1. ArchaicArchaic
ClassicalClassical
andand
Hellenistic GreeceHellenistic Greece

2. From early beginnings to long lasting legacy
• Indo-Europeans move into
region conflict and
geography creates
separate city-states
joined by a common
culture (language, religion
and heritage)
• Join together in leagues
during the Golden Age
• Culture spread by
Alexander the Great
during Hellenistic Era
• Eventually absorbed into
the Roman Empire

3. Greeks came together at
the Olympics

4. Eras in Development of Greek Civilization
• Minoan Civilization-
• 2000-1400BC flourished on Island of Crete.Great trading power..
• Myceneans (Achaeans)- 2000 BC I
• nvaded Greece from the north. They built on the achievements of the Minoans.
• Around 1250 BC they banded together under the leadership of the king of Mycenae to attack
troy, a rival power. Troy controlled trading routes between the Aegean and Black seas. This
war is told in Homers Iliad and the Odyssey. Composed about 750 BC According to Iliad
Paris, a Trojan prince kidnaped Helen wife of the King of Sparta. The Spartan King and his
brother Agamemnon, of Mycenae involved all of Greece in the effort to rescue Helen. After
ten years of war Troy destroyed and drove the Trojans into exile. Heinrich Schliemann
excavated a site in northwestern Asia Minor which is accepted as the ancient city of Troy.
Found nine cities had been built at different times on the same spot. charred wood and
destruction convinced him that this was the layer of Troy.
• Dorians came down from the north.
• Settled further to the south on the Pelopennisus Peninsula. Conquered many of the
regions occupied by the Myceneans. The art of writing was lost during this time. This
period is called the “Dark Age”
• Age of the City States
• Small city states or monarchies formed instead of a great empire. Golden Age of
Greece
• Delian League - Persian and Peloponesian Wars create a new era of differing alliances
in the Aegean Sea. Trade provided wealth and some stablity. Also known as Classical
Greece.
• Hellenistic Greece
• Persian occupation after the conquest of Greece by the Macedonian, Alexander the
Great. Greek civilization spread throughout the world but mixed with other
civilizations and changed.
• Roman - Greco Civilization

6. Crete: Minoan
Civilization
(Palace at Knossos)

7. Minoan Civilization

8. Fresco – bull leaping

9. Knossos: Minoan
Civilization

10. The Mask of Agamemnon

11. The Mycenaean Civilization

12. Geographic Influences
• Many islands in the Aegean Sea were close
together.
• This made trade and cultural exchange easier.
• Short mountain ranges divided the country.
• They prevented the development of a sense of Greek
unity.
• The Greeks could not produce enough food for
their own needs.
• They had to become traders.
• The long coastline brought every part of the
mainland close to the sea.
• Greeks became fishermen, sailors and traders.

13. Homer:
The
“Heroic
/Homeric Age”
Dark Age

14. Bronze Age Greece

16. Greek City States
Hellos

17. Greece changes Geographically

18. Characteristics of all Greek city states
• Small Size
• Small population
• An original polis (acropolis or high up
place)
• A public meeting place called an agora
• This is how we identified whether or not
it was a “Greek” city state.

19. Factors that brought them together and Factors
that kept them apart
• Common Language,
Religion, and festivals
• Co-operative
supervision of certain
temples
• Belief that the Greeks
were descended from
the same ancestors
• Rugged Mountains
separating the valleys
• Rivalries between city-
states
• separate legal systems
• independent calendars,
money, weights and
measures
• Fierce spirit of

20. Greek Philosophy
• Popular government - is the idea that
people could and should rule themselves
rather than be ruled by others.
• This is the foundation of Greek
Democracy but is not really a type of
government.
• It is more of a philosophy

21. Greek Systems of Government
• Monarchy- is a government by a royal family-in ancient
Greece a King. established a dynasty.
• Autocracy- (rule by one person who has total control over all
others)
• Aristocracy- (government ruled by the wealthy or upper
class) was comprised of the nobility, or landowning class
that ruled the city-state.
• Oligarchy - absolute rule by a few
• Tyranny - (Tyrant) seized power, gaining popular support
by promising to defend the poor from the aristocracy.
• Democracy- the council of citizens helped form laws and
limited the power of rulers.
• Theocracy- government in which the clergy rules or in
which a “god” is the civil ruler.

22. Geographic and historical influences in the development of Greek city
states
• Sparta was located on the Peloponnesus Peninsula, an
area that was good for growing grain but did not provide
the protection of an acropolis.
• The ruling class of citizens of Sparta was small in
numbers compared with the slaves, or helots.
• Due in part to a constant fear of outside invaders and of
inside slave revolts, the Spartan aristocracy empathized
military strength and uniformity.
• The government controlled all phases of life for both
citizens and slaves.
• By doing so, art, literature, philosophy, and science were
present only as they supported the military and only in a
practical nature. Military might, as shown by strength,
courage, endurance, and cleverness, along with devotion
to Sparta were the most important values.
• Individual freedoms were sacrificed.

23. 4 Reformers/Tyrants
• Draco
• Solon
• Pisistratus
• Cleisthenes

24. Evolution of the system to a democracy
• Draco
• Wrote harsh code of laws
• Solon
• Canceled debts of the poor
• Set up a court of appeals for citizens
• Stopped debt slavery
• CLEISTHENES
• Determined that all male citizens over age 20 could be in
the Assembly
• Set up the Council of 500
• PISISTRATUS
• Created a following among lower classes
• Exiled nobles who disagreed with his policies

25. Athenian Government
• In early times ruled by kings
• Later, the aristocracy, selected
representatives called archons
• Merchants later replaced some of the
nobility
• Finally, the four reformers (tyrannts) and
we have Periclean democracy

26. Spartan social stratification
• Privileged rules class – spartiates
• About 10% of population
• Descendants of Dorian invaders
• Small landholders, tradesmen, artisans – perioeci
• Native prior to Dorian invasion
• Enjoyed rights of citizenship only in their own home
communities
• Between 10 – 15 % of population
• Attached to the soil and provide auxiliary military
service – helots
• Could become citizens and enter the perioeci class for military
bravery
• Slaves

27. Spartan Government
• First the Council of Old which had to have
approval of the popular assembly of
spartiates over 30 years of age
• Later, 5 ephors ruled

28. Athenian social classes
• Nobility
• Merchants, Artisans
• Peasant
• Slaves – common Athenian practice to
free their slaves
• Metics – foreigners allowed to live in
Athens but could not become citizens

29. Citizen Rights
a) access to courts
b) no enslavement (but the very creation of
citizen class makes the distinction that
other people are slaves - that's what
makes citizenship a privilege)
c) religious and cultural participation
d) death penalty was rare
e) becoming a citizen was nearly impossible
f) citizen duties - taxes, military service

31. Characteristics of Greek Art
(mostly Athenian)
• Expressed ideals of
harmony, balance, order
and moderation.
• Glorified humans
• Combined beauty and
usefulness
• Symbolized pride of
people in their city-
states

32. Golden Mean
•Nothing in excess,
everything in
moderation

33. Architecture
• Doric
• Corinthian
• Ionic

34. Architecture
• Doric
• Corinthian
• Ionic

35. Architecture
• Doric
• Corinthian
• Ionic

36. Red Figure Style

37. Black Figure Style

38. Practical but beautiful

39. Hellenic to Hellenistic Era
• Greece has an archaic era
• Minoans
• Myceneans
• Dorians
• Age of the City-states
• Greek – Persian Wars bring them together under
Athenian rule to defeat the Persians
• Golden Age of Greece
• Hellenistic Era
• Greek values and way of life spread by Alexander the
Great

40. Greeks become teachers of me
• Great Philosophers (SPA)
• Socrates
• Plato
• Aristotle
• Greece absorbed into the Roman Empire and
the Greeks teach the Romans
• Later the de Medici’s of Florence rediscover
the teachings and treasures of the Greeks and
use them to form modern Europe

41. ATHENS
Golden Age
Today

42. Piraeus: Athens’ Port
City

43. Persian Wars:499 BCE – 480 BCE

44. Persian Wars
• Marathon (490 BCE)
- 26 miles from Athens
• Thermopylae (480 BCE)
- 300 Spartans at the mountain pass
• Salamis (480 BCE)
- Athenian navy victorious

45. Golden “Age of Pericles”:
460 BCE – 429 BCE

46. Great Athenian Philosophers
• Socrates
- Know thyself!
- question everything
- only the pursuit of goodness
brings happiness.
• Plato
- The Academy
- the world of the FORMS
- The Republic  philosopher-king
• Aristotle
- the Lyceum
- “Golden Mean” [everything in moderation]
- Logic
- Scientific method.

47. Socrates (470BCE-399 BCE)
• He wrote nothing, but was a skilled
debater.
• He opposed the moral relativism and
skepticism of many of the sophists.
• He used the method of rational debate to
seek essential definitions of truth, beauty,
justice, goodness, and virtue.
• The oracle at Delphi pronounced him the
wisest of all.
• He was executed by his fellow Athenians
for impiety and for corrupting the young.

48. Plato
• The Allegory of the Cave
& The Republic
• There is a higher world of
eternal, unchanging Forms that has always existed.
• These Forms make up reality and only a trained mind
can understand them.
• What we see is but a reflection of that reality, a
shadow of the true Form.
• Government works best when divided into three groups.
• At the top are philosopher-kings who must rule with
wisdom and inspiration.
• Warriors encompass the second group, and the third
includes everyone else.
• Finally, men and women should have equal access to
positions.

49. Athens: The Arts & Sciences
• DRAMA (tragedians):
- Aeschylus
- Sophocles
- Euripides
• THE SCIENCES:
- Pythagoras
• - Democritus  all matter made up of
small atoms.
- Hippocrates  “Father of Medicine”

50. Acropolis

51. The Acropolis Today

52. The Parthenon

53. The Agora

54. The Classical Greek “Ideal”

55. SPARTA

56. Delian and Archeon Leagues
• 499 BCE beginning of Persian wars which
lasted throughout the 5th
century
resulting in a unification of the Greek
city states under first Athenian
hegemony
• The predominant influence, as of a state,
region, or group, over another or others.
• then under Sparta influence finally ending
with the defeat of both and Thebes
controlling before the ascension of
Macedonia throughout the Agean Sea

57. Peloponnesian Wars

58. Macedonia Under Philip
II

60. Alexander the Great

61. Alexander the Great’s Empire

62. Alexander the Great in
Persia

63. The Hellenization of Asia

64. Pergamum: A Hellenistic City

65. Economy of the Hellenistic
World

66. Hellenistic
Philosophers• Cynics  Diogenes
- ignore social conventions &
avoid luxuries.
- citizens of the world.
- live a humble, simple life.
• Epicurians  Epicurus
- avoid pain & seek pleasure.
- all excess leads to pain!
- politics should be avoided.

67. Hellenistic Philosophers
• Stoics  Zeno
- nature is the expansion of
divine will.
- concept of natural law.
- get involved in politics, not
for personal gain, but to
perform virtuous acts for
the good of all.
- true happiness is found in
great achievements.

68. Hellenism: Arts & Sciences
• Scientists / Mathematicians:
- Aristarchus heliocentric theory
- Euclid  geometry
- Archimedes  pulley
• Hellenistic Art:
- more realistic; less ideal than Hellenic art.
- showed individual emotions, wrinkles and age

69. Division of Alexander’s Empire