1. OURNALISMJ

2. FOUR DISTINCT TYPES OF
PUBLICATION EMERGED:
• Newspapers
• The annual-now called yearbook
• Magazine
• Handbook
*half of the school papers that are published
today began between 1920 to 1940.

3. SCHOOL JOURNALISM
TODAY
• Student journalism is never stationary,
it always responds to student
ingenuity and changing times, and
the present period is exceptionally
active one, with significant trends.
• School papers sphere of news
coverage today has noticeably
become broader.

4. DEFINITION OF JOURNALISM
• “literature in a hurry” –Jose A. Quirino
• “ Something that embraces all forms in
which and through which the news and
comments on the news reach the public.
All that happens in the world, if such
happenings hold interest for the public,
and all the thought, actions, and ideas
which these happenings stimulate
become the materials for the journalist.”-F.
Fraser Bond

5. FUNCTIONS OF
JOURNALISM
1. Inform the public through the news
coverage
2.Influence and mold the public
opinion
3. Amuse or entertain the public
4. Serve and promote community
welfare as a whole

6. SCOPE OF JOURNALISM
Journalism covers three channels or areas of
mass communication:
1. Audio
2. Audio-visual
3. Print

7. DEFINITION OF CAMPUS
JOURNALISM
Campus journalism is defined as “that
enjoyable activity of the staff of the
campus paper in collecting, organizing
and presenting news, writing editorials,
columns, features, and literary articles,
taking pictures, cartooning, copy reading,
proofreading, dummying & writing
headlines”.

8. FUNCTIONS OF THE
CAMPUS PAPER
A. Aid to the students
1. provide an opportunity for interesting
writing;
2.give students the opportunity to learn
how to read newspapers;
3.act as a stimulus to better work.
4.develop students’ power of observation
and discrimination

9. FUNCTIONS OF THE
CAMPUS PAPER
A. Aid to the students
5. To serve as an outlet and motivation for
journalistic writing
6. To offer training in organization, business
methods, commercial art, salesmanship,
bookkeeping and business management
7. To develop qualities of cooperation, tact,
accuracy, tolerance, responsibility and
leadership

10. FUNCTIONS OF THE
CAMPUS PAPER
B. Aid to the School & Community
1. educate the community as to the
work of the school
2. publish school and community
news;
3. create & express school opinions;
4. make known the achievements of
the school to the community.

11. FUNCTIONS OF THE
CAMPUS PAPER
B. Aid to the School & Community
5. to help unify the school
6. To encourage and stimulate worthwhile
activities
7. To develop right standards of conduct
8. To provide an outlet for students
suggestions for the betterment of the
school

12. FUNCTIONS OF THE
CAMPUS PAPER
B. Aid to the School & Community
9. To develop better interschool
relationship
10. To develop school spirit
11. To develop cooperation between
parents and the school

13. FUNCTIONS OF THE
MODERN CAMPUS PAPER
1. Information Function
2. Opinion Function
3. Education Function
4. Watchdog Function
5. Laboratory Function
6. Documentation Function
7. Entertainment Function
8. Development Function

14. SECTIONS OF THE
CAMPUS PAPER
A. News Section
B. Editorial Section
C. Features/Literary Sections
D. Columns: Sports, Fashion, etc.
E. Review

15. NEWS

16. What is news?
News is difficult to define
because it has many variables

17. •News must be
factual, yet
not all facts
are news.

18. •News may be
opinion, especially
that of a prominent
person or an
authority on a
particular subject.

19. •News is
primarily about
people, what
they say and
do.

20. •News is not
necessarily a
report of a recent
event, as stated in
most dictionaries.

21. •What is news for
one school or
community may not
be news for
another.

22. •What is news
today may not
be news
tomorrow.

23. •What is news
for one person
may not be news
for another
person.

24. •Two factors
necessary to news,
interest and
importance, are not
always synonymous.

25. Hard News and
Soft News
Journalists today often
refer to “hard” news and
“soft” news.

26. Hard news:
•is important to
large numbers of
people

27. •is timely
•usually about events
in government, politics,
foreign affairs,
education, labor,
religion, courts, etc.

28. Soft news:
•usually less
important because it
entertains, although
it may also inform

29. •often less timely than
hard news
•includes human
interest and feature
stories which may
relate to hard news

30. •appeals more to
emotions than to
the intellect or the
desire to be
informed

31. Hard news, despite its
importance, usually
attracts fewer readers
because it may not be as
interesting as soft news
or may be more difficult
to understand.

32. Readers may not
understand its
significance. Reporters
must be careful to include
information to help the
reader understand what
the story means.

33. Many stories are a
combination of hard
and soft news, and may
present some of the
information in sidebars
and infographics.

34. Three factors:
•Facts
•Interest
•Readers
are essential to news.

35. The following triangle
shows the idea that the
basis of all news is FACT.
The job of the reporter is
to make facts interesting
to a particular group of
readers.

36. Interest
Fact Readers

37. News must be
factual.
•News is based on actual
occurrences, situations,
thoughts and ideas.
•Yet not all facts are news.

38. News must be
interesting.
•But not all facts are
interesting.
•Different facts will be
interesting to different
readers.

39. News has qualities
that distinguish it
from nearly all other
forms of writing.

40. I.
It must be accurate.

41. Factual accuracy
•Every statement
•every name
•every date
•every age
•every address
•every quote

42. Accuracy of
General Impression
The general impression--the way
the details are put together and
what type of emphasis is put on
the details--should be accurate.
Reporters should not distort the
importance of a fact by giving it
too much attention.

43. Accuracy is
difficult to achieve
because
•there are so many facts
that go into a story

44. •reporters must work
fast to meet deadlines
•many people are involved
in producing the finished
story: the reporter, copy
reader, editors, typists,
etc.

45. Reporters must
work hard to
achieve accuracy.
They must check, double-
check and re-check every fact.

46. Reporters must
question their
sources carefully.
•Informants sometimes
misinform, although rarely on
purpose.

47. •School reporters sometimes
don’t ask the right questions to
get the information they need
for a story.
•Reporters should “talk out”
stories with assignment editors
to make sure they understand
questions that need to be asked.

48. II.
It is balanced.

49. Balance in a news story is a
matter of emphasis and
completeness.
Reporters must give each fact its
proper emphasis, putting it into its
proper relationship to every other
fact and establishing its relative
importance to the main idea or focus
of the story.

50. News is considered balanced and
complete when all significant
details are included and have
proper relationship to each
other.
The purpose of balance is to give
the reader a fair understanding
of the event, not a detailed
account of every fact.

51. III.
It is objective.

52. •News is a factual
report, not a report of
how the reporter
thought something
should have been.

53. •A reporter must report
news as impartially and
honestly as possible.

54. •Objectivity is difficult
to achieve because a
reporter’s own opinions
and feelings can easily
interfere with factual
presentation in stories.

55. IV.
It is concise and
clear.

56. Hard news stories
almost always follow the
inverted pyramid and
are written concisely
and clearly so that the
meaning is clear to an
average reader.

57. Inverted Pyramid
Most important facts
Next most
important
Next most
important
Next

58. V.
It is recent.

59. Timeliness is of major
importance in this era of
fast communication.
Other factors being equal, a
news editor will choose one
story over another because of
its timeliness.

60. ELEMENTS OF NEWS
Top ten elements that make a story
newsworthy.

61. TIMELINESS
•How recent a
story is.
•Not all of the
story needs to
be timely.

62. PROXIMITY
• How near to
you a story is.
• People are
generally more
interested in
stories that are
geographically
close to them.

63. CONSEQUENCE
•How many
people are
impacted by
the story.
•Examples:
new laws,
taxes, etc.

64. PROMINENCE
•The more famous
a person is, the
more likely they
are to make the
news.
•If you and the
president both
went to lunch,
only the
president would
make the news.

65. DRAMA
• The more
movie-like a
story is, the
more
newsworthy it
is.
• Whenever life
and death
hang in the
balance, it is
news

66. ODDITY
•Whenever strange things
happen, it will make the
news.
•It can also occur with
events that only happen
once every great while.

67. CONFLICT
•Whenever
there are two
opposing side
to an issue.
•This can also
be taken
literally… a
fight or
argument.

68. EMOTIONS
•People love
reading
stories that
play on
emotion.
•“Awwwwww
” factor

69. SEX
•Should always
be reported in a
mature manner.
•Deals with
marriage,
divorce, dating,
etc.

70. PROGRESS
•Any new
discovery or
helpful invention
can make the
news.
•This can also be a
timely update on
a long-standing
project.

71. DON’T FORGET!
•The more of these elements
you combine, the more
newsworthy a story is.
•Rarely will a story just have
one element if it is on the front
page.

72. QUALITIES OF A GOOD
JOURNALIST
1.Resourcefulness- a good journalist is
supposed to be resourceful in order to gain
access credible sources of information and
to gain success to all important event.
2. Critical- in order to separate truth from
propaganda and dogmas that may distort
truth.

73. QUALITIES OF A GOOD
JOURNALIST
3. Objective- a journalist is supposed to put
aside personal biases and should not let his
emotions cloud his judgment.
4. Conscientious- a journalist is not supposed
to use his influence in order to meet
personal objectives and should be well
aware of the consequences that may result
from his actions.

74. • You need to be thinking “ I want to
be the best” and be prepared to
take all the necessary steps to get
this.
*Specific skills: articulate, confident
and be good at working to strict
guidelines.
*Compare yourself to real broadcast
journalist- take notes of what they
do well ( and what they aren't doing
well ).
*Learn from your mistakes.

75. If you want to succeed you’ll
definitely need to be
headstrong. Always think “
What do I need to do to
achieve my goals?”