Direct n Indirect Speech

1. Direct Indirect Speech
By Prof.
KAMLESH JOSHI

2. Content
1. Introduction.
2. Direct Speech.
3. Indirect Speech.
4. Statements / affirmative sentences.
5. Interrogative sentences.
6. Imperative sentences
7. Exclamatory sentences.

3. There are two ways of reporting what
somebody says;
• Direct speech
• Indirect (or reported) speech.

4. A SPEAKER’S word can be reported in
two ways:
Direct Speech- Exact words of speaker
• The teacher said to Rajesh, “You have a
bright future.”
Indirect Speech- What the speaker has said
without using the exact words
• The teacher told Rajesh that he had a
bright future.

6. The reproduction of the exact words of the
speaker is called ‘ Direct Speech’
• We may also give an account of what
another person has said. In other words,
when the meaning of a speech is
conveyed in the reporter’s words, it is
called ‘indirect Speech’

7. 1
When we use direct speech in our writing:
• The exact words spoken must be put
inside speech marks. “ ”
• The first spoken word must have a
capital letter.
• When a new speaker begins, we must
start a new line.

8. 2. Direct Speech
In direct speech
we use the
speaker’s own
words.
“In text we
put
speech
marks
around the
words
spoken”
“Speech
marks
are also
called
inverted
commas”

9. 2. Direct speech
• Saying exactly what someone
has said is called Direct Speech
(sometimes called quoted speech)
• Here what a person says appears
within quotation marks ("...") and
should be word for word.
• For example:
• “ I am going to the cinema ", he said.

10. He said, “I am playing.”

11. She said, “ I shall paint.”

12. He said, “I have finished this
exercise today.”

13. The inspector said, “ I am glad
to be with you now.”

14. I’ve caught
three fish.
The train will
leave in ten
minutes!
I know this
type of angle.
I love
ice
cream.
I am a
clever
girl.
Direct Speech

15. 3. Indirect speech
• Indirect speech or reported
speech reports what a speaker
said without using the exact
words.
• When we report what another person
has said, we usually do not use the speaker’s
exact words (direct speech), but reported
(indirect) speech. Therefore, you need to
learn how to transform direct speech into
reported speech.

16. 3. Indirect speech
• In reporting speech the tense
usually changes. This is because when
we use reported speech, we are usually
talking about a time in the past.
• In indirect speech we report
what was said.
• We sometimes need to change
pronouns.
• We don’t use speech marks.

17. He said, “I am playing.”

18. She said, “ I shall paint.”

19. He said, “I have finished this exercise
today.”

20. The inspector said, “ I am glad to be with
you now.”

21. • He said he’d caught three fish.
• Не shouted (that) the train
would leave in ten minutes!
• She said she was a clever girl.
• He said he loved ice cream.
• She said that she knew that type
of angle.

22. What changes did you
notice?
• Omission of comma
• Use of ‘that’.
• Change of pronoun.
• Change of tense.
• Change of adverb,
place or time.

23. Direct / Indirect Speech
I am feeling
ill !
Paul said
that he was
feeling ill.

24. Direct: Paul said, “ I am feeling ill ”.
Indirect: Paul said that he was feeling ill.
What are the changes?
1. No speech markers (, “ ”) in the Indirect
Speech.
2. We added that (optional)
3. Pronoun change (I  He)
4. Tense change ( am was)

25. 4. How to change statements
(affirmative / assertive) sentences of
Direct Speech into Indirect Speech ?
•There are three rules while changing from
direct to indirect of statements like
sentences.

26. Change of
Tense

27. If the reporting verb in the direct
speech statement is in present tense or
future tense, then it remains same in
indirect speech too i.e. no change in
tense.

28. If the reporting verb is in the past
tense in the direct speech statement ,
then the verbs within the inverted
commas will change in the indirect
speech statements.
• Am / is  was
• are  were
• Do / does  did
• Have / has  had
• will  would
• can  could

29. Direct Speech Reported Speech
 Simple Present  Simple Past
- Mira said, “I go to school.”
- Mira said that she went to school .
 Simple Past  Past Perfect
- They said, “we went at work.”
- They said that they had gone at work.

30. Direct Speech Reported Speech
 Continuous Present  Continuous Past
- Mira said, “I am going to school.”
- Mira said that she was going to school.
 Perfect Present  Perfect Past
- They said, “we have finished the work.”
- They said that they had finished the work.

31.  Past Perfect  Past Perfect
He said, “ I hadn’t gone there.”
He said he hadn’t gone there.
 Future Will  Conditional “Would”
Keya said, “I will come on Monday.”
Keya said that she would come on Monday.
Direct Speech Reported Speech

32. Modals Change…
Direct Speech Indirect Speech
 Can
- She said, “ I can go to
the party tonight.”
 Could
-She said she could go
to the party that night.
 May
-The kids said, “we may
go to school.”
 Might
-The kids said they
might go to school.

33. Change of
Pronouns

34. Personal Pronouns change according to
SON formula
1st person = Subject
2nd person = Object
3rd person = No change
• If subject of the quoted words is in 1st
person then it will change according to
the subject of the reported verb
e.g. - He said to her, “I like coffee.”
He told her that he liked coffee.

35. Personal Pronouns change according to:
• If subject of the quoted words is in 2nd
person then it will change according to the
object of reporting verb
e.g. - He said to her, “You look happy.”
He told her that she looked happy.
• If the subject of the quoted words is in 3rd
person then there will be no change.
e.g. - He said to him, “She has already left.”
He told him that she had already left.

36. DIRECT SPEECH INDIRECT SPEECH
I He / She
Me Him / Her
My His / Her
We They
Us Them
Our Their
Subject= 1st Person

37. Subject = 1st Person
• He said, “I went to consult my parents.”
He said that he went to consult his parents.
• Mona said, “ I went to consult my parents.”
Mona said that she went to consult her
parents.
• Boys said, “ We went to consult our parents.
Boys said that they went to consult their
parents.

38. DIRECT SPEECH INDIRECT SPEECH
You (singular.) He / She
Your (singular.) His / Her
You (singular.) Him / Her
You (plural.) They
Your (plural.) Their
You (plural.) Them
Object = 2nd Person

39. Object= 2nd Person
• Anil said to Mina , “ Your parents are waiting for you.”
Anil told Mina that her parents were waiting for her.
• Anil said to Yogi, “ Your parents are waiting for you.”
Anil told Yogi that his parents were waiting for him.
• Anil said to them, “ Your parents are waiting for you.”
Anil told them that their parents were waiting for them.

40. 3rd person= No Change

42. DIRECT SPEECH INDIRECT SPEECH
Today That day
These Those
Now Then
Here There
Tomorrow The following/ next
day
Yesterday The previous day/the
day before
Change in Adverbs of Time and Place

43. DIRECT SPEECH INDIRECT SPEECH
Last year The year before
Tonight That night
This That
Thus So
Change in Adverbs of Time and Place

44. Change of Adverbs

45. Practice…
1. "I take English classes at Kansagara College."
He said that…
2. "I am practicing how to write a formal paragraph."
He said that…
3. "I have already written this paragraph four times."
He said that…
4."I really wanted to drop my English class."
He said that…
5."I had made too many mistakes to continue."
He said that…
6. "I am not going to give up yet."
He said that…

46. 7. "I have to get a scholarship for college."
He said that …
8. "I must support myself after college graduation."
He said that …
9. "I cannot continue to depend on my parents."
He said that …
10."I might go to work full time and go to school part
time."
He said that …

47. 5. Interrogative Sentences

48. In a direct ‘Yes/No’ question ..,,
• A question is changed into a Statement.
• reporting verb is changed into ask /
inquire and connective ‘ if/whether’ is
used .
• Remaining changes will be like
statements.

49. Example..
 She said to him, “ Are you writing a poem?”
She asked him if he was writing a poem.
 I said to her, “ Do you know this person?”
I inquired her whether she knew that person.

50. • In case of question words like who,
how, where, what, whose, which,
why, whom etc. same words are
used as a connective in the reported
speech.

51. “Where do you live?”, she asked Mina.
She asked Mina where she lived.
He said to Yuvi , “How do you write
poems?
He asked Yuvi how he wrote poems.
Example

52. 6. Imperative Sentences

53. # In Imperative sentences,
reporting verb is changed into
order / advise / request / ask etc.
# No change of tense.
# The connective ‘to’ is put as
infinitive.

54.  I said to him, “ Take your seat.”
I advised him to take his seat.
 He said to Neena, “ Give me some
food, please.”
He requested Neena to give him
some food.

55. 7. Exclamatory
Sentence

56. # In Exclamatory Sentences,
reporting verb is changed into
exclaimed with joy / sorrow /
anger / surprise, etc. That is used.
# Sentence will be changed into
statement.
# Exclamatory symbols (oh, hi, alas
etc.) are removed.
# Connective ‘ that’ will be used.

57.  He said, “ How beautiful a
place !”
> He exclaimed with joy that
it was a very beautiful
place.
 Rohan said, “ Hurrah ! We
have won the match !.”
> Rohan exclaimed happily
that they had won the match.

58. • Alas !
• exclaimed with sadness / regret /
disappointment.
• Direct Speech:
• The reporter said, “Alas! Many lives have
been lost due to tsunami”
• Indirect Speech:
• The reporter exclaimed sadly that many
lives had been lost due to tsunami.

59. • May you !
• blesses / wished.
• Direct Speech:
• The grandmother said her, “May you
meet with success wherever you go”
• Indirect Speech:
• The grandmother blessed her that
she should meet with success
wherever she goes.

61. Change the following into indirect speech.
• The air hostess said, “ The hijackers tried to
frighten the passengers.”
• The captain said to his men, “ Stand at ease.”
• She said to the Neena, “ Do you believe in ghosts?”
• The Principal says, “Rules have to be followed at
any cost.”
• The boys said, “ Hurray! Our team won.”

62. REPORTED SPEECH
“Let’s see how
much you remember
of that"

63. REPORTED SPEECH
“Let’s see how
much you remember
of that"
OK

64. "I'm
going to say
something"
REPORTED SPEECH

65. "I'm
going to say
something"
“And
I'm going to say
what he said"
REPORTED SPEECH

66. "I live in Paris." He said ...
REPORTED SPEECH

67. "I live in Paris." He said that
he lived in Paris.
REPORTED SPEECH

68. "I am cooking
dinner."
He told me...
REPORTED SPEECH

69. "I am cooking
dinner."
He told me
That he was
cooking dinner.
REPORTED SPEECH

70. "I have visited
London twice."
REPORTED SPEECH

71. "I have visited
London twice."
He told me
that he had
visited London
twice.
REPORTED SPEECH

72. "I went to
New York last
week."
REPORTED SPEECH

73. "I went to
New York last
week."
He
told me that he
had gone to New
York the week
before.
REPORTED SPEECH

74. "I had already
eaten."
REPORTED SPEECH

75. "I had already
eaten."
He told me
that he had already
eaten.
REPORTED SPEECH

76. "Be quiet!"
REPORTED SPEECH

77. "Be quiet!" He ordered me
to be quiet."
REPORTED SPEECH

78. "Why are you
doing this?"
REPORTED SPEECH

79. "Why are you
doing this?"
He asked me
why I was
doing this."
REPORTED SPEECH

80. Change
in…
affirmative Interrog. Imper. Exclamat.
Said to told asked ordrd,
reqstd,
advsd
Exclaimd,
wishd,
beggd,
Conne. that if / wh.
questions.
To That
Change
in sent.
tense,
pronoun,
time
place.
Interrg. to
asser.,
change of
tptp
prnoun
time
place.
Interrg. to
asser.,
change of
tptp
summary of all changes

82. Thank you for
your interest!!!