An Interdisciplinary Perspective
on Experiential Design & the
Philosophical Implications of VR
@KentBye
Bye, K. (2023, March 30). "An Interdisciplinary Perspective on Experiential Design & the Philosophical Implications ofVR."
[Presentation] vMed23. Los Angeles, California, United States; Sofitel Hotel.

● My Elemental Theory of Presence
● Brief Survey of Presence Theories
● XR’s Privacy Implications & Taxonomy of
Biometric Data
● Paradigm Shift into Process-Relational
Philosophy

● My Elemental Theory of Presence
● Brief Survey of Presence Theories
● XR’s Privacy Implications & Taxonomy of
Biometric Data
● Paradigm Shift into Process-Relational
Philosophy

Meta Quest. (2014, October 1). Oculus Connect Keynote: Brendan Iribe and Nate Mitchell. [Presented on September 20, 2014 at Oculus Connect, Loews Hollywood Hotel, Los
Angeles, CA]. YouTube. Retrieved April 21, 2022, from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1xeK8zUXAvQ

Slater’s Place Illusion & Plausibility Illusion (2009)
Slater, M. (2009, Dec 14). Place illusion and plausibility can lead to realistic behaviour in immersive virtual environments. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B:
Biological Sciences, 364(1535), 3549–3557. https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2009.0138.
Images via Toast (2019, July 21). Richie's Plank Experience Oculus Quest Trailer. YouTube Retrieved on April 25, 2022 from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=faNsP7ExSt0.
Plausibility Illusion
“the illusion that what is apparently
happening is really happening (even
though you know for sure that it is
not).”
Place Illusion
“It is the strong illusion of being in a
place in spite of the sure knowledge
that you are not there.”

Mental & Social
Presence
Active
Presence
Emotional
Presence
Embodied &
Environmental
Presence

Making
Choices
Taking
Action
Emotional
Immersion
Sensory
Experience

VR, AR,
& Immersive Theatre
Books
Film
Radio
Video Games
Internet
TV
Theatre
Mobile Phone
Oral
Storytelling

Active Presence
Agency, Interactions, Dynamics,
Action, Locomotion, Exploration,
Spontaneity, Creativity, Will,
Engagement, Gameplay,
Intention, & Live Performance.
Emotional Presence
Emotional Immersion, Feelings,
Mood, Vibe, Color, Lighting,
Consonance & Dissonance
Cycles, Music, Story, Time,
Flow, Narrative Presence,
Empathy, & Compassion
Mental & Social Presence
Thoughts, Language, Choices,
Expectations & Novelty, Mental
Models, Plausibility, Coherence,
Attention, Suspension of Disbelief,
Puzzles, Mental Friction, Rules,
Social Presence, & Virtual Beings
Embodied Presence
Self-Presence, Body, Embodiment,
Sensory Experience, Biometric &
Physiological Data, BCIs & Neural
Inputs, Haptics, Immersive Sound,
Spatial Presence, Environmental
Immersion, & Architecture
Bye, K. (2022, May 5) "A Primer on Presence, Immersive Storytelling, & Experiential Design." [Presentation]
Storycon:A collision of (he)art and technology. BOZAR. Brussels, Belgium.

Lundy, M., Sutton, D., Ashton, A., Martineau, J. (2010) Quadrivium: The Four Classical Liberal Arts of Number, Geometry, Music, & Cosmology. Walker & Co.

Math
Astronomy
Music
Geometry

Number
Mathematics
The Quadrivium

Number
Geometry
Mathematics
The Quadrivium
Number in
Space

Number
Number in
Time
Geometry Music
Mathematics
The Quadrivium
Number in
Space

Number in
Space & Time Number
Number in
Time
Geometry Music
Mathematics
Astronomy
The Quadrivium
Number in
Space

Objects Moving
Through Space
Abstract Patterns
& Forms
Consonance
Dissonance Cycles
In Time
World & Body Unfolding Process
Rules & Mechanics
Physics & Dynamics
The Quadrivium
Architecture &
Embodiment
in Space

Mental & Social
Presence
Active
Presence
Emotional
Presence
Embodied &
Environmental
Presence

● My Elemental Theory of Presence
● Brief Survey of Presence Theories
● XR’s Privacy Implications & Taxonomy of
Biometric Data
● Paradigm Shift into Process-Relational
Philosophy

Photo by Amir Khidojatov of Kent Bye’s "A Primer on Presence, Immersive Storytelling, & Experiential Design." (2022, May 5)
Presented at Storycon: A collision of (he)art and technology. Brussels, Belgium; BOZAR - Centre for Fine Arts. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=n_2_qvIymt4
A Primer on Presence,
Immersive Storytelling,
& Experiential Design

Slater’s Place Illusion & Plausibility Illusion (2009)
Slater, M. (2009, Dec 14). Place illusion and plausibility can lead to realistic behaviour in immersive virtual environments. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B:
Biological Sciences, 364(1535), 3549–3557. https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2009.0138.
Images via Toast (2019, July 21). Richie's Plank Experience Oculus Quest Trailer. YouTube Retrieved on April 25, 2022 from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=faNsP7ExSt0.
Plausibility Illusion
“the illusion that what is apparently
happening is really happening (even
though you know for sure that it is
not).”
Place Illusion
“It is the strong illusion of being in a
place in spite of the sure knowledge
that you are not there.”

Plausibility
Illusion
Place
Illusion

Slater Has Emphasized the Perceptual,
Sensorimotor Contingencies (2009)
“Immersive systems can be
characterized by the
sensorimotor contingencies
(SCs) that they support…” as
they “...define a set of valid
actions that are meaningful in
terms of perception within the
virtual environment depicted.”
● Slater, M. (2009, Dec 14). Place illusion and plausibility can lead to realistic behaviour in immersive virtual environments. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society
B: Biological Sciences, 364(1535), 3549–3557. https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2009.0138.
● Bye, K. & Slater, M.. (2017, July 14). #556: Mel Slater’s Theory of VR Presence vs an Elemental Theory of Presence. Voices of VR Podcast. Retrieved on March 23, 2023
from https://voicesofvr.com/556-mel-slaters-theory-of-vr-presence-vs-an-elemental-theory-of-presence/.

Slater et al (2022) Update to Presence Illusions adds
Body Ownership Illusion (Embodiment) & Copresence
Slater, M., Banakou, D., Beacco, A., Gallego, J., Macia-Varela, F., & Oliva, R. (2022). A separate reality: An update on place illusion and plausibility in virtual reality. Frontiers in
Virtual Reality, 3. https://doi.org/10.3389/frvir.2022.914392

Plausibility Illusion
& Copresence Illusion
Place Illusion &
Body Ownership Illusion
(aka Embodiment)

Skarbez, R., Brooks, Jr., F. P., & Whitton, M. C. (2017). A Survey of Presence and Related Concepts. ACM Computing Surveys, 50(6), 1–39. https://doi.org/10.1145/3134301
Overview & Categorize other Presence Theory
Approaches Surveyed in Skarbez et al, 2017

Survey of Presence Concepts (Skarbez et al, 2017)
Skarbez, R., Brooks, Jr., F. P., & Whitton, M. C. (2017). A Survey of Presence and Related Concepts. ACM Computing Surveys, 50(6), 1–39. https://doi.org/10.1145/3134301

Survey of Presence Concepts (Skarbez et al, 2017):
Social Presence Illusion & Copresence Illusion
Skarbez, R., Brooks, Jr., F. P., & Whitton, M. C. (2017). A Survey of Presence and Related Concepts. ACM Computing Surveys, 50(6), 1–39. https://doi.org/10.1145/3134301

Plausibility Illusion,
Social Presence Illusion,
& Copresence Illusion
Place Illusion

Skarbez, R., Brooks, Jr., F. P., & Whitton, M. C. (2017). A Survey of Presence and Related Concepts. ACM Computing Surveys, 50(6), 1–39. https://doi.org/10.1145/3134301
My presence theory mentioned in Skarbez survey
“Kent Bye proposed a theory of presence with a metaphor
inspired by the four elements of natural philosophy: earth
(embodied presence), fire (active presence), air (social and
mental presence), and water (emotional presence) [32]. The
similarity of these elements to the dimensions of experiential
design used by Chertoff et al. is notable, as the two models
were developed independently [36].”

Bye & Chertoff Comparing Theories of Presence (2017)
Bye, K. & Chertoff, D.. (2017, July 19). #557: Using Experiential Design to Expand VR Presence Theory. Voices of VR Podcast. Retrieved on March 23, 2023 from
https://voicesofvr.com/557-using-experiential-design-to-expand-vr-presence-theory/.

Chertoff’s Experiential Design & Presence Work (2008-2010)
Chertoff, D. B., Schatz, S. L., McDaniel, R., & Bowers, C. A. (2008). Improving Presence Theory Through Experiential Design. Presence: Teleoperators and Virtual Environments,
17(4), 405–413. https://doi.org/10.1162/pres.17.4.405

Chertoff’s Review of Presence Theory Components (2009)
Chertoff, Dustin, "Exploring Additional Factors Of Presence" (2009). Electronic Theses and Dissertations. 3910.
https://stars.library.ucf.edu/etd/3910

“The process of using these dimensions to create such an
experience is known as experiential design” - Chertoff (2010)
● Chertoff, Dustin, "Exploring Additional Factors Of Presence" (2009). Electronic Theses and Dissertations. 3910. https://stars.library.ucf.edu/etd/3910
● Chertoff, D. B., Goldiez, B., & LaViola, J. J. (2010). Virtual Experience Test: A virtual environment evaluation questionnaire. 2010 IEEE Virtual Reality Conference (VR).
https://doi.org/10.1109/vr.2010.5444804
Experiential Design "originated from the marketing field
where it was used to encourage people to create meaningful
emotional and social connections to a product."

Cognitive &
Relational
Active
Affective
Sensory
Chertoff, D. B., Goldiez, B., & LaViola, J. J. (2010). Virtual Experience Test: A virtual environment evaluation questionnaire. 2010 IEEE Virtual Reality Conference (VR).
https://doi.org/10.1109/vr.2010.5444804

Schmitt, B. (1999). Experiential marketing. Journal of marketing management, 15(1-3), 53-67. https://doi.org/10.1362/026725799784870496
Experiential Marketing: “Strategic Experiential Modules” (1999)
● Sense
● Feel
● Think
● Act
● Relate

Think,
Relate
Act
Feel
Sense
[Text via] Schmitt, B. (1999). Experiential marketing. Journal of marketing management, 15(1-3), 53-67. https://doi.org/10.1362/026725799784870496

Brakus, J. J., Schmitt, B. H., & Zarantonello, L. (2009). Brand experience: what is it? How is it measured? Does it affect loyalty?. Journal of marketing, 73(3), 52-68.
https://doi.org/10.1509/jmkg.73.3.052
Measuring Brand Experience (2009)
● Sensory
● Affective
● Behavioral
● Intellectual

Intellectual
Behavioral
Affective
Sensory
Brakus, J. J., Schmitt, B. H., & Zarantonello, L. (2009). Brand experience: what is it? How is it measured? Does it affect loyalty?. Journal of marketing, 73(3), 52-68.
https://doi.org/10.1509/jmkg.73.3.052

Jung’s Psychological Types (1921)
Jung, C. G. (1976). Psychological types. In R. F. C. Hull (Trans.), The collected works of C. G Jung | Complete Digital Edition (Vol. 6). (paragraph [7]) Princeton, NJ: Princeton
University Press. (Original work published 1921).
“I have found from experience that
the basic psychological functions,
that is, functions which are
genuinely as well as essentially
different from other functions,
prove to be thinking, feeling,
sensation, and intuition...” [7]

Thinking
Intuition
Feeling
Sensing
Jung, C. G. (1976). Psychological types. In R. F. C. Hull (Trans.), The collected works of C. G Jung | Complete Digital Edition (Vol. 6). (paragraphs [7] ) Princeton, NJ: Princeton
University Press. (Original work published 1921).

Jung inspired by Galen temperaments & the four elements (1921)
Jung, C. G. (1976). Psychological types. In R. F. C. Hull (Trans.), The collected works of C. G Jung | Complete Digital Edition (Vol. 6). (paragraph [883]) Princeton, NJ: Princeton
University Press. (Original work published 1921).
“From ancient times there have been
numerous attempts to reduce the manifold
differences between human individuals to
definite categories… [Galen] distinguished
four basic temperaments: the sanguine, the
phlegmatic, the choleric, and the
melancholic. The underlying idea goes back
to the fifth century B.C., to the teachings of
Hippocrates, that the human body was
composed of the four elements, air, water,
fire, and earth.” [883]

Air
Fire
Water
Earth
Hot
Cold
Wet
Dry

Hot
Cold
Wet
Dry
Sanguine
Blood
Air
Spring
Choleric
Yellow Bile
Fire
Summer
Melancholic
Black Bile
Earth
Autumn
Phlegmatic
Phlegm
Water
Winter
Solis, Virgil (1530-1562) Sanguine Temperament, From the Four Temperaments (Plate 1), Choleric... (Plate 2), Phlegmatic... (Plate 3), Melancholic (Plate 4). Minneapolis Institute
of Art. Retrieved on April 26, 2022 from https://collections.artsmia.org/art/121403/sanguine-temperament-virgil-solis & https://collections.artsmia.org/search/virgil%20temperament.
Walkington, Thomas (1607) Optick Glasse of Humor. Retrieved on April 26, 2022 from https://becker.wustl.edu/news/humoralism-and-the-seasons/.

The limiting of basic opposites to four and their correlation to the
roots is first found in medicine. Alcmaeon worked on the
assumption of an indefinite number of opposites, but it was
Empedocles' theory that the medical writers later took over and
adapted to a fixed number of powers, and then of humors, in the
body. Philistion in a simple way listed four ideai of the body,
relating hot to fire, cold to air, dry to earth, and moist to water. In
the Hippocratic Nature of Man the four opposites were brought into
line with the humors, and with the seasons of the year, in the
following scheme:
winter (cold and wet) : phlegm
spring (wet and hot) : blood
summer (hot and dry) : yellow bile
autumn (dry and cold) : black bile
Medical Origins of Hot/Cold vs Wet/Dry
Empedocles, & Wright, M. R. (1981). Empedocles: The extant fragments. (pp. 26-27) Yale University Press.

Mental & Social
Presence
Active
Presence
Emotional
Presence
Embodied &
Environmental
Presence

Survey of Presence Concepts (Skarbez et al, 2017)
Skarbez, R., Brooks, Jr., F. P., & Whitton, M. C. (2017). A Survey of Presence and Related Concepts. ACM Computing Surveys, 50(6), 1–39. https://doi.org/10.1145/3134301

Mental & Social Presence
Active Presence
● Agency
● Modify Environment
● Engagement
● Participation
● Control
● Plausibility Illusion [Interactivity]
● Action Fidelity
Emotional Presence
● Involvement & Engagement
● Flow
● Absorption
● Engrossment
● Transportation & Transportability
● Total Immersion
● Narration & Dramatic Presence
● Meaningfulness
Embodied & Environmental Presence
● Sensory Presence & Sensory Modality
● Embodiment, Body Ownership, Avatar,
Self-Presence, & Subjective Personal Presence
● Perceptual Immersion
● Spatial Presence, Place Illusion
● Realism, Fidelity, Scene Realism,
Experiential Fidelity
● Multimodal Presentation, Telepresence
● Separation Anxiety
● Telepresence Mental Model
● Co-Presence with Others
● Anticipation of Events
● Consistency of
Information
● Interface Awareness
● Communicative
Immersion
● Plausibility Illusion
● Coherence
● Reality Judgment
● Cognitive Absorption
● Social Presence
● Selective Attention
● Psychological
Immersion

● My Elemental Theory of Presence
● Brief Survey of Presence Theories
● XR’s Privacy Implications & Taxonomy of
Biometric Data
● Paradigm Shift into Process-Relational
Philosophy

VR’s Existential Threats to Privacy

Kröger, J.L., Lutz, O.HM., Müller, F. (2020). What Does Your Gaze Reveal About You? On the Privacy Implications of Eye Tracking. In: Friedewald, M., Önen, M., Lievens, E.,
Krenn, S., Fricker, S. (eds) Privacy and Identity Management. Data for Better Living: AI and Privacy. Privacy and Identity 2019. IFIP Advances in Information and Communication
Technology, vol 576. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-42504-3_15
Psychographic Inferences from Eye Gaze Data

Combining NeuroTech with VR
Bye, K., Russomanno, C., & Artuso, J. (2022, July 7). #1112: OpenBCI's project galea hands-on & fusion of biometric & physiological data inVR.Voices ofVR. Retrieved March 10, 2023, from
https://voicesofvr.com/1112-openbcis-project-galea-hands-on-fusion-of-biometric-physiological-data-in-vr/
Bernal, G. (2021,April 15). Developing Galea:An open source tool at the intersection ofVR and neuroscience. MIT Media Lab. https://www.media.mit.edu/posts/galea/.

Eye Tracking and Pupil Response
Facial Scans
Movement Kinematics
Electrodermal Activity (EDA)
Galvanic Skin Response (GSR)
Skin Conductance Response (SCR)
Skin Conductance (SC)
Skin Temperature (SKT)
Body Temperature
Electromyography (EMG)
Mechanomyogram (MMG)
Strain-Based Sensor (SBS)
Electrocardiography (ECG / EKG)
Heart-RateVariability (HRV)
Respiratory (RSP)
Respiratory RateVariability (RRV)
Photoplethysmogram (PPG)
Impedance Plethysmography (IPG)
BloodVolume Pulse (BVP)
Electro-Oculogram (EOG)
Impedance Cardiography (ICG)
Gyrocardiography (GCG)
Ballistocardiography (BCG)
Magnetocardiography (MCG)
Seismocardiography (SCG)
Phonocardiogram (PCG)
Continuous Glucose Monitor (CGM)
Acoustic Respiratory Signals (ARS)
Blood Pressure (BP)
Pulse Arrival Time (PAT)
Pulse Transit Time (PTT)
Electroretinogram (ERG)
Electrogastrogram (EGG)
Magnetogastrography (MGG)
Electroencephalography (EEG)
Near-Infrared Spectroscopy-Based Cerebral
Oxiometry (NIRSCO)
Optically-Pumped Magnetoencephalography
(OP-MEG)
Optically-Pumped Magnetometers
Magnetoencephalography (OPM-MEG)
Time Domain Functional Near-Infrared
Spectroscopy (TD-fNIRS)
Functional Near-Infrared Spectroscopy (fNIRS)
High-Density Diffuse Optical Tomography
(HD-DOT)
Intracranial Pressure (ICP)
Electrocorticography (ECoG)
Intracranial electroencephalography (iEEG)
Deep Brain Stimulation (DBS)
Local Field Potential (LFP)
Transcranial Doppler (TCD)
Somatosensory Evoked Potential (SSEP)
Brainstem Auditory Evoked Potential (BAEP)
Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging
(fMRI)
Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)
Positron Emission Tomography (PET)
Magnetoencephalography (MEG)
Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy
(NMR or MRS)
Subdural EEG (sdEEG)
Intracranial EEG (icEEG)
Diffuse Correlation Spectroscopy (DCS)
Subdermal EEG Needle
Superconducting QUantum Interface Device
(SQUID)
Microneurography
List of Physiological & Biometric Inputs
Bye, K. (2021, May 30).Twitter. https://twitter.com/kentbye/status/1399143885427728384

Mental & Social Presence
Mental Thoughts
Cognitive Processes
Cognitive Load
Social Presence
Active Presence
Behaviors
Intention
Actions
Movement
Emotional Presence
Affective State
Emotional Sentiment
Facial Expression
Microexpressions
Embodied Presence
Stress / Arousal
Physiological Reactions
Eye Gaze /Attention
Body Language
Muscle Fatigue Bye, K. (2021, June 2) "State of Privacy in XR & Neuro-Tech: Conceptual Frames" Presentation at the
VRARA Global Summit (Online). Recording available at https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pIpD4-gYImU

Freedom of Thought
Self-Determination
Affective Reactions
Physiological Reactions
Mental Privacy

● Farahany, N. A. (2023). The battle for your brain: Defending the right to think freely in the age of Neurotechnology. St. Martin's Press.
● Bye, K., & Farahany, N. (2023, March 9). #1184: "Battle for Your Brain" author Nita Farahany on Establishing Cognitive Liberty as a Human Right for Limits on Neurotechnologies & XR. Voices of
VR. Retrieved March 10, 2023, from https://voicesofvr.com/1184-battle-for-the-brain-author-nita-farahany-on-establishing-cognitive-liberty-as-a-human-right-for-limits-on-neurotechnologies-xr/

Farahany’s Proposed
“Cognitive Liberty”
As A Novel Human Right

(1) The right to mental privacy
(2) The right to identity
(3) The right to agency
(4) The right to fair access to
mental augmentation
(5) The right to protection from
algorithmic bias
Proposed Neuro-Rights
Yuste, R.,Genser, J. & Herrmann, S. "It's Time for Neuro-Rights." Horizons: Journal of International Relations and Sustainable Development, no. 18, 2021. pp 154-164. JSTOR,
https://www.cirsd.org/en/horizons/horizons-winter-2021-issue-no-18/its-time-for-neuro--rights. Accessed 31 Mar. 2021.

● My Elemental Theory of Presence
● Brief Survey of Presence Theories
● XR’s Privacy Implications & Taxonomy of
Biometric Data
● Paradigm Shift into Process-Relational
Philosophy

Chalmers on VR as a “Genuine Reality” (2022)
Chalmers, D. J. (2022). Reality+: Virtual Worlds and the Problem of Philosophy. (pg xvii and 205-206) Penguin Books.
"The central thesis of this book is:
Virtual reality is genuine reality. Or at
least, virtual realities are genuine
realities. Virtual worlds need not be
second-class realities. They can be
first-class realities." (pg. xvii)

Plausibility Illusion
& Copresence Illusion
Place Illusion &
Body Ownership Illusion
(aka Embodiment)

Chalmers Challenges Slater’s Illusionary Framing
Chalmers, D. J. (2022). Reality+: Virtual Worlds and the Problem of Philosophy. (pg 205-206) Penguin Books.
"Slater is correct in saying that VR involves a
visceral sense of place, plausibility, and
embodiment. I simply contest the claim that
these things are illusions. In some cases they
are, but much of the time, they involve
non-illusory perceptions of real virtual reality.
If I’m right, VR devices aren’t illusion machines;
they’re reality machines." (pg. 205-206)

David Chalmers’ Virtual Realism
Chalmers, D. (8 June 2016). "The Metaphysics and Epistemology of Virtual Reality" [Lecture I]. Petrus Hispanus Lectures, Faculty of Letters, University of Lisbon.
Chalmers, D. J. (2017). The Virtual and the Real. Disputatio, 9(46), 309–352. https://doi.org/10.1515/disp-2017-0009

• Are virtual objects real or fictional?
• Do virtual events really happen or not?
• Are virtual experiences non-illusory
or illusory?
• Are experiences in VR as valuable or not
as valuable as experiences outside of it?
David Chalmers’ Virtual Realism
Chalmers, D. J. (2017). The Virtual and the Real. Disputatio, 9(46), 309–352. https://doi.org/10.1515/disp-2017-0009

Mental & Social
Presence
Active
Presence
Emotional
Presence
Embodied &
Environmental
Presence

Chemistry
Biology
Psychology
Physics
Material Reality
Whole/Part
Relations of
Event Sequences
(Philosophy of Organism)
Process & Potential
Philosophical Paradigm Shift
Into a Process-Relational Philosophy

Voices of VR Podcast Episodes on Process Philosophy
● Bye, K., & Segall, M. D. (2020, December 10). #965: Primer on Whitehead’s Process Philosophy as a Paradigm Shift & Foundation for Experiential Design. Voices of VR podcast. Retrieved
November 8, 2021, from https://voicesofvr.com/primer-on-whiteheads-process-philosophy-as-a-paradigm-shift-foundation-for-experiential-design/.
● Bye, K. (2021, December 10). Process Philosophy & VR: The Foundations of Experiential Design. [Presentation]. Exploring the Humanities through VR Workshop by Old Dominion
University’s Virginia Philosophy Reality Lab. Virtual. Video https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xLZgFyxzZM
● Bye, K., & Maxwell, G. (2022, October 7). #1147: Thirteen Philosophers on the Problem of Opposites: Grant Maxwell’s Integration & Difference Book & Archetypal Approaches to Character. Voices
of VR https://voicesofvr.com/1147-thirteen-philosophers-on-the-problem-of-opposites-grant-maxwells-integration-difference-book-archetypal-approaches-to-character/
● Bye, K., & Segall, M. D. (2023, March 9). #1183: From Kant to an Organic View of Reality: Scaffolding a Process-Relational Paradigm Shift with Whitehead Scholar Matt Segall. Voices of VR
Retrieved March 29, 2023 from https://voicesofvr.com/1183-from-kant-to-an-organic-view-of-reality-scaffolding-a-process-relational-paradigm-shift-with-whitehead-scholar-matt-segall/
Covers Process-Relational Thinkers including Spinoza, Leibniz, Hegel, Schelling,
Nietzsche, James, Bergson, Whitehead, Jung, Deleuze, Hillman, & Stengers

@KentBye
Bye, K. (2021, December 10). Process Philosophy & VR: The Foundations of Experiential Design. [Presentation]. Exploring the Humanities
through VR Workshop by Old Dominion University’s Virginia Philosophy Reality Lab. Virtual. Video https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xLZgFyxzZM
Process Philosophy & VR:
The Foundations of
Experiential Design

Klein, T. J., & Lewis, M. A. (2012). A physical model of sensorimotor interactions during locomotion. Journal of Neural Engineering, 9(4), 046011.
https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-2560/9/4/046011
Embodied Cognition as Nested Contexts (2012)

Embodied Cognition Includes Body & World
Hummels, C., & van Dijk, J. (2015). Seven Principles to Design for Embodied Sensemaking. Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Tangible, Embedded, and
Embodied Interaction - TEI ’14. https://doi.org/10.1145/2677199.2680577

Some Models of Perception & Cognition
Contributing to Subjective Experiences of Presence
Mental
Models of
Reality
Sensory
Experience
of Reality

● Stefanics, G., Kremlácek, J., & Czigler, I. (2014). Visual mismatch negativity: a predictive coding view. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 8.
doi:10.3389/fnhum.2014.00666 Retrieved Feb 20, 2020 from:
https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Simplified-scheme-of-the-hierarchical-predictive-coding-framework-Friston-2005-2008_fig1_266401430.
● Millidge, B., Seth, A., & Buckley, C. L. (2022, January 22). Predictive coding: a theoretical and experimental review. arXiv preprint arXiv:2107.12979. Retrieved on April 23,
2022 from https://arxiv.org/abs/2107.12979
● Mendonça, D., Curado, M., & Gouveia, S. S. (Eds.). (2021). Philosophy and Science of Predictive Processing. Bloomsbury Academic.
Predictive Coding Theory of Neuroscience
(aka Predictive Processing)

Steinicke, F. (2021, March 31). B(l)ending Realities. Keynote lecture presented at The IEEE Conference on Virtual Reality and 3D User Interfaces in Spain (virtual), Libson.
Retrieved from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ds-h1J4MFMI&t=13496s
Steinicke on Perceptual Loops with VR (2021)

Philosophy of Organism Includes Final & Formal Causes
● Bye, K., & Maxwell, G. (2022, October 7). #1147: Thirteen Philosophers on the Problem of Opposites: Grant Maxwell’s Integration & Difference Book & Archetypal Approaches to Character. Voices
of VR https://voicesofvr.com/1147-thirteen-philosophers-on-the-problem-of-opposites-grant-maxwells-integration-difference-book-archetypal-approaches-to-character/
● Bye, K., & Segall, M. D. (2023, March 9). #1183: From Kant to an Organic View of Reality: Scaffolding a Process-Relational Paradigm Shift with Whitehead Scholar Matt Segall. Voices of VR
Retrieved March 29, 2023 from https://voicesofvr.com/1183-from-kant-to-an-organic-view-of-reality-scaffolding-a-process-relational-paradigm-shift-with-whitehead-scholar-matt-segall/

Paradigm Shift into Process-Relational Philosophy
● Bye, K., & Segall, M. D. (2020, December 10). #965: Primer on Whitehead’s Process Philosophy as a Paradigm Shift & Foundation for Experiential Design. Voices of VR podcast. Retrieved
November 8, 2021, from https://voicesofvr.com/primer-on-whiteheads-process-philosophy-as-a-paradigm-shift-foundation-for-experiential-design/.
● Bye, K., & Maxwell, G. (2022, October 7). #1147: Thirteen Philosophers on the Problem of Opposites: Grant Maxwell’s Integration & Difference Book & Archetypal Approaches to Character. Voices
of VR https://voicesofvr.com/1147-thirteen-philosophers-on-the-problem-of-opposites-grant-maxwells-integration-difference-book-archetypal-approaches-to-character/
● Bye, K., & Segall, M. D. (2023, March 9). #1183: From Kant to an Organic View of Reality: Scaffolding a Process-Relational Paradigm Shift with Whitehead Scholar Matt Segall. Voices of VR
Retrieved March 29, 2023 from https://voicesofvr.com/1183-from-kant-to-an-organic-view-of-reality-scaffolding-a-process-relational-paradigm-shift-with-whitehead-scholar-matt-segall/

● My Elemental Theory of Presence
● Brief Survey of Presence Theories
● XR’s Privacy Implications & Taxonomy of
Biometric Data
● Paradigm Shift into Process-Relational
Philosophy

@KentBye