Unit 6, Lesson 1 - Force
Lesson Outline:
1. Force
2. Kinds of Forces
3. Contact Forces (Ex. Friction)
4. Non-contact Forces
A. Gravity, Weight, Law of Universal Gravitation
B. Magnetic Force
C. Electrical Force
D. Magnetism and Electricity
E. Strong and Weak Nuclear Forces
F. Resultant Force
2. LESSON OUTLINE
Force
Kinds of Forces
Contact Forces (Ex. Friction)
Non-contact Forces
Gravity,Weight, Law of
Universal Gravitation
Magnetic Force
Electrical Force
Magnetism and Electricity
Strong and Weak Nuclear
Forces
Resultant Force
4. What are some things that force can do?
1. Can change the shape & size
of things by:
• Compressing
• Stretching
• Cutting
• Tearing
• Bending
• Sliding
• Twisting
2.Put motion into a stationary
(not moving) ball by rolling it.
3. Catching and throwing can
stop the motion or change the
direction of the ball
5. SPRING SCALE – measures force
invented by Robert Hooke (he also discovered
cells)
6. Hooke hung a 1-pound weight and
discovered that the spring was stretched to
a certain distance. Hanging a 2-pound
weight on the spring caused it to stretch
twice as far.
8. Notice that a 2-pound weight can cause a
stretch twice as the 1-pound weight. If a 3-
pound weight was hung, the stretch would
be thrice and so on.
9. Therefore, force is directly proportional to
the length of the string (given that they
have the same stiffness).
This is known as Hooke’s Law.
10.
11. Unit of Force – NEWTON (N)
-named after Sir Isaac Newton
-defined as the force that gives a mass of 1 kg
an acceleration of 1 m/s2
12. So:
-A force of 10 N means a 10-kg object
accelerates at 1 m/s2.
-A force of 50 N means a 50-kg object
accelerates at 1 m/s2.
-A force of 100 N means a 100-kg object
accelerates at 1 m/s2.
-And so on…
13. Main Formula for Force:
F = ma
m = mass (usually in grams, g)
a = acceleration (usually in m/s2)
15. Main Formula for Force:
F = ma
m = mass (usually in kilograms, kg)
a = acceleration (usually in m/s2)
16. 1. A man of mass 50 kg runs at an acceleration
of 1.5m/s2. Find the force he’s exerting.
17. 1. A man of mass 50 kg runs at an acceleration
of 1.5m/s2. Find the force he’s exerting.
F = ma
F = (50kg)(1.5m/s2)
F = 75 N
18. 2. A force of 20 N acts upon a 5 kg block.
Calculate the acceleration of the object.
19. 2. A force of 20 N acts upon a 5 kg block.
Calculate the acceleration of the object.
a = F/m
a = (20N)/(5 kg)
a = 4m/s2
20. 3. An object has a mass of 1,500 g. If the acceleration
of the earth is 9.8m/s2, calculate the weight of the
object.
21. 3. An object has a mass of 1,500 g. If the acceleration
of the earth is 9.8m/s2, calculate the weight of the
object.
Since mass is in grams, we need to convert it into
kilograms:
1,500 g = 1.5 kg (move the decimal 3 places to the left
or divide by 1000)
22. 3. An object has a mass of 1,500 g. If the acceleration
of the earth is 9.8m/s2, calculate the weight of the
object.
Weight is a force.
F = ma
F = (1.5kg)(9.8m/s2)
F = 14.7 N
23. 4. What is the force exerted by a stationary
object (not moving) if it has a mass of 500 kg?
24. 4. What is the force exerted by a stationary
object (not moving) if it has a mass of 500 kg?
An stationary object exerts no force since it
doesn’t accelerate (a= 0m/s2)
F = ma
F = (500kg)(0m/s2)
F = 0 N
29. Disadvantages of Friction
-produces heat in various parts of machines (main
disadvantage; try it by rubbing your hands)
-we have to exert more power in machines (more
power, more energy wasted like fuel in cars)
-opposes motion
-because of friction, noise is produced in machines
30. Advantages of Friction
Without friction, we are handicap
-enables us to walk (w/out friction, we could not walk,
nor move)
-enables us to stop motion (w/out friction, we would
keep moving forward forever)
-We cannot fix the nail in the wood w/out it. Friction
holds the nail.
-A horse cannot pull a cart
-Without friction, you cannot open a can
31. Without friction, there is no motion!
Without friction, there is no force!
Force and friction, though opposite, acts
together in harmony.
Friction coexists with force. Ironic, doesn’t it?
Real-life application:
-Good exists with evil
-Opposites attract
32. Ways to Reduce Friction:
-using lubricants
-using wheels or rollers
-streamlining by filling,
sandpapering, or
scrubbing (common in
swimming, skydiving, and
vehicles)
33.
34. That is why cars,
especially racecars,
are streamlined in
form.
This allows them to
have less drag with air,
allowing them to move
faster.
poor streamline
good streamline
37. Three Types of Friction:
1. static friction – force between two non-
moving (stationary) surfaces in contact
2. sliding friction – the friction between two
sliding objects
3. rolling friction – the friction experiences from
rolling objects (rollers)
38.
39. 2. Noncontact Forces
• No direct contact
• “Forces acting at a distance”
• They include
1.Gravity
2.Magnetic force
3.Electrical force
4.Nuclear Force
40. Laboratory 2.5:
Answer p. 189.
Instead of weighing the objects, the values are given below:
oStone – 6 kilograms
oBook – 1.2 kilograms
oBlock of wood – 700 grams
42. Quiz (20 pts)
1. A man has a mass of 40 kg. If the acceleration due to
gravity on earth is 9.8m/s2 and on moon is 1.6m/s2,
calculate the force (weight) of the man in earth and
moon. (3 pts) F = ma
*with solution
43. Quiz (20 pts)
2. When happy, mother opens the 15-kg door with a force of
10 N.When she is angry, however, she opens the door with
a force of 30 N. Calculate the acceleration of the door when
mother is happy and angry. (3 pts)
a = F/m
*with solution
44. Quiz (20 pts)
3. A truck is stationary (not moving). If the truck is 10,000
kg in mass, calculate the force it exerts forward. (2 pts)
F = ma
45. Quiz (20 pts)
4.If the weight of a 10-N bar stretches the string 15 cm, how
far will a 20-N bar stretch the string?
5. The unit of force was named after him.
6.A force that opposes motion.
7. Give one advantage and one disadvantage of friction. (2
pts)
8. Enumerate the three types of friction (3 pts)
46. Quiz (20 pts)
9.Explain why track and field runners use spike shoes
instead of rollers? (2 pts)
48. Answers:
1. A man has a mass of 40 kg. If the acceleration due to gravity on
earth is 9.8m/s2 and on moon is 1.6m/s2, calculate the force
(weight) of the man in earth and moon. (3 pts) F = ma
Earth: Moon:
F = ma F = ma
F = (40kg)(9.8m/s2) F = (40kg)(1.6m/s2)
F = 392.0 N F = 64.0 N
49. Answers:
2. When happy, mother opens the 15-kg door with a force of 10 N.
When she is angry, however, she opens the door with a force of 30 N.
Calculate the acceleration of the door when mother is happy and
angry. (3 pts) a = F/m
Happy: Angry:
a = F/m a = F/m
a = (10N)/(15kg) a = (30N)/(15kg)
a = 0.67 m/s2 a = 2.0 m/s2
50. Answers:
3. A truck is stationary (not moving). If the truck is 10,000
kg in mass, calculate the force it exerts forward. (2 pts)
F = ma
F = (10,000kg)(0 m/s2)
F = 0 N (anything multiplied by zero is zero!)
Any object not moving doesn’t exert any force!
51. Answers:
4.If the weight of a 10-N bar stretches the string 15 cm,
how far will a 20-N bar stretch the string?
10𝑁
15𝑐𝑚
=
20𝑁
𝑥
or 10N : 15cm = 20N : x
10x = 300 N
x = 30 N
52. Answers:
5.The unit of force was named after him.
-Isaac Newton
6.A force that opposes motion.
-Friction
53. Answers:
7. Give one advantage and one disadvantage of friction. (2
pts)
8.Enumerate the three types of friction (3 pts)
54. Advantages of Friction
Without friction, we are handicap
-enables us to walk (w/out friction, we could not walk,
nor move)
-enables us to stop motion (w/out friction, we would
keep moving forward forever)
-We cannot fix the nail in the wood w/out it. Friction
holds the nail.
-A horse cannot pull a cart
-Without friction, you cannot open a can
55. Disadvantages of Friction
-produces heat in various parts of machines (main
disadvantage; try it by rubbing your hands)
-we have to exert more power in machines (more
power, more energy wasted like fuel in cars)
-opposes motion
-because of friction, noise is produced in machines
56. Quiz (20 pts)
9.Explain why track and field runners use spike shoes
instead of rollers? (2 pts)
-Spike shoes increase the friction between the shoes and
the ground, enabling a better grip for the athlete to run
faster and more efficiently.
57. Quiz (20 pts)
10.Which position
will enable you to
swim the fastest?
-B. Streamline
A B
C D
58. 2. Noncontact Forces
• No direct contact
• “Forces acting at a distance”
• They include
1.Gravity
2.Magnetic force
3.Electrical force
4.Nuclear Force
59. Gravitational force or Gravity
• Force of attraction between two
objects. This attraction causes
objects to pull on other objects.
• Weakest force among the
noncontact forces
• “What goes up, must come
down.”
• The force that causes objects to
fall.
60. Gravitational force or Gravity
Gravity has been a part of
our lives. Without gravity, we
would float forever. When we
jump, we will keep on flying.
62. Mass vs. Weight
•Mass and weight are not the
same.
•Mass is a measure of inertia
or the amount of matter an
object has.
•Weight is a force which
measures the pull of gravity.
63. Mass vs. Weight
•The unit of mass is kg, g, etc.
•The unit of weight is N
(Newton).
64. Mass vs. Weight
•Mass is constant.
•Weight is changing.
Suppose your mass is 40 kg. If you’re on the earth,
your weight will be different that that of the moon, but
your mass will still be 40 kg.
65.
66.
67.
68.
69. Weight Formula
•Recall that F = ma
•If weight is a force, then W = F or F = W.
•The acceleration here is due to gravity, so we use g
instead of a.
•Thus, the formula is:
W = mg
70. Weight Formula
W = mg
The value of g depends on the place. Here
on earth, g=9.8m/s2. On the moon,
g=1.6m/s2.
73. Applications of Weight
Weight is a downward force, represented
by a vector
Take note of this principle: For every
action, there is an opposite and equal
reaction. (Newton’s 3rd law of motion)
74. Applications of Weight
So when the elevator goes up, you will
exert a downward reaction plus your
normal weight
+ = (greater weight)
75. Applications of Weight
When the elevator goes down, you will
exert an upward reaction plus your
normal weight
+ = (lesser weight)
76. Applications of Weight
When the elevator falls with the gravity
(9.8m/s2), you will exert an upward reaction
equal to that (9.8m/s2) plus your normal
weight
+ = 0 (forces cancel out, zero)
79. Tip-to-Tail Method
We connect arrows using the tip to tail
method.
The arrow formed is called the resultant.
tip
tail
tip
tail tail
tip
Resultant
arrow
82. Law of Universal Gravitation (L.U.G.)
•Based on stories, Newton discovered this law
because of an apple that fell from his tree.
83. Law of Universal Gravitation (L.U.G.)
1.Any two bodies in the universe
attract each other
-The attraction between the sun and
the planets causes them to remain
in orbit.
-Your attraction between the earth
causes you to remain intact to the
ground
84. Law of Universal Gravitation (L.U.G.)
1.Any two bodies in the
universe attract each other
-Every matter has mass, and
anything with mass has a
force of attraction (gravity).
Therefore, you and I exert a
force of attraction to each
other.
85. Law of Universal Gravitation (L.U.G.)
1.Any two bodies in the
universe attract each other
-The reason why we cannot
feel it is because the force of
gravity from the earth is so
strong. If you like to have a
strong gravity, you need to
have a large mass.
86. Law of Universal Gravitation (L.U.G.)
1.Any two bodies in the
universe attract each other
-But large objects such as
ships have enough
gravitational force to pull
another ship. That’s why
ships must not come near to
each other to avoid collision.
87. Law of Universal Gravitation (L.U.G.)
2.Force is directly proportional to the product of their
masses.
Directly proportional means that:
-if one becomes larger, the other one becomes larger
also
-if one becomes smaller, the other one becomes
smaller also
88. Law of Universal Gravitation (L.U.G.)
2.Force is directly proportional to the product of their
masses.
So when mass increases, force also increases.
When mass decreases, force also decreases.
89. Law of Universal Gravitation (L.U.G.)
3.Force is inversely proportional to the square of the
distance between them.
Inversely proportional means that:
-if one becomes larger, the other one becomes
smaller
-if one becomes smaller, the other one becomes
larger
90. Law of Universal Gravitation (L.U.G.)
3.Force is inversely proportional to the square of the
distance between them.
So when the distance increases, the force of gravity
decreases.
When the distance decreases, the force of gravity
increases.
91. Law of Universal Gravitation (L.U.G.)
3.Force is inversely proportional to the square of the
distance between them.
stronger gravity weaker gravity
92. Law of Universal Gravitation (L.U.G.)
3.Force is inversely proportional to the square of the
distance between them.
Application: L.D.R.
93. Law of Universal Gravitation (L.U.G.)
3.Force is inversely proportional to the square of the
distance between them.
Application: Long Distance Relationships (LDR)
What can you say about this? Can distance really
affect a relationship? Explain.
94. Law of Universal Gravitation (L.U.G.)
To sum up:
•Newton's law of universal gravitation states that
any two bodies in the universe attract each other
with a force that is directly proportional to the product
of their masses and inversely proportional to the
square of the distance between them.
95. Law of Universal Gravitation (L.U.G.)
Mathematically, LUG can be expressed as:
g
g
96. Law of Universal Gravitation (L.U.G.)
G is the gravitational constant. G = 6.7 X 10-11 N⋅m2/kg2
g
g
97. L.U.G. Problem Solving
• What is the gravitational force between two ships with masses 1000 kg
and 2000 kg separated by a distance of 200m?
Let:
m1 = 1,000 kg
m2 = 2,000 kg
r = 200 m
G = 6.7 X 10-11 N⋅m2/kg2
𝐹𝑔 = G
𝑚1 𝑚2
𝑟2
𝐹𝑔 = 6.67 × 10−11
(1000)(2000)
2002
𝑭 𝒈 = 𝟑. 𝟑𝟑𝟓 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟗
𝑵 (Newton)
98. Try this!
• What is the gravitational force between two objects with masses
300,000 kg and 100,000 kg separated by a distance of 200,000 m?
Let:
m1 = 300,000 kg
m2 = 100,000 kg
r = 200,000 m
G = 6.7 X 10-11 N⋅m2/kg2
99. Try this!
• What is the gravitational force between two objects with masses
300,000 kg and 100,000 kg separated by a distance of 200,000 m?
Let:
m1 = 300,000 kg
m2 = 100,000 kg
r = 200,000 m
G = 6.7 X 10-11 N⋅m2/kg2
𝐹𝑔 = G
𝑚1 𝑚2
𝑟2
𝐹𝑔 = 6.67 × 10−11
(300000)(100000)
2000002
𝑭 𝒈 = 𝟓. 𝟎𝟎𝟐𝟓 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟏𝟏
𝑵
100. Assignment: (1 whole sheet of paper)
Calculate the force of gravity between the sun and earth
given the mass of the sun is 1.989 X 1030 kg, mass of
earth is 5.972 X 1024 kg, and the distance between them
is 1.496 X 1011 m. (10 pts)
Make a short reaction about L.U.G. Make applications of
it and relate it to spiritual life. Minimum of 5 sentences.
(10 pts)
101. Magnetic Force
•The force exerted by:
1.a magnet
2.a moving, electrically
charged particle. (electrons)
103. Magnetic Force
•Two principles are applied in
magnets:
1. Unlike poles attract
(attraction)
2. Like poles repel
(repulsion)
104. Electrical Force
•The attractive or repulsive
interaction between any two
charged objects.
•One of the strongest forces
(next to strong nuclear force)
105. Electrical Force
•This force originates in the
atom’s particles:
1.Proton – positively charged
2.Electron – negatively
charged
3.Neutron – no charge
106. Electrical Force
•Like in magnetism, two
principles are applied:
1. Unlike charges attract
(attraction)
2. Like charges repel
(repulsion)
107. Electricity and Magnetism
•As you have noticed, both
magnetism and electricity
have the same principles.
•That’s because they are
related w/ each other. In fact,
they coexist w/ each other.
And that gave rise to the
topic, electromagnetism.
109. Electricity and Magnetism
•Since electricity and
magnetism coexist with each
other, they are preset at the
same time. We use the right-
hand rule to determine the
direction of forces.
110.
111.
112. Nuclear Forces
• The forces that act
between two nucleons.
• Strongest force
• 10 million times stronger
than chemical binding
• Have two types:
1. Strong
2. Weak
113. Weak Nuclear Force
•Weak nuclear force is
stronger than gravity but
weaker than electromagnetic
force.
•Force that governs certain
type of radioactive decay
•Little is known about it
114. Strong Nuclear Force
• Strong nuclear force is the
force that holds atomic nucleus
together.
• Often referred to as binding
energy or nuclear glue.
• 10x stronger than
electromagnetic force
• 1038 times stronger than gravity
115.
116. Resultant Force
•The sum of all forces
•Resultant is the single force
that has the same effect as two
or more forces.
•Equilibrant is the force equal
to the resultant but in opposite
•Can be represented by arrows
117. Problem Solving
• In a tug-of-war, forces are acting in opposite directions. If the players
on one end exert a force of 100 N and the players on the other end
exert a force of 90 N, what is the resultant force?
100 N 90 N
118. Problem Solving
• In a tug-of-war, forces are acting in opposite directions. If the players
on one end exert a force of 100 N and the players on the other end
exert a force of 90 N, what is the resultant force?
100 N 90 N
100 N – 90 N
= 10 N
119. Problem Solving (Try!)
• What is the resultant force based on the figure? Who will win, the blue
team, or the red team?
120. Problem Solving (Try!)
• What is the resultant force based on the figure? Who will win, the blue
team, or the green team?
2500 – 2200 N =
300 N
Green team
wins
121. Problem Solving (Try!)
• What is the resultant force based on the figure? Who will win, man A or
man B? What will happen to the box?
2000 N 2000 N
122. Problem Solving (Try!)
• What is the resultant force based on the figure? Who will win, man A or
man B? What will happen to the box?
2000 – 2000 N = 0 N
None of them wins.
The box will remain
stationary.2000 N 2000 N
123. Equilibrium
• In the previous problem, forces cancel out because they are
the same. Here, force A is the equilibrant of force B and
vice-versa. The condition where the forces cancel out and
are balanced is called equilibrium.
2000 N 2000 N