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Archaeology from the Air 
Class 1: Aerial archaeology pioneers from 
Wessex to the Middle East 
Tutor: Keith Challis 
archaeology-from-the-air.blogspot.co.uk
Class Summary 
• Admin and Housekeeping 
• Personal Introduction 
• Course Outline 
• What is aerial archaeology? 
• Coffee Break 
• Feedback – themes and choices 
• From Wessex to the Middle East, early pioneers 
archaeology-from-the-air.blogspot.co.uk
Admin and Housekeeping
Practicalities 
• Enrolment paperwork 
• Register 
• Absence (keith.challis@york.ac.uk) or 
Phone/Txt 07921457007 
• What to bring 
• Handouts (paperless course?) 
• Internet access? 
archaeology-from-the-air.blogspot.co.uk
Personal Introduction
About Me 
• National Trust 
• Research Associate, Department 
of Archaeology, University of York 
• Research Fellow in Remote 
Sensing, University of Birmingham 
• Research Officer, York 
Archaeological Trust 
• Research Associate, University of 
Nottingham 
• 13 years project management and 
commercial archaeological 
consultancy at Trent & Peak 
Archaeology 
archaeology-from-the-air.blogspot.co.uk
My Interests 
• Remote Sensing 
– Lidar 
– Airborne MS/HS imagery 
– Satellite applications in 
cultural heritage 
• Heritage 
– Alluvial geoarchaeology 
– Medieval landscapes 
• GI Science 
– Predictive modelling 
– Landscape analyis 
– Visualisation of landscape 
archaeology-from-the-air.blogspot.co.uk
Course Outline
Course Outline 
1. Aerial archaeology pioneers from Wessex to the Middle 
East 
2. Aerial archaeology grows up: from WW2 to the National 
Mapping Programme 
3. Using aerial photographs 1: types of photograph and 
evidence 
4. Using aerial photographs 2: from photograph to map 
5. Space based satellite systems and archaeology 
archaeology-from-the-air.blogspot.co.uk
Course Outline 
6. Seeing beyond the visible. What is hyperspectral remote 
sensing? 
7. Mapping the shape of the land. Lidar, radar and archaeology 
8. Looking at a landscape in detail using aerial imagery 
9. The future of aerial archaeology 
archaeology-from-the-air.blogspot.co.uk
Learning Outcomes 
• Appreciate the historical development of aerial 
archaeology in Britain and more widely. 
• Understand the principle types of archaeological 
evidence seen on aerial photographs and how this 
evidence is used by archaeologists. 
• Be able to look at, critically assess and sketch plot 
archaeological evidence on aerial imagery. 
• Be familiar with some non-photographic techniques for 
examining landscape from the air. 
archaeology-from-the-air.blogspot.co.uk
Learning Experience 
• Informal Lecture 
• Discussion 
• Applied skills 
archaeology-from-the-air.blogspot.co.uk
Reading and Books 
Barber, M. (2011). A History of Aerial Photography and 
Archaeology: Mata Hari's Glass Eye and Other Stories. 
English Heritage. [KEY TEXT] 
Crawford, O. G. S., & Keiller, A. (1928). Wessex from the 
Air. Clarendon Press. 
Greene, K., & Moore, T. (2010). Archaeology: an 
introduction. Routledge. 
Hauser, K. (2008). Bloody Old Britain: OGS Crawford and 
the archaeology of modern life. Granta UK. 
Riley, D. N. (1987). Air photography and archaeology. 
Duckworth. 
Riley, D. N., Samuels, J., & May, J. (1980). Early Landscape 
from the Air: studies of crop marks in South Yorkshire and 
North Nottinghamshire. Department of Prehistory and 
Archaeology, University of Sheffield. 
Whimster, R. (1989). The emerging past. RCHME (English 
Heritage), London. 
archaeology-from-the-air.blogspot.co.uk
Reading and Books 
Course bookshop (Amazon) 
http://astore.amazon.co.uk/hoskins-21 
archaeology-from-the-air.blogspot.co.uk
Course Web Site 
• Lecture Slides 
• Downloadable handouts 
• Bookshop 
• Resources 
• Supplementary Material 
• Answers 
http://archaeology-from-the-air.blogspot.co.uk 
archaeology-from-the-air.blogspot.co.uk
Options 
• Existing group knowledge and skills…? 
• Interests and preferences 
• Themes and skills…? 
archaeology-from-the-air.blogspot.co.uk
Section 1: What is Aerial 
Archaeology?
What is Aerial Archaeology? 
Techniques: Conventional Photographic 
archaeology-from-the-air.blogspot.co.uk 
Alexander Keiller, Wessex From the 
Air (1928)
What is Aerial Archaeology? 
Techniques: Active Survey (Lidar/radar) 
archaeology-from-the-air.blogspot.co.uk
What is Aerial Archaeology? 
Techniques: MS and Space Based 
Imaging 
Worldview 2 
archaeology-from-the-air.blogspot.co.uk
What is Aerial Archaeology? 
Techniques: The future, UAVs and more 
archaeology-from-the-air.blogspot.co.uk
What is Aerial Archaeology? 
What can you see from the air? 
archaeology-from-the-air.blogspot.co.uk
What is Aerial Archaeology? 
What can you see from the air? 
archaeology-from-the-air.blogspot.co.uk
What is Aerial Archaeology? 
What can you see from the air? 
archaeology-from-the-air.blogspot.co.uk 
Roman Fort, Newton Kyme, Yorks 
Cropmarks
What is Aerial Archaeology? 
What can you see from the air? 
Soilmarks Shadow Sites 
archaeology-from-the-air.blogspot.co.uk
What is Aerial Archaeology? 
Making Sense of Landscape 
Caistor Roman Fort, 
Norfolk 
An English Heritage, 
National Mapping 
Programme cropmark plot, 
the result of analysis of 
numerous photographs 
taken over many years. 
archaeology-from-the-air.blogspot.co.uk
What is Aerial Archaeology? 
A distinct discipline? 
archaeology-from-the-air.blogspot.co.uk
COFFEE BREAK
Feedback: Themes and Choices 
? 
archaeology-from-the-air.blogspot.co.uk
Section 2: From Wessex to the 
Middle East, early pioneers
Pioneers of Aerial Archaeology 
The Aerial View 
•William Stukeley 
•Avebury (1743) 
•Primacy of aerial viewpoint 
in landscape ascetics 
•Romantics vision from 
above 
archaeology-from-the-air.blogspot.co.uk
Pioneers of Aerial Archaeology 
Origins 
•Civilian and military 
ballooning from 
1860s onward 
•Cpt Henry Elsdale 
Series of air 
photographs of 
military sites in 1880s 
archaeology-from-the-air.blogspot.co.uk
Pioneers of Aerial Archaeology 
Origins 
•Lt Henry Sharpe first 
aerial photograph of an 
archaeological site 
•Royal Engineers, 1906 
Stonehenge 
photographs 
•Published in 
Archaeologia in 1907, 
but little impact 
archaeology-from-the-air.blogspot.co.uk
Pioneers of Aerial Archaeology 
Aerial Photography in the Great War 
archaeology-from-the-air.blogspot.co.uk 
• Although many individual balloon, 
kite and aircraft enthusiasts took 
photographs in the early 20th 
century, air-photography came into 
its own in the Great War 
• Many early archaeologists were first 
exposed to air photography and its 
potential as part of their war service 
• The technology of flight, 
photography and interpretation 
developed immensely as war 
progressed
Pioneers of Aerial Archaeology 
Aerial Photography in the Great War 
archaeology-from-the-air.blogspot.co.uk 
• Early photography by RFC officers 
ad hoc and unofficial 
• Official recognition followed and 
photography became a part of the 
process of identifying enemy 
deployments and positions 
• Mapping both British and German 
trench networks and of production 
of up to date maps was a key 
function of aerial photography 
(Many French maps were 
Napoleonic in origin!)
Pioneers of Aerial Archaeology 
Aerial Photography in the Great War 
archaeology-from-the-air.blogspot.co.uk 
• The role of the 
observer/gunner/photographer 
developed 
• Key to the advancement of the 
use of photographs was the 
development of techniques of 
interpretation and the role of the 
experienced air photograph 
interpreter 
• Individual service personnel 
began to notice archaeological 
features during military flights 
and on military photographs
Pioneers of Aerial Archaeology 
OGS Crawford and the British Revolution 
archaeology-from-the-air.blogspot.co.uk 
• OGS Crawford (1886-1957) 
• The eccentric pioneer of aerial 
archaeology and the practice of 
archaeology in the field (as opposed 
to excavation) 
• A varied pre-war career as a 
geographer and archaeologist, partly 
in the Middle East 
• War service in the RFC as an 
observer/mapper
Pioneers of Aerial Archaeology 
OGS Crawford and the British Revolution 
archaeology-from-the-air.blogspot.co.uk 
• Post WW1 became first Ordnance 
Survey archaeologist 
• Instrumental in updating mapping of 
antiquities on OS maps 
• Made full use of OS resources and a 
network of amateur 
pilot/photographers to investigate 
archaeology from the air 
• Founded journal Antiquity in 1927, 
published many results of early air 
photography
Pioneers of Aerial Archaeology 
OGS Crawford and the British Revolution 
Alexander Keiller 
archaeology-from-the-air.blogspot.co.uk 
• Working with philanthropist 
Alexander Keiller researched 
and published Wessex from the 
Air in 1928 
• Involved in Keiller’s work at 
Avebury 
• Instrumental in discovery of 
Woodhenge from the air 
• Codified the practice of air 
photographs in archaeology for 
first time
Pioneers of Aerial Archaeology 
OGS Crawford and the British Revolution 
archaeology-from-the-air.blogspot.co.uk 
• An eccentric figure (Uncle Oggs) but 
hugely influential on a generation of 
young interwar archaeologists that 
shaped the development of British 
archaeology 
• A utopian communist, acolyte of HG 
Wells and friend of V. Gordon Childe 
• From a generation that believed the 
past was fully knowable and 
archaeological knowledge finite. 
• Air photographs was his lens on the 
past
Pioneers of Aerial Archaeology 
Antoine Poidebard, surveying the Levant 
http://www.usj.edu.lb/poidebard/muse.htm 
• 1878 – 1955 
• Jesuit missionary priest working in 
Armenia in 1904 
• Worked for the French military mission to 
the Caucuses from 1917 
• French representative to the Armenian 
government 
• Helped rescue Armenians from Turkish 
genocide in 1924 
archaeology-from-the-air.blogspot.co.uk
Pioneers of Aerial Archaeology 
Antoine Poidebard, surveying the Levant 
• Identified faint traces of ancient structures 
from the air during flights across desert 
• Working in Lebanon with the French air 
force from 1925 
• He developed new techniques of air 
photography relying on low oblique light to 
reveal faint features 
• Poidebard’s techniques relied on precise 
flying, innovative photographic emulsions, 
filters and techniques to accentuate slight 
details on the ground 
archaeology-from-the-air.blogspot.co.uk
Pioneers of Aerial Archaeology 
Antoine Poidebard, surveying the Levant 
archaeology-from-the-air.blogspot.co.uk 
• Working on Syria in the 1920s 
• Between 1925 and 1932 fixed the 
route of the imperial 
limes of Bosra in the central desert 
of Syria around Palmyra 
• From 1932 to 1942 his work 
focused on Roman remains in the 
Euphrates and the Orontes valleys
Pioneers of Aerial Archaeology 
Antoine Poidebard, surveying the Levant 
archaeology-from-the-air.blogspot.co.uk 
• In the 1930s his attention turned 
to North Africa 
• He flew extensively in what is 
now Libya photographing 
Phoenician ports 
• Working with French navy divers 
he identified submerged remains 
of former Phoenician towns and 
cities
Pioneers of Aerial Archaeology 
Antoine Poidebard, surveying the Levant 
archaeology-from-the-air.blogspot.co.uk 
• Legacy an extraordinary 
collection of photographs 
documenting a now largely 
lost landscape 
• Technical mastery and 
innovation
Pioneers of Aerial Archaeology 
Aerial Archaeology by 1939 
archaeology-from-the-air.blogspot.co.uk 
• By the outbreak of WW2 in 
1939 aerial photography a 
mature, technically advanced 
discipline 
• The strategic and tactical 
importance of air photography 
to the military recognised 
• The use of aerial survey and 
the types of archaeological 
phenomena visible on 
photographs reasonable well 
understood
Pioneers of Aerial Archaeology 
• It even found its way into popular 
fiction 
• Neville Shute – So Distained 
(1928), 
• An Old Captivity (1940) 
archaeology-from-the-air.blogspot.co.uk
Further Study 
• Suggested Reading 
Barber, M. (2011). A History of Aerial Photography and 
Archaeology: Mata Hari's Glass Eye and Other Stories. 
English Heritage. 
Hauser, K. (2009). Bloody Old Britain: OGS Crawford and 
the Archaeology of Modern Life By. Granta Books. 
Shute, N. (1940 – republished 2009). An Old Captivity. 
Vintage Books. London. 
archaeology-from-the-air.blogspot.co.uk

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Archaeology from the Air: Lecture 1, Nottingham Autumn 2014

  • 1. Archaeology from the Air Class 1: Aerial archaeology pioneers from Wessex to the Middle East Tutor: Keith Challis archaeology-from-the-air.blogspot.co.uk
  • 2. Class Summary • Admin and Housekeeping • Personal Introduction • Course Outline • What is aerial archaeology? • Coffee Break • Feedback – themes and choices • From Wessex to the Middle East, early pioneers archaeology-from-the-air.blogspot.co.uk
  • 4. Practicalities • Enrolment paperwork • Register • Absence (keith.challis@york.ac.uk) or Phone/Txt 07921457007 • What to bring • Handouts (paperless course?) • Internet access? archaeology-from-the-air.blogspot.co.uk
  • 6. About Me • National Trust • Research Associate, Department of Archaeology, University of York • Research Fellow in Remote Sensing, University of Birmingham • Research Officer, York Archaeological Trust • Research Associate, University of Nottingham • 13 years project management and commercial archaeological consultancy at Trent & Peak Archaeology archaeology-from-the-air.blogspot.co.uk
  • 7. My Interests • Remote Sensing – Lidar – Airborne MS/HS imagery – Satellite applications in cultural heritage • Heritage – Alluvial geoarchaeology – Medieval landscapes • GI Science – Predictive modelling – Landscape analyis – Visualisation of landscape archaeology-from-the-air.blogspot.co.uk
  • 9. Course Outline 1. Aerial archaeology pioneers from Wessex to the Middle East 2. Aerial archaeology grows up: from WW2 to the National Mapping Programme 3. Using aerial photographs 1: types of photograph and evidence 4. Using aerial photographs 2: from photograph to map 5. Space based satellite systems and archaeology archaeology-from-the-air.blogspot.co.uk
  • 10. Course Outline 6. Seeing beyond the visible. What is hyperspectral remote sensing? 7. Mapping the shape of the land. Lidar, radar and archaeology 8. Looking at a landscape in detail using aerial imagery 9. The future of aerial archaeology archaeology-from-the-air.blogspot.co.uk
  • 11. Learning Outcomes • Appreciate the historical development of aerial archaeology in Britain and more widely. • Understand the principle types of archaeological evidence seen on aerial photographs and how this evidence is used by archaeologists. • Be able to look at, critically assess and sketch plot archaeological evidence on aerial imagery. • Be familiar with some non-photographic techniques for examining landscape from the air. archaeology-from-the-air.blogspot.co.uk
  • 12. Learning Experience • Informal Lecture • Discussion • Applied skills archaeology-from-the-air.blogspot.co.uk
  • 13. Reading and Books Barber, M. (2011). A History of Aerial Photography and Archaeology: Mata Hari's Glass Eye and Other Stories. English Heritage. [KEY TEXT] Crawford, O. G. S., & Keiller, A. (1928). Wessex from the Air. Clarendon Press. Greene, K., & Moore, T. (2010). Archaeology: an introduction. Routledge. Hauser, K. (2008). Bloody Old Britain: OGS Crawford and the archaeology of modern life. Granta UK. Riley, D. N. (1987). Air photography and archaeology. Duckworth. Riley, D. N., Samuels, J., & May, J. (1980). Early Landscape from the Air: studies of crop marks in South Yorkshire and North Nottinghamshire. Department of Prehistory and Archaeology, University of Sheffield. Whimster, R. (1989). The emerging past. RCHME (English Heritage), London. archaeology-from-the-air.blogspot.co.uk
  • 14. Reading and Books Course bookshop (Amazon) http://astore.amazon.co.uk/hoskins-21 archaeology-from-the-air.blogspot.co.uk
  • 15. Course Web Site • Lecture Slides • Downloadable handouts • Bookshop • Resources • Supplementary Material • Answers http://archaeology-from-the-air.blogspot.co.uk archaeology-from-the-air.blogspot.co.uk
  • 16. Options • Existing group knowledge and skills…? • Interests and preferences • Themes and skills…? archaeology-from-the-air.blogspot.co.uk
  • 17. Section 1: What is Aerial Archaeology?
  • 18. What is Aerial Archaeology? Techniques: Conventional Photographic archaeology-from-the-air.blogspot.co.uk Alexander Keiller, Wessex From the Air (1928)
  • 19. What is Aerial Archaeology? Techniques: Active Survey (Lidar/radar) archaeology-from-the-air.blogspot.co.uk
  • 20. What is Aerial Archaeology? Techniques: MS and Space Based Imaging Worldview 2 archaeology-from-the-air.blogspot.co.uk
  • 21. What is Aerial Archaeology? Techniques: The future, UAVs and more archaeology-from-the-air.blogspot.co.uk
  • 22. What is Aerial Archaeology? What can you see from the air? archaeology-from-the-air.blogspot.co.uk
  • 23. What is Aerial Archaeology? What can you see from the air? archaeology-from-the-air.blogspot.co.uk
  • 24. What is Aerial Archaeology? What can you see from the air? archaeology-from-the-air.blogspot.co.uk Roman Fort, Newton Kyme, Yorks Cropmarks
  • 25. What is Aerial Archaeology? What can you see from the air? Soilmarks Shadow Sites archaeology-from-the-air.blogspot.co.uk
  • 26. What is Aerial Archaeology? Making Sense of Landscape Caistor Roman Fort, Norfolk An English Heritage, National Mapping Programme cropmark plot, the result of analysis of numerous photographs taken over many years. archaeology-from-the-air.blogspot.co.uk
  • 27. What is Aerial Archaeology? A distinct discipline? archaeology-from-the-air.blogspot.co.uk
  • 29. Feedback: Themes and Choices ? archaeology-from-the-air.blogspot.co.uk
  • 30. Section 2: From Wessex to the Middle East, early pioneers
  • 31. Pioneers of Aerial Archaeology The Aerial View •William Stukeley •Avebury (1743) •Primacy of aerial viewpoint in landscape ascetics •Romantics vision from above archaeology-from-the-air.blogspot.co.uk
  • 32. Pioneers of Aerial Archaeology Origins •Civilian and military ballooning from 1860s onward •Cpt Henry Elsdale Series of air photographs of military sites in 1880s archaeology-from-the-air.blogspot.co.uk
  • 33. Pioneers of Aerial Archaeology Origins •Lt Henry Sharpe first aerial photograph of an archaeological site •Royal Engineers, 1906 Stonehenge photographs •Published in Archaeologia in 1907, but little impact archaeology-from-the-air.blogspot.co.uk
  • 34. Pioneers of Aerial Archaeology Aerial Photography in the Great War archaeology-from-the-air.blogspot.co.uk • Although many individual balloon, kite and aircraft enthusiasts took photographs in the early 20th century, air-photography came into its own in the Great War • Many early archaeologists were first exposed to air photography and its potential as part of their war service • The technology of flight, photography and interpretation developed immensely as war progressed
  • 35. Pioneers of Aerial Archaeology Aerial Photography in the Great War archaeology-from-the-air.blogspot.co.uk • Early photography by RFC officers ad hoc and unofficial • Official recognition followed and photography became a part of the process of identifying enemy deployments and positions • Mapping both British and German trench networks and of production of up to date maps was a key function of aerial photography (Many French maps were Napoleonic in origin!)
  • 36. Pioneers of Aerial Archaeology Aerial Photography in the Great War archaeology-from-the-air.blogspot.co.uk • The role of the observer/gunner/photographer developed • Key to the advancement of the use of photographs was the development of techniques of interpretation and the role of the experienced air photograph interpreter • Individual service personnel began to notice archaeological features during military flights and on military photographs
  • 37. Pioneers of Aerial Archaeology OGS Crawford and the British Revolution archaeology-from-the-air.blogspot.co.uk • OGS Crawford (1886-1957) • The eccentric pioneer of aerial archaeology and the practice of archaeology in the field (as opposed to excavation) • A varied pre-war career as a geographer and archaeologist, partly in the Middle East • War service in the RFC as an observer/mapper
  • 38. Pioneers of Aerial Archaeology OGS Crawford and the British Revolution archaeology-from-the-air.blogspot.co.uk • Post WW1 became first Ordnance Survey archaeologist • Instrumental in updating mapping of antiquities on OS maps • Made full use of OS resources and a network of amateur pilot/photographers to investigate archaeology from the air • Founded journal Antiquity in 1927, published many results of early air photography
  • 39. Pioneers of Aerial Archaeology OGS Crawford and the British Revolution Alexander Keiller archaeology-from-the-air.blogspot.co.uk • Working with philanthropist Alexander Keiller researched and published Wessex from the Air in 1928 • Involved in Keiller’s work at Avebury • Instrumental in discovery of Woodhenge from the air • Codified the practice of air photographs in archaeology for first time
  • 40. Pioneers of Aerial Archaeology OGS Crawford and the British Revolution archaeology-from-the-air.blogspot.co.uk • An eccentric figure (Uncle Oggs) but hugely influential on a generation of young interwar archaeologists that shaped the development of British archaeology • A utopian communist, acolyte of HG Wells and friend of V. Gordon Childe • From a generation that believed the past was fully knowable and archaeological knowledge finite. • Air photographs was his lens on the past
  • 41. Pioneers of Aerial Archaeology Antoine Poidebard, surveying the Levant http://www.usj.edu.lb/poidebard/muse.htm • 1878 – 1955 • Jesuit missionary priest working in Armenia in 1904 • Worked for the French military mission to the Caucuses from 1917 • French representative to the Armenian government • Helped rescue Armenians from Turkish genocide in 1924 archaeology-from-the-air.blogspot.co.uk
  • 42. Pioneers of Aerial Archaeology Antoine Poidebard, surveying the Levant • Identified faint traces of ancient structures from the air during flights across desert • Working in Lebanon with the French air force from 1925 • He developed new techniques of air photography relying on low oblique light to reveal faint features • Poidebard’s techniques relied on precise flying, innovative photographic emulsions, filters and techniques to accentuate slight details on the ground archaeology-from-the-air.blogspot.co.uk
  • 43. Pioneers of Aerial Archaeology Antoine Poidebard, surveying the Levant archaeology-from-the-air.blogspot.co.uk • Working on Syria in the 1920s • Between 1925 and 1932 fixed the route of the imperial limes of Bosra in the central desert of Syria around Palmyra • From 1932 to 1942 his work focused on Roman remains in the Euphrates and the Orontes valleys
  • 44. Pioneers of Aerial Archaeology Antoine Poidebard, surveying the Levant archaeology-from-the-air.blogspot.co.uk • In the 1930s his attention turned to North Africa • He flew extensively in what is now Libya photographing Phoenician ports • Working with French navy divers he identified submerged remains of former Phoenician towns and cities
  • 45. Pioneers of Aerial Archaeology Antoine Poidebard, surveying the Levant archaeology-from-the-air.blogspot.co.uk • Legacy an extraordinary collection of photographs documenting a now largely lost landscape • Technical mastery and innovation
  • 46. Pioneers of Aerial Archaeology Aerial Archaeology by 1939 archaeology-from-the-air.blogspot.co.uk • By the outbreak of WW2 in 1939 aerial photography a mature, technically advanced discipline • The strategic and tactical importance of air photography to the military recognised • The use of aerial survey and the types of archaeological phenomena visible on photographs reasonable well understood
  • 47. Pioneers of Aerial Archaeology • It even found its way into popular fiction • Neville Shute – So Distained (1928), • An Old Captivity (1940) archaeology-from-the-air.blogspot.co.uk
  • 48. Further Study • Suggested Reading Barber, M. (2011). A History of Aerial Photography and Archaeology: Mata Hari's Glass Eye and Other Stories. English Heritage. Hauser, K. (2009). Bloody Old Britain: OGS Crawford and the Archaeology of Modern Life By. Granta Books. Shute, N. (1940 – republished 2009). An Old Captivity. Vintage Books. London. archaeology-from-the-air.blogspot.co.uk