1. INTEGRATED PEST AND DISEASE MANAGEMENT
FOR SUSTAINABLE COCOA PRODUCTION

2. INTRODUCTION
Cocoa is affected by range of pests and diseases with
estimates putting losses as high as 30% - 40% of global
production.
In 2000, the cocoa pod borer in Indonesia had infested
60,000 hectares inflicting losses of US $40 million per
year.
Pod rot or black pod (P.palmivora) causes global yield
loss of 20% - 30% and tree deaths of 10% annually.
Therefore, an Integrated Pest and Disease Management
approach is a must to combat these factors that limits cocoa
production.

3. PRINCIPLES OF IPM
1. Grow a healthy crop
2. Conserve the natural enemies
3. Regular monitoring
4. Farmers as experts/managers (decision making)

4. What do farmers want and need?
People remember :
20% of what they HEAR
40% of what they SEE
80% of what they DISCOVER FOR THEMSELVES

5. FACTORS INFLUENCING THE QUALITY
OF COCOA BEAN ON FARMERS’ LEVEL
1- Genetics
2- Environment
3- Farm Management
4- Pests and Diseases
5- Post Harvest Processing

6. Cocoa Pod Borer
EGG 3-7 DAYS LARVE 14-18 DAYS
MOTH 3-7 DAYS PUPA 5-7 DAYS

7. A B C D

9. COCOA POD BORER EVALUATION
CY 2008-09
PERCENT PODS A & B CATEGORY
MONTH TREATMENTS
GAP 10 SPRAYS 4 SP 6 SL 10 SLEEVES CONTROL 22 SPRAYS
Jan 32.38 64.56 91.11 84.11 7.69 19.92
Feb 22.16 18.43 27.65 55.06 3.84 5.59
Mar 34.38 29.36 18.70 21.26 5.90 42.14
Apr 34.59 32.74 40.25 35.40 8.26 19.88
May 22.25 37.03 81.72 88.95 13.27 17.20
Jun 13.71 18.95 84.95 86.44 12.64 28.56
Jul 14.95 16.35 96.34 78.60 8.00 13.80
Aug 14.80 29.58 68.22 65.90 3.20 24.00
Sep 19.90 32.40 83.70 90.40 18.18 24.17
Oct 19.96 33.69 90.05 90.96 15.77 19.78
Nov 20.94 26.23 90.60 96.00 17.35 30.30
Dec 27.09 26.41 79.07 82.44 12.07 13.37
Total 277.11 365.73 852.36 875.52 126.17 258.70
Mean 23.09 30.48 71.03 72.96 10.51 21.56

12. Pruning
“I am the true vine, and my
Father is the gardener. He cuts
off every branch in me that bears
no fruit, while every branch that
does bear fruit he prunes so that
it will be even more fruitful.”
John 15:1-2 (NIV)

15. CPB EVALUATION AT THE COCOA GERMPLASM
Date Evaluated P/D Category/Degree of Damage Percentage (%) A+B
A B C D
03.10.2012 CPB 110 7 2 1 97.5
PPR 0 0 3 1 96.7
Cocoa Bean Recovery: 94.2
19.10.2012 CPB 130 11 5 4 94.0
PPR 146 2 2 0 98.7
Cocoa Bean Recovery: 92.7
31.10.2012 CPB 405 53 16 3 96.13
PPR 477 5 5 4 98.17
Cocoa Bean Recovery: 94.3
CPB EVALUATION AT THE CLONAL REHABILITATION
Date Evaluated P/D Category/Degree of Damage Percentage (%) A+B
A B C D
19.10.2012 CPB 81 12 4 3 93.0
PPR 91 2 0 7 93.0
Cocoa Bean Recovery: 86.0

19. TABLE 1
PERCENTAGE OF BLACK PODS ASSIGNED TO SOURCE CATEGORIES IN MAPPING SITE OBSERVATIONS ON
AMELONADO COCOA AT GAMBARI, 1974 - 75
SOURCE CATEGORIES % ASSIGNED
CONTACT WITH OR SPLASH FROM INFECTED POD 77.8
FROM SOIL OR LITTER BY SPLASH OR CONTACT 5.0
SPORULATING CANKERS OR INFECTED FLOWER CUSHIONS 1.6
ANT TENTS 5.8
INSECT OR RODENT DAMAGE 4.9
NO OBVIOUS SOURCE 10.9
(SOURCE: MADDISON, 1981a)

22. POLLINATOR - POPULATION BEFORE AND AFTER
INSECTICIDE + FOLIAR SPRAYING USING A
MOTORIZED SPRAYER
Date of Collection Pollinator - Population
August 29, 1989 220
Day of Spraying -
August 31 0
September 1 6
September 2 13
Sunday -
September 4 43
September 5 247

24. Integrated Pest and Disease
Management
“Many times I struck your gardens
and vineyards, I struck them with
blight and mildew. Locusts devoured
your fig and olive trees, yet you have
not returned to me, declares the
LORD.”
Amos 4:9 (NLT)

26. Integrated Pest and
Disease Management
‘’Bring all the tithes into the storehouse so there
will be enough food in my Temple. If you do, says
the Lord of Heaven’s Armies, ‘’I will open the
windows of heaven for you. I will pour out a
blessing so great you won’t have enough room to
take it in! Try it! Put me to the test! Your crops
will be abundant, for I will guard them from
insects and disease. Your grapes will not fall from
the vine before they are ripe, says the Lord of
Heaven’s Armies.”
Malachi 3:10 – 11 (NLT)

27. Tithing
“A tithe of everything from the land,
whether grain from the soil or fruit
from the trees, belongs t the Lord; it
is holy to the LORD.”
Leviticus 27:30 (NIV)

28. 1981-84 MEAN % INFESTATION OF POD BORER 1981-84 MEAN RAINFALL (mm) 1981-84 MEAN DRY YIELD PER HA. (kg)
215.26
177.87
161.38
143.14
137.81
123.01
93.12 96.95
89.35
81.34
75.74 74.67
63.66
68.97
36.38 41.25 42.99
48.89 41.36
35.3 36.26 36.04 34.4 35.82
9.02 12.2 11.08 10.78
6.47 6.29 8.73 9.01 6.86
5.45
2.61 2.76
Access Pruning Low Peak Harvest Access Pruning Sleeving /Spraying Access Pruning and Fertilization
Sleeving/Spraying Fertilization High Peak Harvesting

29. A COCOA GROWER WHO DOES NOT
LOOK AFTER HIS FARM PROPERLY
CANNOT HARVEST PLENTY OF BIG,
CLEAN PODS AND WILL NOT EARN
MUCH MONEY.

33. PEOPLE, IT HAS BEEN SAID, CAN BE PLACED
IN THREE CLASSES: THE FEW WHO MAKE
THINGS HAPPEN, THE MANY WHO WATCH
THINGS HAPPEN, AND THE OVERWHELMING
MAJORITY WHO HAVE NO IDEA WHAT HAS
HAPPENED.
-NICHOLAS MURRAY BUTLER