United Nations, Marshall Plan, Spies, Etc.--The early stages of the Cold War

3. Postwar RecoveryPostwar Recovery
 U.S. Wanted to:
 Help repair war-torn European nations
 Did not want to repeat mistakes that followed WWI
 Led to a shift in American foreign policy
 What was the major shift in foreign policy called?

4. London, 1944
Dresden, Germany; 1946

5. Marshall Plan (1947)Marshall Plan (1947)
 The Marshall Plan:
 Asked European nations to draw up a program for economic
recovery
 U.S. would then support program with financial aid
 $13 billion to W. Europe over 4 years
 Economies recovered quickly
 U.S. strengthened trade ties
 Soviet Union refused to participate in Plan
 Named after Sec. of State George C. Marshall
 See Marshall quote & Shipment chart on p. 645
 Why did we want to help Europe?

6. See map of Germany on p. 646 in text

7. The Berlin AirliftThe Berlin Airlift
 By 1948 American, British, and French leaders are
convinced that Stalin was not going to allow the
reunification of Germany
 West Germany=republic, capitalism
 East Germany=communist
 Berlin Capital of Germany
 Also split into east & west
 West Berlin used as a launching point to escape
communist E. Europe
 Stalin wanted to stop this by forcing Western powers to
abandon West Berlin

8. The Berlin AirliftThe Berlin Airlift
 Stalin implements a blockade of West Berlin in 1948
 Truman did not want to start a war, or give up West
Berlin so…
 W/ Britain started an airlift
 15 months, 200K flights, 13K tons of goods daily
 Read about “Operation Little Vittles” on p. 647

9. The Berlin AirliftThe Berlin Airlift
 Stalin’s Blockade ended May 1949
 Airlift ended in Sept. 1949
 Berlin remained a focal point of the East/West conflict
 Why didn’t Truman use military force to stop the
blockade?

10. United NationsUnited Nations
 After WWII looked to
for protection, but…
 Soviet Union used veto
power
 Weakened UN’s ability
 W. Europe looked for
new solutions…

11. NATO! What is it?NATO! What is it?
• NATO=North Atlantic Treaty
Organization
• Formed in April of 1949
• U.S., Canada, & 10 Western
European nations pledged to
support each other against attack
• Collective Security
• Arguments against NATO
• Not a “peace program,” a
“war program,” half of the
world against the other half
• Mutual military assistance
• Soviet Response:
• Created the Warsaw Pact
• A military alliance between the
Soviet Union and its satellite
nations
• What are satellite nations?

13. NATO! What’s with that?NATO! What’s with that?
 Why is NATO needed?
 The U.S. did not want to be the only nation in the
Western Hemisphere committed to fighting
communism
 Other reasons???

14. Communist AdvanceCommunist Advance
 Soviet Atomic Threat
 Test atomic bomb in 1949
 U.S. Response:
 Truman approves a hydrogen bomb; much more
destructive than atomic bomb
 Truman organized the Federal Civil Defense
Administration
 Info on how to survive an attack, plans for building bomb
shelters, etc.

15. Duck & Cover!Duck & Cover!

16. Communist AdvancesCommunist Advances
 In China Mao Zedong rose to power 1949 & created a
Communist nation (the People’s Republic of China)
 The defeated followers of Chiang Kai-shek fled to the
island of Taiwan & continued as the Republic of China
 “Loss of China” was viewed as a stain on Truman’s
record
 Many called for increased effort to stop communism in
Asia

18. Cold War at HomeCold War at Home
 Fear of Communist spies created mass suspicion in the
U.S., a new red scare
 Truman formed a federal employee loyalty program
that checked all new and existing federal employees’
backgrounds
 The creation of this program added to American
suspicion
 Accusation alone ruined reputations

19. Cold War at HomeCold War at Home
 HUAC (The House Un-American Activities
Committee) est. in 1938
 Searched for communist infiltration of gov’t agencies
& Hollywood

20. HUACHUAC
• HUAC called a number
of Hollywood writers,
directors, and actors in
1947 to testify
• The Hollywood Ten
• Ten people ho refused to
answer the HUAC’s
questions were
imprisoned for contempt
of Congress
• Sentenced to jail (6
months—1 year)
• Hollywood studios
compiled a blacklist
• People that should not
be hired
• Ruined many
careers/reputations

21. Cold War at HomeCold War at Home
 McCarran-Walter Act
(1952)
 Re-affirmed quota
system on immigrants
 Esp. limited immigration
from E. Europe & Asia
 Vetoed by Truman, but
overridden by Congress

22. SPIES!SPIES!
 Two famous spy cases reinforced fears that Soviet spies
in the U.S. were sharing American secrets with foreign
Communists.
 Hiss had been a high-ranking government official
(State Dept.) was accused by a Time Magazine editor
of being a Communist
 Accused of lying while on trial, locked up for 4 yrs.

23. SPIES!SPIES!
 Julius & Ethel Rosenberg
 Accused of passing atomic secrets to the Soviets
 Convicted of espionage & executed in 1953
 Soviet records opened at the end of the Cold War
suggest that both Hiss & Julius Rosenberg were guilty,
however Ethel was not.