom/image/document/2016-4/sixth_cop_plenary_meeting_-_presentation_hilary_sutcliffe_matter_13334.pdf ? 1. Research & Innovation for social value 2. Considering all impacts 3. Stakeholder participation 4. Governance & transparency Principles for Responsible Innovation

20. Sutcliffe, Hilary. (2011). A Report on Responsible Research & Innovation. Retrieved on November 9, 2021 from https://ec.europa.eu/programmes/horizon2020/sites/default/files/rri-report-hilary-sutcliffe_en.pdf Most public engagement falls into manipulation or tokenism

21. Owen, R., Stilgoe, J., Macnaghten, P., Gorman, M., Fisher, E., & Guston, D. (2013) A Framework for Responsible Innovation in R. Owen, M. Heintz, J. Bessant (Eds.), (2013) Responsible innovation. Managing the responsible emergence of science and innovation in society, (pp. 27-50) Wiley. “Embedding dimensions of Responsible Innovation within a Stage-Gating Innovation Governance Model”

22. A Framework for Responsible Innovation (Owen et al, 2013) Anticipatory, Reflective, Deliberative, & Responsive Owen, R., Stilgoe, J., Macnaghten, P., Gorman, M., Fisher, E., & Guston, D. (2013) A Framework for Responsible Innovation in R. Owen, M. Heintz, J. Bessant (Eds.), (2013) Responsible innovation. Managing the responsible emergence of science and innovation in society, (pp. 27-50) Wiley.

23. The Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council Framework for Responsible Innovation (2013). Retrieved on November, 9 2021 from https://epsrc.ukri.org/research/framework/. UK’s EPSRC: Responsible Innovation Framework of Anticipate, Reflect, Engage, and Act (AREA)

24. Ogoh, G. I., & Fairweather, N. B. (2019). The state of the responsible research and innovation programme. Journal of Information, Communication and Ethics in Society. doi:10.1108/jices-12-2018-0093 Conceptualization of the AREA Responsible Innovation Framework

25. World Leaders in Research-Based User Experience. (n.d.). Design thinking 101. Retrieved March 03, 2021, from https://www.nngroup.com/articles/design-thinking/

26. Lee, J. J., & Hu-Au, E. (2021, October 6). E3XR: An analytical framework for ethical, educational and eudaimonic XR design. Frontiers. Retrieved October 8, 2021, from https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/frvir.2021.697667/full. E3XR: An Analytical Framework for Ethical, Educational and Eudaimonic XR Design (2021)

27. Lee, J. J., & Hu-Au, E. (2021, October 6). E3XR: An analytical framework for ethical, educational and eudaimonic XR design. Frontiers. Retrieved October 8, 2021, from https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/frvir.2021.697667/full. World Leaders in Research-Based User Experience. (n.d.). Design thinking 101. Retrieved March 03, 2021, from https://www.nngroup.com/articles/design-thinking/

29. Applin, S. A., & Flick, C. (2021). Facebook’s Project Aria indicates problems for responsible innovation when broadly deploying AR and other pervasive technology in the Commons. Journal of Responsible Technology, 5, 100010. doi:10.1016/j.jrt.2021.100010 Bye, K., Applin, S. & Flick. C. (2021, April 30). #991: Critiquing Facebook’s Responsible Innovation Principles & Project Aria through the lens of Anthropology & Tech Ethics. Retrieved on November 9, 2021 from https://voicesofvr.com/991-critiquing-facebooks-responsible-innovation-principles-project-aria-through-the-lens-of-anthropology-tech-ethics/.

31. Lessig’s Pathetic Dot Theory Mereological Nested Contexts vs Market Law Cultural Norms Technology Architecture & Code User Lessig, Lawrence, (2006). Code 2.0, Chapter: What Things Regulate ( pp. 120–137). New York : Basic Books

32. Culture

33. Laws Culture

34. Economy Laws Culture

35. Economy Laws Culture Design Guidelines

36. User Experience Economy Laws Culture Design Guidelines

37. App Code User Experience Economy Laws Culture Design Guidelines

38. OS Code App Code User Experience Economy Laws Culture Design Guidelines

39. OS Code App Code User Experience Economy Laws Culture Design Guidelines Hardware & Tech Architecture

41. Human Rights Principles Governments & Laws XR Companies XR Hardware & OS Ethical Design Principles XR Experiences Users

42. How do we preserve the Right to Mental Privacy in XR? Biometrically-inferred psychographic data from XR is not covered by existing privacy laws. Some biometric user data will be contextually- relevant & required for some XR apps to function, which users should be able to consent to sharing within the context of those apps. Companies require users to consent to their Terms of Service & Privacy Policies, which do not prevent them them from recording & monetizing user data, extrapolating biometric psychographic information, or using it for contextually-aware AI, but they have limited what third party developers can do with that same data. Human Rights Principles International Organizations International Laws & Human Rights Laws UN Guiding Principles on Business & Human Rights Neuro-Rights Initiative Right to Mental Privacy XR Hardware + Operating System Ethical Design Principles? XR User’s Context & Data Third-Party XR Developers XR Experiences that Require User Data to Operate US Government Lobbyists European Union GDPR XR Companies State Laws Federal Laws Oversight & Enforcement New Federal Privacy Law? Monetizing User Data & Biometric Psychography? Contextually -Aware AI? Terms of Service Privacy Policy App Store Developer Terms of Service

43. XR Company’s Conduct inVR Policy & Community Policy Ethical Design Principles XR Experiences Users Users App Safety Policies Civil Rights XR Safety Tech Architecture to Mitigate Harassment & Abuse Human Rights Principles Cultural Norms Code of Conduct

44. { Human Rights Principles International Laws & Human Rights Laws XR User XR Apps Civil Rights Laws Ethical Design Principles XR Platform Companies XR User App’s Code of Conduct App’s Terms of Service Cultural Norms Cultivate Elements of Culture Oppression of Marginalized Communities Budget for XR Safety Listen to Harms XR Safety Tech Architecture to Mitigate Harassment & Abuse Peer-to-Peer Protections: Muting, Blocking, & Kicking from Room Personal Space Bubbles Moderation (Paid, Volunteer, or AI?) (Visible or Invisible?) Bans or Suspension by the App Which XR Contexts Should Have This? (Public Social VR apps vs Private VR education, enterprise, medical with multiplayer functionality) Rolling Recording to Report Abuse Implicit Trust & Safety Social Scores Privacy Implications? Implications of Combining with Govt Social Scores? Determine Protected Speech or Behavior vs Violations in Code of Conduct Appeals Process? 1st Party App Violations May Lose Access to XR Hardware Platform’s Conduct in VR Policy Interactions Auto-Bans via False Reports or Rogue AI? Diﬀerences in Language & Culture in Moderating? Limited Features for Minors

46. ● My Journey into XR Ethics & Privacy ● Responsible Innovation Frameworks ● Nested Contexts Framework ● Survey of Some XR Ethics Frameworks ● Human Rights & Digital Rights Frameworks ● NeuroRights Frameworks ● Towards an XR Ethics Framework

49. Southgate, E. (2020). Virtual reality in curriculum and pedagogy: Evidence from secondary classrooms. Routledge. Actioned Pedagogy for Immersive Learning (2020)

50. Christopoulos, A.; Mystakidis, S.; Pellas, N.; Laakso, M.-J. ARLEAN: An Augmented Reality Learning Analytics Ethical Framework. Computers 2021, 10, 92. https://doi.org/10.3390/computers10080092 ARLEAN: An Augmented Reality Learning Analytics Ethical Framework (2021)

51. Christopoulos, A.; Mystakidis, S.; Pellas, N.; Laakso, M.-J. ARLEAN: An Augmented Reality Learning Analytics Ethical Framework. Computers 2021, 10, 92. https://doi.org/10.3390/computers10080092 ARLEAN: An Augmented Reality Learning Analytics Ethical Framework (2021)

52. ARLEAN: An Augmented Reality Learning Analytics Ethical Framework (2021) Christopoulos, A.; Mystakidis, S.; Pellas, N.; Laakso, M.-J. ARLEAN: An Augmented Reality Learning Analytics Ethical Framework. Computers 2021, 10, 92. https://doi.org/10.3390/computers10080092

53. Image viaYan Shvartzshnaider (April 15, 2020) https://twitter.com/ynotez/status/1250578500588879873 Nissenbaum, H. (2010). Privacy in Context:Technology, Policy, and the Integrity of Social Life. Stanford University Press.

54. XR Safety Initiative - XRSI. (2020, December 10).Extend reality with awareness! XR safety and privacy guide for artists Retrieved October 8, 2021, from https://xrsi.org/publication/extend-reality-with-awareness-xr-safety-and-privacy-guide-for-artists. XR Safety Initiative Framework for XR Risk Assessment (2020)

55. Pearlman, K., Visner, S., Cameran, R., & Magnano, M. (2021, September 22). Securing the Metaverse - Virtual Worlds Need REAL Governance. Presented at 2021 SISO [Simulation Interoperability Standards Organization] SIMposium, virtual conference held at https://www.sisostds.org/2021SISOSIMposium.aspx, Retrieved November 9, 2021 from Pearlman, K. (2021, September 22), https://twitter.com/KavyaPearlman/status/1440776408238739459

56. Wardley Mapping: Pioneers vs Settlers vs Town Planners Wardley, Simon (2015). https://medium.com/wardleymaps/better-for-less-58fe8c0a3aaa

57. Wardley Mapping: 3D Production Pipeline Wardley, Simon (2015). https://medium.com/wardleymaps/exploring-the-map-ad0266fad59b

58. Parisi’s Seven Rules of the Metaverse 1. There is Only One Metaverse. 2. The Metaverse is for Everyone. 3. Nobody Controls the Metaverse. 4. The Metaverse is Open. 5. The Metaverse is Hardware-Independent. 6. The Metaverse is a Network. 7. The Metaverse is the Internet. Parisi, T. (2021, October 22). The Seven Rules of the Metaverse. Medium. Retrieved October 23, 2021, from https://medium.com/meta-verses/the-seven-rules-of-the-metaverse-7d4e06fa864c. Almudena6cv, CC BY-SA 4.0 <https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0>, via Wikimedia Commons, Retrieved from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Vaporwave-4K-Wallpapers.jpg

59. Lafayette, C. (2021, November 4). My seven standards of the metaverse. Twitter. Retrieved November 10, 2021, from https://twitter.com/vrleader/status/1456286772103577600.

60. Protopia Futures [Framework] Protopian visions are anchored in principles of: ● Plurality — beyond binaries, ● Community — beyond borders, ● Celebration of Presence, ● Regenerative Action & Life as Technology, ● Symbiotic Spirituality, ● Creativity & Emergent Subcultures, ● & Evolution of Cultural Values. Bielskyte, Monika, et al. (2021, May 18). Protopia Futures [Framework]. Medium. Retrieved November 4, 2021, from https://medium.com/protopia-futures/protopia-futures-framework-f3c2a5d09a1e. Vital contributions & editing advice: Ash Baccus-Clark, Alina Negoita, Amber Case, Angie Davis, Ari Kuschnir, Carmen Aguilar Y Wedge, Caroline Barrueco, Charles Shafaieh, Dorothy R. Santos, Efflam Mercier, Gemma Milne, Ibtisam Ahmed, India Osborne, Jamie Perera, Jenka Gurfinkel, Jess Vovers, Joseph Purdam, Kayus Bankole, Kefiloe Siwisa, Kevin Bethune, Lidia Zuin, Luisa Ji, Mark Gonzales, Mary Katherine Heinrich, Phoenix Perry, Pumla Maswangany, Radha Mistry, Rasigan Maharajh, Regina Walton, Romi Ron Morrison, Sarah B Brooks, Sydette Harry, Tiana Garoogian, Tyson Yunkaporta. Image by Mario Mimoso & Monika Bielskyte.

61. Diller, A., Ayim, M., Pauly Morgan, K., & Houston, B. (1996). Figure 8.1 (p. 107). In The Gender Question in Education: Theory, Pedagogy, & Politics. Routledge, Taylor et Francis Group. Intersecting Axes of Privilege, Domination, & Oppression

63. Bye, K., Opsahl, K., Rodriguez, K., Callas, J., & Mir, R. (2021, July 5). #999: The EFF on XR Privacy & How AR/VR Needs a Human Rights Framework + Timeline of UN Resolutions on Privacy. Voices of VR Podcast. Retrieved November 9, 2021, from https://voicesofvr.com/999-the-eff-on-xr-privacy-how-arvr-needs-a-human-rights-framework/.

64. Stewart, M. (2021, July 23). Breadth & depth: Why I'm optimistic about Facebook's responsible innovation efforts. Facebook Technology. Retrieved October 8, 2021, from https://tech.fb.com/responsible-innovation/.

65. ThingLink. (n.d.). Universal Declaration of Human Rights by TERMCAT.ThingLink. https://www.thinglink.com/scene/885518633164341250. FDR Presidential Library & Museum. (1949, November). Eleanor Roosevelt holding poster of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (in English), Lake Success, NewYork. November 1949. Flickr. https://www.flickr.com/photos/fdrlibrary/27758131387/.

66. United Nations. (2015, December 30). Sustainable Development Goals kick off with start of new year – United Nations Sustainable Development. United Nations. https://www.un.org/sustainabledevelopment/blog/2015/12/sustainable-development-goals-kick-off-with-start-of-new-year/.

67. Internet Rights and Principles Coalition (2021, October 12). 10 Internet Rights & Principles. Internet Rights and Principles Coalition. Retrieved November 10, 2021, from https://internetrightsandprinciples.org/campaign/.

68. Barcelona Charter of Citizens’ Rights in the Digital Era (February 21, 2019) 1. Human rights and freedoms currently in force. 2. Right to digital identity. 3. Right to digital citizenship. 4. Right to dignity and the free development of personality in the context of technological developments. 5. Right to freedom and equality in the access to the digital environment. 6. Right to security of technological developments. 7. Right to intimacy and confidentiality in the digital environment. 8. Right to be forgotten and to digital memory. 9. Right to protection of personal data. 10. Right to freedom of thought, expression and information in the digital environment. 11. Right to digital education and professional training. 12. Right to freedom of enterprise and technological developments. 13. Right to intellectual property and technological environments. 14. Right to equality and prohibition of discrimination in the use of technologies. 15. Right to protection of minors, persons with disabilities and other vulnerable groups. 16. Right to the protection of workers in technological environments. 17. Right to sustainable technological development. 18. Right to the protection of consumers and users in digital environments. 19. Right to digital asylum 20. Right to participate in public affairs. 21. Right to effective protection in digital conflicts. Barcelona Charter of Citizens’ Rights in the Digital Era. Digital Rights Barcelona Carta de Barcelona pels Drets Digitals de la Ciutadania en lEra Digital. (2019, February 21). Retrieved October 23, 2021, from http://digitalrightsbarcelona.org/la-carta/?lang=en.

69. Government of Spain: Charter of Digital Rights (July 14, 2021) Rights to Freedom 1. Rights and freedoms in the digital environment 2. Right to identity in the digital environment 3. Right to data protection 4. Right to pseudonymity 5. Right of the person not to be located and profiled 6. Right to cybersecurity 7. Right to digital heritage Equality Rights 8. Right to equality and to non-discrimination in the digital environment 9. Right of access to the Internet 10. Protection of minors in the digital environment 11. Universal accessibility in the digital environment 12. Access gaps to the digital environment Rights to Participation in and Conformation of Public Spaces 13. Right to Internet Neutrality 14. Freedom of expression and freedom of information 15. Right to freely receive truthful information 16. Right to citizen participation through digital means 17. Right to digital education 18. Digital rights of citizens in their relations with the Public administrations Sánchez Presenta la carta de derechos digitales, con la que "españa SE sitúa a la Vanguardia Internacional en la protección de derechos de la ciudadanía". La Moncloa. (2021, July 14). Retrieved October 23, 2021, from https://www.lamoncloa.gob.es/presidente/actividades/Paginas/2021/140721-derechos-digitales.aspx. Labour and Business Environment Rights 19. Rights in the workplace 20. The company in the digital environment Digital Rights in Specific Environments 21. Right of access to data for purposes of archiving in interest public, scientific or historical research purposes, statistical purposes, and innovation and development purposes 22. Right to technological development and a digital environment sustainable 23. Right to health protection in the digital environment 24. Freedom of creation and right of access to culture in the Digital environment 25. Rights before artificial intelligence 26. Digital rights in the use of neurotechnologies Guarantees and Effectiveness 27. Guarantee of rights in digital environments 28. Effectiveness

71. (1) The right to identity, or the ability to control both one’s physical and mental integrity (2) The right to agency, or the freedom of thought and free will to choose one’s own actions (3) The right to mental privacy, or the ability to keep thoughts protected against disclosure (4) The right to fair access to mental augmentation, or the ability to ensure that the benefits of improvements to sensory and mental capacity through neurotechnology are distributed justly in the population. (5) The right to protection from algorithmic bias, or the ability to ensure that technologies do not insert prejudices. Proposed Neuro-Rights Yuste, R.,Genser, J. & Herrmann, S. "It's Time for Neuro-Rights." Horizons: Journal of International Relations and Sustainable Development, no. 18, 2021. pp 154-164. JSTOR, https://www.cirsd.org/en/horizons/horizons-winter-2021-issue-no-18/its-time-for-neuro--rights. Accessed 31 Mar. 2021.

72. A ley protección de la integridad mental frente al avance de las neurotecnologías. Cámara de Diputados. (2021, September 29). Retrieved November 10, 2021, from https://www.camara.cl/cms/noticias/2021/09/29/a-ley-proteccion-de-la-integridad-mental-frente-al-avance-de-las-neurotecnologias/.

73. 20+ Neuro-Ethicists: Towards a Governance Framework for Brain Data Ienca, M., Fins, J. J., Jox, R. J., Jotterand, F., Voeneky, S., Andorno, R., Ball, T., Castelluccia, C., Chavarriaga, R., Chneiweiss, H., Ferretti, A., Friedrich, O., Hurst, S., Merkel, G., Molnar-Gabor, F., Rickli, J.-M., Scheibner, J., Vayena, E., Yuste, R., & Kellmeyer, P. (2021, September 28). Towards a governance framework for Brain Data. arXiv.org. Retrieved November 10, 2021, from https://arxiv.org/abs/2109.11960.

74. Bernal, G. (2021,April 15). Developing Galea:An open source tool at the intersection ofVR and neuroscience. MIT Media Lab. https://www.media.mit.edu/posts/galea/. neurojoe. (2020, November 19). Introducing: Galea. OpenBCI. https://openbci.com/community/introducing-galea-bci-hmd-biosensing/.

75. Bernal, G. (2021,April 15). Developing Galea:An open source tool at the intersection ofVR and neuroscience. MIT Media Lab. https://www.media.mit.edu/posts/galea/.

76. Eye Tracking and Pupil Response Facial Scans Movement Kinematics Electrodermal Activity (EDA) Galvanic Skin Response (GSR) Skin Conductance Response (SCR) Skin Conductance (SC) Skin Temperature (SKT) Body Temperature Electromyography (EMG) Mechanomyogram (MMG) Strain-Based Sensor (SBS) Electrocardiography (ECG / EKG) Heart-RateVariability (HRV) Respiratory (RSP) Respiratory RateVariability (RRV) Photoplethysmogram (PPG) Impedance Plethysmography (IPG) BloodVolume Pulse (BVP) Electro-Oculogram (EOG) Impedance Cardiography (ICG) Gyrocardiography (GCG) Ballistocardiography (BCG) Magnetocardiography (MCG) Seismocardiography (SCG) Phonocardiogram (PCG) Continuous Glucose Monitor (CGM) Acoustic Respiratory Signals (ARS) Blood Pressure (BP) Pulse Arrival Time (PAT) Pulse Transit Time (PTT) Electroretinogram (ERG) Electrogastrogram (EGG) Magnetogastrography (MGG) Electroencephalography (EEG) Near-Infrared Spectroscopy-Based Cerebral Oxiometry (NIRSCO) Optically-Pumped Magnetoencephalography (OP-MEG) Optically-Pumped Magnetometers Magnetoencephalography (OPM-MEG) Time Domain Functional Near-Infrared Spectroscopy (TD-fNIRS) Functional Near-Infrared Spectroscopy (fNIRS) High-Density Diffuse Optical Tomography (HD-DOT) Intracranial Pressure (ICP) Electrocorticography (ECoG) Intracranial electroencephalography (iEEG) Deep Brain Stimulation (DBS) Local Field Potential (LFP) Transcranial Doppler (TCD) Somatosensory Evoked Potential (SSEP) Brainstem Auditory Evoked Potential (BAEP) Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) Positron Emission Tomography (PET) Magnetoencephalography (MEG) Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy (NMR or MRS) Subdural EEG (sdEEG) Intracranial EEG (icEEG) Diffuse Correlation Spectroscopy (DCS) Subdermal EEG Needle Superconducting QUantum Interface Device (SQUID) Microneurography List of Physiological & Biometric Data Bye, K. (2021, May 30).Twitter. https://twitter.com/kentbye/status/1399143885427728384

77. Taxonomy of Brain Data Ienca, M., Fins, J. J., Jox, R. J., Jotterand, F., Voeneky, S., Andorno, R., Ball, T., Castelluccia, C., Chavarriaga, R., Chneiweiss, H., Ferretti, A., Friedrich, O., Hurst, S., Merkel, G., Molnar-Gabor, F., Rickli, J.-M., Scheibner, J., Vayena, E., Yuste, R., & Kellmeyer, P. (2021, September 28). Towards a governance framework for Brain Data. arXiv.org. Retrieved November 10, 2021, from https://arxiv.org/abs/2109.11960.

78. Brittan Heller,Watching Androids Dream of Electric Sheep: Immersive Technology, Biometric Psychography, and the Law, 23 Vanderbilt Journal of Entertainment andTechnology Law 1 (2021) Available at: https://scholarship.law.vanderbilt.edu/jetlaw/vol23/iss1/1

79. Biometric Psychography Identity Miller, M.R., Herrera, F., Jun, H. et al. Personal identifiability of user tracking data during observation of 360-degreeVR video. Sci Rep 10, 17404 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-74486-y

80. Mental Thoughts Cognitive Processes Cognitive Load Social Presence Behaviors Intention Actions Movement Aﬀective State Emotional Sentiment Facial Expression Microexpressions Stress / Arousal Physiological Reactions Eye Gaze/Attention Body Language Muscle Fatigue

85. The Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council Framework for Responsible Innovation (2013). Retrieved on November, 9 2021 from https://epsrc.ukri.org/research/framework/. UK’s EPSRC: Responsible Innovation Framework of Anticipate, Reflect, Engage, and Act (AREA)

87. Anticipate

89. Human Rights Principles Governments & Laws XR Companies XR Hardware & OS Ethical Design Principles XR Experiences Users

90. Diller, A., Ayim, M., Pauly Morgan, K., & Houston, B. (1996). Figure 8.1 (p. 107). In The Gender Question in Education: Theory, Pedagogy, & Politics. Routledge, Taylor et Francis Group. Intersecting Axes of Privilege, Domination, & Oppression

91. The IEEE Global Initiative on Ethics of Extended Reality (XR) (n.d.). The IEEE Global Initiative on Ethics of Extended Reality (XR) Report. Unpublished manuscript. 1. Extended Reality and the Erosion of Anonymity and Privacy 2. Who owns our second lives: virtual clones and the right to your identity 3. Social and Multi-User Spaces inVR: Trolling, Harassment & Online Safety 4. XR Ethics in Education 5. Medical XR 6. Diversity, Inclusion,Accessibility 7. Business, Finance & Economics

92. Reflect

93. World Leaders in Research-Based User Experience. (n.d.). Design thinking 101. Retrieved March 03, 2021, from https://www.nngroup.com/articles/design-thinking/

95. Engage

96. Sutcliffe, Hilary. (2011). A Report on Responsible Research & Innovation. Retrieved on November 9, 2021 from https://ec.europa.eu/programmes/horizon2020/sites/default/files/rri-report-hilary-sutcliffe_en.pdf Meaningful Engagement with Deliberate Dialogue and Inclusive Debate

97. Protopia Futures [Framework] Protopian visions are anchored in principles of: ● Plurality — beyond binaries, ● Community — beyond borders, ● Celebration of Presence, ● Regenerative Action & Life as Technology, ● Symbiotic Spirituality, ● Creativity & Emergent Subcultures, ● & Evolution of Cultural Values. Bielskyte, Monika, et al. (2021, May 18). Protopia Futures [Framework]. Medium. Retrieved November 4, 2021, from https://medium.com/protopia-futures/protopia-futures-framework-f3c2a5d09a1e. Vital contributions & editing advice: Ash Baccus-Clark, Alina Negoita, Amber Case, Angie Davis, Ari Kuschnir, Carmen Aguilar Y Wedge, Caroline Barrueco, Charles Shafaieh, Dorothy R. Santos, Efflam Mercier, Gemma Milne, Ibtisam Ahmed, India Osborne, Jamie Perera, Jenka Gurfinkel, Jess Vovers, Joseph Purdam, Kayus Bankole, Kefiloe Siwisa, Kevin Bethune, Lidia Zuin, Luisa Ji, Mark Gonzales, Mary Katherine Heinrich, Phoenix Perry, Pumla Maswangany, Radha Mistry, Rasigan Maharajh, Regina Walton, Romi Ron Morrison, Sarah B Brooks, Sydette Harry, Tiana Garoogian, Tyson Yunkaporta. Image by Mario Mimoso & Monika Bielskyte.

98. Act

99. Lee, J. J., & Hu-Au, E. (2021, October 6). E3XR: An analytical framework for ethical, educational and eudaimonic XR design. Frontiers. Retrieved October 8, 2021, from https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/frvir.2021.697667/full. World Leaders in Research-Based User Experience. (n.d.). Design thinking 101. Retrieved March 03, 2021, from https://www.nngroup.com/articles/design-thinking/

100. Owen, R., Stilgoe, J., Macnaghten, P., Gorman, M., Fisher, E., & Guston, D. (2013) A Framework for Responsible Innovation in R. Owen, M. Heintz, J. Bessant (Eds.), (2013) Responsible innovation. Managing the responsible emergence of science and innovation in society, (pp. 27-50) Wiley. “Embedding dimensions of Responsible Innovation within a Stage-Gating Innovation Governance Model”

104. @KentBye

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