The document summarizes the collapse of the Roman Republic and rise of the Roman Empire. It describes the growing economic and political instability of the late Roman Republic due to the gap between rich and poor widening. Two brothers, Tiberius and Gaius Gracchus, tried to pass land reforms to help the poor but were murdered. Military loyalty also decreased as generals started seizing power. Julius Caesar took control after joining forces with Pompey and Crassus, and was later assassinated. This led to civil war and the Second Triumvirate period, culminating in Octavian becoming the sole ruler Augustus Caesar and beginning the Pax Romana period of the Roman Empire.

1. The Republic Collapses Ancient Rome and Early Christianity

13. Dictatorship