Chloroplasts are organelles found in plant cells and algae that are responsible for photosynthesis. They have a double membrane structure and contain chlorophyll pigments, as well as proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids. Within the chloroplast are grana, thylakoid membranes that contain the chlorophyll, and stroma, which contains enzymes for carbohydrate and protein synthesis. Chloroplasts convert sunlight to chemical energy through photosynthesis, producing oxygen and synthesizing organic acids to provide food for the plant.

1. By
KAUSHAL KUMAR SAHU
Assistant Professor (Ad Hoc)
Department of Biotechnology
Govt. Digvijay Autonomous P. G. College
Raj-Nandgaon ( C. G. )

2. SYNOPSIS
•INTRODUCTION
•DEFINATION
•COMPOSITION
•STRUCTURE,NUMBER,SHAPE,SIZE
•FUNCTION
•TYPES OF CHLOROPLAST PLASTID
•CHLOROPHYLLS PIGMENT
•ROLE OF PHOTOSYNTHESIS
•CONCLUSION
•REFERENCE

3. INTRODUCTION
1.Chloroplast is first identified by Engelmann
in spirogyra.
2.It is the green pigment found in all plant
cell.
3.Chloroplast provides food for plants.
4.Chloroplast was first discovered by
Schimper (1864).

4. DEFINATION
It consist of the pigment like chlorophyll and
are responsible for photosynthesis.

5. STRUCTURE OF CHLOROPLAST

6. COMPOSITION
Chloroplast contain protin,lipid and chlorophyll.
It contain-
Protein- 20-30%
Lipid-9%
Chlorophyll- 4-5%
Nuclic acid- 2-3%

7. STRUCTURE,NUMBER,SHAPE,SIZE
.It is double membrane structure.
.It is bounded by two membrane outer membrane &
inner membrane.
.In there grana, strama and thylokoids are present.
.Each granum consist of disc called thylokoid.
.The inner membrane is gelatinous matrix called
stroma.
.Chloroplast may be spherial ovoid or disc-shaped.
.There are 20 to 40 chloroplast in each cell.
.In higher plants its number is large.
.In some cells there is only one chloroplast.

9. T HYLAKOIDS &
STROMA
Thylakoids contain
the chlorophyll
pigments.
Stroma contains the
enzymes required for
the synthesis of
carbohydrates and
proteins.

10. FUNCTION
Chloroplast is the center of synthesis and
metabolism of carbohydrates.
They convert light energy in to chemical energy.
Granum is the site where sunlight energy is
trapped.
Synthesis of organic acid.
Oxygen supply.
Food supply

11. Plastids
Plastids are small bodies found in the
cytoplasm of most plant cells.they are absent in
bacteria,certain fungai and algae.
There are 3 main groups of plastid.
1-Amyloplasts
2-chromoplast
3-chloroplasts

12. Amyloplasts
Amyloplast are non-pigmented organelles
found in some plants cells.They are
responsible for the synthesis and storage of
starch granules.

13. Chromoplasts
These are coloured plastids.
Responsible for the orange and yellow colour of
fruits,flower.

14. Chloroplast
It is found in alge,leaves and other green plant
organ.

15. CHLOROPHYLLS PIGMENT
Chlorophyll is a green pigment found in
cyanobacteria and the chloroplast of
algae and plants.
Chlorophyll a (C55H72O5M4Mg)
Chlorophyll b (C55H70O6N4Mg)
Chlorophyll c (C35H32O5N4Mg)
Chlorophyll d (C55H70O6N4Mg)
chlorophyll e
Xenthophyll (C40H50O2)
Carotin (C40H56)

16. Chlorophyll a
It is bluish-green colour and
it absorbs red and blue light.
It is universal pigment act as
a both antenna molecule &
PPRC.

17. Chlorophyll b
It has an aldehyde group at
3rd carbon of second pyrol
ring.
It is found in green algae.
Chorophyll b mainly absorb
blue & orange and reflect
yellow light.

18. Chlorophyll c
It is present in member of brown algae.
It as no tail.it absorb blue light and orange
colour.
It reflects yellow colour.

19. Chlorophyll d
It is present in member of red algae.
It contain both head and tail.
It has formyl group at 2 carbon of first pyroll
ring where venyl group present in chlorophyll
a.

20. Chlorophyll e
Its formula and structure is not known.
It is found in members of xenthophycea.(yellow
green algae)

21. Xenthophyll
It is only derivative of carotene.
It is yellow in colour and absorb mainly blue light.

22. Carotenoid
Obtain first time in carrot.
Located in chloroplast and
chromatoplast.
Soluble in organic solvent and
insoluble in water.

23. ROLE OF PHOYOSYNTHESIS
1.Photosynthesis occur in thylakoid membrane of
chloroplast.
2.It is the ultimate source of metabolic energy for all
biological system.
3.Photosynthesis include light reaction and dark
reaction take place in grana of thylokoid membrane and
dark reaction take place in stroma.
Each photosystem consist of two complex.
1.Core complex
2.Antennae complex

24. Conclusion
1 .Chloroplast provides food for plant.
2 .It is the green pigment neccesory for plant
and other photosynthesis.

25. Refrence
C.B. power – cell biology.
Cooper – cell biology.
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