1. 1

2.  The frequency with which deaths occur
 The relevant event in mortality is death
 Not including fetal death
 Death occurs only once
 Determinants of mortality
 socioeconomic status
 public health
 behaviors
 medical technology
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3. Source: CIA World Data Book, 2008 3

4.  CDR
 World = 8 per 1000 population
 MDCs = 10 per 1000 population
 LDCs = 23 per 1000 population
 Least developed countries = 36 per 1000 population
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5.  CDR by region
 Africa= 14 per 1000 population
 Sub Saharan = 15 per 1000 population
 Northern America = 8 per 1000 population
 Latin American = 6 per 1000 population
 South America = 6 per 1000 population
 Asia = 7 per 1000 population
 Europe = 11 per 1000 population
 Oceania = 7 per 1000 population
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6. Country
Name Death Rate
Ecuador
Algeria
France
Japan
Ethiopia
Ukraine
Source: www.prb.org
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7. % of the
Country population
Name Death Rate > 65 yrs
Ecuador 6
Algeria 4
France 8
Japan 9
Ethiopia 15
Ukraine 16
Source: www.prb.org
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8. % of the
Country population
Name Death Rate > 65 yrs
Ecuador 6 6%
Algeria 4 5%
France 8 17%
Japan 9 22%
Ethiopia 15 3%
Ukraine 16 16%
Source: www.prb.org
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9. GNI PPP Infant
Country per capita Mortality
Name 2007 Rate (IMR)
$34600
$33470
$6810
$5490
$7040
$780
Source: www.prb.org
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10. GNI PPP Infant
Country per capita Mortality
Name 2007 Rate (IMR)
Japan $34600
France $33470
Ukraine $6810
Algeria $5490
Ecuador $7040
Ethiopia $780
Source: www.prb.org
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11. Infant
Country GDP per Mortality
Name capita Rate (IMR)
Japan $34600 2.8
France $33470 3.6
Ukraine $6810 11
Algeria $5490 27
Ecuador $7040 25
Ethiopia $780 77
Source: www.prb.org
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12.  Life Expectancy
 It is an AVERAGE
 Pollution levels, conflict, occupation, shelter, food,
medical facilities, income, literacy
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13.  Life Expectancy
 You can divide the total population into different
groups (cohorts) to compare some of these
differences within a population.
 Rich vs poor, urban vs rural, male vs female, ethnic
groups, age groups.
 Life expectancy figures can be affected by high IMR.
If you survive infancy you could live much longer
than the life expectancy figures suggest.
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14. 14

15.  The gender gap in life expectancy has been
growing until the recent past
 Before the epidemiologic transition
 Females in MDCs had higher mortality
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16.  Why the gender differential in life expectancy?
 Improvements in conditions
 Economic
 Social
 Health
 Decline in maternal mortality
 Female deaths associated with
 Pregnancy
 Labor
 Puerperium
 Change in the dominant immediate causes of death
in the MDCs
 Affected sexes differently
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17.  Death Rate
 The problem with using the CDR is that it is affected
by the age structure of the population of a country
 If all other things are equal the CDR goes up as the
average age of the population goes up
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18.  Age Sex Specific Death Rate
 The death rate for a particular age group within the
population (male/female)
 Death is most common in the youngest and oldest
cohorts
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19.  Age Sex Specific Death Rate
 Also called age-sex adjusted mortality rates
 Age-specific death rate:
ASDR = Da x 1000
Pa
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20.  MDCs
 2% of deaths are among children < 5yrs
 2/3 of deaths are among those > 75 yrs
 LDCs
 50% of all deaths are among children < 5yrs
 5% of all deaths are among those > 75 yrs
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21.  MDCs main decrease in death rates
occurred in the late industrial revolution
 Due to improved
 sanitation
 water
 housing
 reduction in pollution
 improved medical care
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22.  LDCs main decrease in death rates
occurred
 more recently
 more rapidly
 and were due to
 Spatial diffusion of medical technologies
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23.  Improved nutrition
 Less death from infectious disease
 Advances in agriculture
 Improvement in personal cleanliness
 Hand washing
 Clothes washing
 Public health interventions
 Improved housing
 Ventilation
 Waste disposal
 Social reforms
 Advances in medicine
 Reduction in reproductive risks
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24.  Malaria continues to kill between 1
and 3 million people a year mainly
in Sub Saharan Africa.
 HIV AIDS has had a huge impact on
populations.
 Emerging diseases?
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25.  Epidemiologic transition
 Infant Mortality
 Medical Geography
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