This document summarizes key concepts from Chapter Seven on learning. It defines learning as a relatively permanent change in behavior due to experience. It discusses behaviorism and some general learning terms like associative learning and extinction. It also covers stimulus discrimination, cognitive maps, principles of reinforcement including different types of reinforcement schedules, and observational learning including Bandura's Bobo doll experiment. Punishment and shaping techniques are introduced as well.

1. Chapter Seven
Learning

3.  Learning – experience that results in a
relatively permanent change in behavior
 Behaviorism

4.  Some general terms
• Learning-performance distinction
• Associative learning
• Extinction and spontaneous recovery
• Generalization and discrimination
 Stimulus discrimination
 Discriminative stimulus
• Cognition and learning
 Latent learning (see next slide)
 Cognitive maps

5. Principles of Learning

7.  What is learning?
 Remember: Learning is ―the
process by which experience or
practice results in a relatively
permanent change in behavior or
potential behavior‖

8. Motivation
 Intrinsically motivated
 Extrinsic motivation
 Overjustification
 Biological
predispositions
• Food preferences
 Taste-aversion
learning
• Fear-related learning
biases http://youtu.be/KPaMz885OKI

9. Classical
Conditioning

10. FEAR CONDITIONING
 ***Little Albert ***

11. Relax, close your eyes and imagine yourself in
following event:
 — it’s a warm, sunny day and you are laying on
the warm sand of the Florida beach
 — the sun is beaming down on you and you feel
its warmth
 — you hear the sounds of waves and the soft
sound of children playing in the distance
 — the sun is hotter now and you decide to cool
off in the cool ocean water
 — you get up and lazily walk toward the water
 — you wade in up to your waist and feeling very
refreshed you start to swim toward deeper water
and you are feeling great
 http://youtu.be/wCfWHqrYUqo

12.  Principles of reinforcement
•Types of reinforcers
 Positive reinforcement
 Negative reinforcement
 Delayed reinforcement

13.  http://youtu.be/lDlO4Zkq1hA

14.  Principles of reinforcement
• Reinforcement schedules
 Partial (intermittent)
reinforcement
• Fixed-ratio
• Variable-ratio
• Fixed-interval
• Variable-interval

15.  Schedules of Reinforcement

16.  Punishment and shaping
• Punishment (see next slide)
Reinforcement increases the behavior
that preceded it. Punishment decreases
the behavior that preceded it.
• Shaping
• Successive approximations
• Chaining

18.  Reinforcement vs. Punishment

19. Observational Learning
 Elements of observational learning
 Bandura’s experiments (Bobo doll)
 Learning-based activities
• Play

20.  Read Chapter Eight
 See you Tuesday! 