PSY 352 Week 1 Assignment focuses on Attention and Perception

PSY 352 Week 1 Assignment Attention and Perception
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PSY 352 Week 1 Assignment Attention and Perception
Attention and Perception. Due by Day 7. Prior to completing this
assignment, please read Chapter 3 carefully.
View the video The Study of Attention, and review the article “Driven to
Distraction: Dual-Task Studies of Simulated Driving and Conversing on
a Cellular Telephone.” Then complete the following experiments:
Stroop
Selective Attention
Ambiguous Figures
Muller-Lyer Illusion

Attention in its different forms (e.g., selective attention, divided
attention, etc.) and perception are both essential aspects of cognition.
The goal of this assignment is to introduce you to the topics of attention
and perception and the procedures used to study them. Keep in mind that
each experiment illustrates a procedure or task that is used by scientists
to understand attention and/or perception.
Your paper must begin with an introduction to the topic and must
address the four bullet points below.
In your paper,Reflect on your experience as the subject in the
experiments—did your performance surprise you? Why or why not?
Describe what your performance on the selected task tells you about
attention and perception.
Describe the extent to which the results of each experiment or procedure
apply to real-life experiences and settings. Support your points with
evidence from at least one peer-reviewed research article. The Attention
and Perception Paper
Must be two to three double-spaced pages in length (not including title
and references pages) and formatted according to APA style as outlined
in the Ashford Writing Center.

Must include a separate title page with the following:
o Titleofpaper
o Student’sname
o Course name and number oInstructor’sname
o Datesubmitted
• Must use at least one peer-reviewed source in addition to the course
text.
oTheScholarly,PeerReviewed,andOtherCredibleSourcestableoffersadditi
onalguidanceonappropriate source types. If you have questions about
whether a specific source is appropriate for this assignment, please
contact your instructor. Your instructor has the final say about the
appropriateness of a specific source for a particular assignment.
Must document all sources in APA style as outlined in the Ashford
Writing Center.

Must include a separate references page that is formatted according to
APA style as outlined in the
Ashford Writing Center.
===============================================
PSY 352 Week 1 Discussion Hot Topics in Cognitive
Psychology
PSY 352 Week 1 Discussion Hot Topics in Cognitive Psychology
Hot Topics in Cognitive Psychology. 1st Post Due by Day 3. The goal of
this discussion forum is to offer you an introduction to the field of
cognitive psychology.

Cognitive psychology is a discipline within psychology that is concerned
with the scientific study of the human mind. The mind is responsible for
a variety of functions and abilities, including perception, attention,
consciousness, memory, reasoning, and decision-making.
Most of our mental life is unconscious. If the objects of our attention are
equated to the objects of our consciousness, it is reasonable to assume
that we are aware of only a limited number of events in our daily lives.
For your initial post, complete the following steps:
Watch the video entitled, The Magic of the Unconscious: Automatic
Brain.
Select a “hot topic” of cognitive psychology based on what you have
heard and/or seen in the media and your personal interests.
Look for a report in the media (e.g., newspapers, magazines, web pages
of professional organizations, etc.) that refers to the selected topic such
as “defendant cannot remember what happened,” “false memories
explain UFO abduction stories,” and so forth.
Describe the content of the selected report and offer your own
perspective. Namely, use your critical- thinking skills to examine the
extent to which the claims made in the report and the evidence upon

which the report relies are to be trusted. Then, discuss the real-life
consequences of the evidence reported.
In your post, include a link to the selected report, and explain to the
members of the class why you have selected it. Support your points with
evidence from at least one peer-reviewed research article. Your initial
post must be a minimum of 300 words.
Guided Response: Offer a substantial response to at least two other
classmates’ posts. Respond to a post made by a classmate who discussed
a different report from the one that you have selected, a post made by a
classmate who discussed the same report, and any inquiry made by your
instructor. In your responses, discuss whether you agree or disagree with
the points made in your classmates’ initial posts. Be sure that you cite
scientific evidence to support your views. Each response post should be
a minimum of 200 words. Continue monitoring the discussion board
until 5 p.m. (Pacific Time) on Day 7 of the week.
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PSY 352 Week 1 Quiz

PSY 352 Week 1 Quiz
Question 1
Experiences in which input from one sensory system produces an
experience not only in that modality but in another, as well, are called:
synesthesia.
synchrony.
modulation.
syncopation.
Question 2
If two people have exactly the same sensory abilities and hear exactly
the same faint noise, they may differ in their experience due to:
sensitivity.
response bias.
sensation.
bottom-up processing.
Question 3

The tendency to attend to and visually analyze scenes in a particular way
is called:
flicker detection.
mental focus.
change blindness.
perceptual set.
Question 4
__________ refers to a procedure that requires a rigorous, and
systematic self-report of the basic elements of an experience, and was
the primary method used by __________.
Schema analysis; Gestalt psychologists
Savings; behaviorists
Functional reporting; functionalists
Introspection; structuralists
Question 5
The ability to detect the presence or absence of a stimulus or a change in
a stimulus is termed:
sensitivity.
response bias.

sensation.
bottom-up processing.
Question 6
Which theory of attention posits that selection occurs after all incoming
stimuli have been identified?
attenuation theory
late selection theory
early selection theory
All theories of attention make this assumption.
Question 7
Research on split-brain patients reveals that:
the left hemisphere typically specializes in verbal processing, while the
right hemisphere specializes in spatial tasks
the left hemisphere typically specializes in spatial tasks, while the right
hemisphere specializes in verbal processing
people who have had their corpus callosum severed have a great deal of
difficulty functioning in everyday life
for normal people, there is no difference between the functioning of the
left and right hemispheres

Question 8
The term ________ is typically associated with the physiological
processes that underlie information intake, while the term ________ is
typically associated with the interpretation and organization of incoming
information.
top-down processing; bottom-up processing
bottom-up processing; top-down processing
sensation; perception
perception; sensation
Question 9
The information processing approach to cognition likens thought to:
the operation of a computer.
the storage system of a library.
the assembly-line production of a factory.
the trial-and-error learning of the rat in a maze.
Question 10
You set out from your living room to go down to the basement to get
something. When you get to the basement, you forget what you have
walked down there to get. What kind of action slip is this?.

description error
associative activation error
capture error
loss of activation error
Question 11
What was the term Bartlett used for generalized knowledge structures
about events and situations based on past experience?
savings
introspections
configurations
schemata
Question 12
The attentional blink is indicated by:
Decreased RT to a second target stimulus, the sooner it occurs after an
initial target stimulus.
decreased RT to a first target stimulus because participants expect it to
be followed by a second target.
increased RT to a second target stimulus, the sooner it occurs after an
initial target stimulus.

increased RT to a first target stimulus because participants expect it to
be followed by a second target.
Question 13
Which school of psychology included principles of visual organization
in their understanding of psychological processes?
Gestalt
Functionalism
Structuralism
Behaviorism
Question 14
The atomistic approach employed by the structuralists — breaking
consciousness down into its elemental components — has been likened
to the approach of which other scientific discipline?
physics
chemistry
biology
archaeology
Question 15
The active mode of attention might also be termed:

bottom-up.
goal-driven.
stimulus-driven.
pre-attentive.
Question 16
William James was a prominent ________ who characterized
consciousness as a _______.
functionalist; stream
functionalist; complex combination of simple elements
structuralist; stream
structuralist; complex combination of simple elements
Question 17
Our tendency to group elements that occur at the same time is called:
common fate.
similarity.
closure.
synchrony.
Question 18

According to feature integration theory, visual search is a ____-stage
process.
one
two
three
four
Question 19
The sense of subjective awareness of what our mind is currently doing is
termed:
access consciousness.
phenomenal consciousness.
metacognition.
unconsciousness.
Question 20
The sub-discipline of cognitive science that is interested in the
association between mental processing and brain activity is:
developmental
clinical.
neuropsychology.

social.
Question 21
_________ refers to the tendency for objects that are near to one another
to be grouped.
Similarity
Proximity
Closure
Common fate
Question 22
The forgetting curve, as mapped out by Ebbinghaus, demonstrates that
material is forgotten:
very slowly at first, then at a very rapid rate.
rapidly at first, then at a very slow steady rate.
at a fairly constant rate over time.
only if there is interference.
Question 23
Feature search is to _____ as conjunction search is to _____.
post-attentive; pre-attentive
affected by display size; unaffected by display size

feature integration; pop-out
subitizing; enumeration
Question 24
The higher cognitive processes, such as remembering, planning, and
deciding are located in:
the cerebral cortex.
the midbrain.
the hindbrain.
none of the above.
Question 25
Metacognition refers to:
the role that emotion plays in cognition.
the fact that we have evolved particular cognitive tendencies and
abilities.
the role that the body plays in thinking.
the knowledge we have about our own cognitive processes.
===============================================

PSY 352 Week 2 Assignment Understanding Memory
Loss
PSY 352 Week 2 Assignment Understanding Memory Loss
Understanding Memory Loss. Due by Day 7. Memory loss is
frightening. The purpose of this assignment is to make you think of
memory loss realistically. Complete the steps listed below:
• Watch the video, Living Without a Memory, which provides an
overview of memory and discusses actual cases of memory loss.
• Select a movie that has featured a character with memory loss.
Describe the main features of the impairment exhibited by the movie
character.
Engage your critical thinking skills. How accurately is memory loss
featured in the selected movie? Specifically, does the memory loss in the

movie resemble actual cases? Is appropriate terminology used? Is the
prognosis realistic?
Note that statements regarding the accuracy or inaccuracy of the
memory loss illustrated in the movie are to be supported by evidence
collected by cognitive psychologists and neuroscientists (i.e., experts).
Thus, review the literature on memory loss and use at least two peer-
reviewed articles that can answer the questions above. Although your
opinion is valuable and always welcome, it needs to be supported by
scientific evidence.
Express your thoughts about how the movie could have more
realistically depicted memory loss, its cause(s), time-course, and
prognosis.
Describe the memory loss featured in the selected movie as well as
discussing its accuracy Keep in mind that accuracy refers to the
description of symptoms, potential cause(s), prognosis and actual time-
course
Your paper must begin with an introduction to the selected topic in
which you define all concepts that will be discussed in the paper. You
must also include a conclusion expressing your thoughts about how the
movie could have more realistically depicted memory loss, its causes,
time-course, and prognosis.

The Understanding Memory Loss Paper:
Must be four to five double-spaced pages in length (not including title
in the Ashford Writing Center
===============================================
PSY 352 Week 2 Discussion Understanding Working
Memory
PSY 352 Week 2 Discussion Understanding Working Memory
Understanding Working Memory. 1st Post Due by Day 3. The goal of
this discussion forum is to deepen your understanding of how working
memory operates. For your initial post, watch the Models of Memory 1
Atkins+ Shiffrons Multi Store Model video. Then complete the
following experiments:

Digit Span Serial Position Effect
Keep in mind that each experiment illustrates a procedure or task that is
used by scientists to understand how working (short-term) memory
functions. Consider what your performance on the selected task tells you
about working memory and its strengths and weaknesses.
Also, consider the extent to which the results of the selected experiment
apply to real-life experiences and settings. Support your points with
evidence from at least one peer- reviewed research article.
Your initial post must be a minimum of 300 words.
Guided Response: Offer a substantial response to at least two other posts
written by members of the class. In your answers, discuss the extent to
which you agree or disagree with the content of each post. Be sure that
you cite scientific evidence to support your views.
A minimum of 200 words should be used for each response to other
posts. Be certain to continue monitoring the discussion board until 5
p.m. (Pacific Time) on Day 7 of the week.
===============================================

PSY 352 Week 2 Quiz
PSY 352 Week 2 Quiz
Question 1
Experience in media multi-tasking is associated with:
no change in the ability to control attention.
an increased ability to control attention.
a decreased ability to control attention.
23.
Which of these is a basic level category member?
a. tool
b. apple
c. vehicle

red-winged blackbird
Question 2
A problem with an extreme version of the exemplar approach is that:
people are not sensitive to the biasing effects of context.
it is not based on the idea of similarity to an example.
it uses only the average examples, not all of the examples in memory.
it is not economical to store every single example in memory.
Question 3
Several researchers have examined how well deaf participants remember
signs, just as listeners remember words they hear. In listening, words
that sound alike are less likely to be remembered. What happens
withAmerican Sign Language?
Signs that are close in meaning, regardless of motion involved in the
sign, are less likely to be recalled.
Signs whose words sound the same if said aloud are less likely to be
recalled, regardless of motion involvedin the sign.
Signs that are made up of similar motions are less likely to be recalled.
There is no sign length effect—all signs were remembered equally well.

Question 4
One of the major criticisms of the classical view of concepts is that:
it has a graded structure.
members in certain categories have too much family resemblance.
it is not based on similarity.
it is difficult to determine what are necessary and sufficient features for
many categories.
Question 5
In image-based approaches to object recognition:
objects are recognized holistically through comparison with a stored
analog representation.
identification of the object is viewpoint independent.
a rotated image can be recognized just as quickly as an image in its
normal orientation.
an object must first be broken down into components.
Question 6

Which of these combinations of repetition/rehearsal would lead to the
best memory?
massed/elaborative
distributed/elaborative
distributed/maintenance
massed/maintenance
Question 7
When you're attempting to remember what you did last night, this would
be an ________ memory task that taps into ________.
explicit; episodic
explicit; semantic
implicit; episodic
implicit; semantic
Question 8
Semantic memories:
are generally retrieved in the absence of a recollective experience.

tend to be more vulnerable to forgetting than episodic memories.
typically include an affective (i.e., emotional) component.
aren't all that important in day-to-day living.
Question 9
The testing effect most likely is most clearly related to this general
memory framework:
material-appropriate processing
transfer-appropriate processing
levels-of-processing
the distinction between episodic and semantic memory
Question 10
Prosopagnosia refers to:
an inability to identify smells.
an inability to recognize familiar faces.
an inability to recognize common objects.
an inability to detect objects in one particular area of one's visual field.

Question 11
If I show one group of subjects a list of phrases, such as “break the
toothpick,” and then had a second group of subjects actually perform the
actions, which group would be more likely to remember the action
phrases?
the group that studied the verbal phrases
the group that performed the actions
they would remember the phrases about the same
the verbal group on a recall test; the action group on a recognition test
Question 12
In parts-based approaches to object recognition:
the identification of the object is viewpoint dependent.
the whole image of the object is examined holistically.
the representation stored in memory is analogous to the object being
recognized.
the orientation or the perspective of view on the object is not important.
Question 13

Research on the long-term retention of knowledge learned through
formal instruction leads to the conclusion that retention depends on the
length of time over which initial learning takes place. According to your
text, this is another instance of the powerful mnemonic benefits of:
distributed repetition
a deep level of processing
subjective organization
visual imagery
Question 14
The ________ approaches to object recognition might also be termed
feature analysis, and propose thatrecognition ________ depend on the
particular perspective we have on the object to be recognized.
image-based; does
image-based; does not
parts-based; does
parts-based; does not

Question 15
When faced with a picture of someone, which of these is most difficult?
recognizing that the face is someone familiar
retrieving the person's name
retrieving a piece of biographical information about the person
All information about faces is retrieved with about an equal level of
difficulty.
Question 16
The operation span task:
is a measure of visual attention.
requires that participants memorize a series of numbers.
requires participants to perform three tasks concurrently.
requires attentional control and inhibition.
Question 17
Deaf individuals:
show effects of similarity, but not word length.
have no articulatory loop at all.

show effects of word length, but not similarity.
show effects of word length and similarity, just like hearing individuals.
Question 18
The fuzzy boundaries in categories is best illustrated by which of the
following statements?
Bowling is “sort of” like a sport, but also “sort of” like a game.
An orange is more representative of the category “fruit” than a kiwi is.
“Furniture” is the superordinate level category for the basic level
category of “couch”.
Only natural categories have fuzzy boundaries.
Question 19
The function of working memory whereby we strategically direct our
attention is called:
working attention.
sensory attention
executive attention
focus of attention

Question 20
The classic measure used to assess immediate memory capacity limits is
termed:
the Stroop task.
memory span.
the Brown-Peterson task.
the juggling task.
Question 21
Maintenance rehearsal:
helps performance on a recall memory test, but not on a recognition
memory test
helps performance on a recognition memory test, but not on a recall
memory test
helps performance on both recall and recognition memory tests
helps performance on neither recall nor recognition memory tests
Question 22
According to the memory systems account of implicit/explicit
dissociations:

explicit memory performance is based on procedural memory, while
implicit performance is based on declarative memory
explicit memory performance is based on declarative memory, while
implicit performance is based on procedural memory
both explicit and implicit memory performance are based on semantic
memory
both explicit and implicit memory performance are based on procedural
memory
Question 23
The functions of concepts in our everyday thinking include all of the
following EXCEPT:
slower and more careful thinking.
making predictions.
communicating with others.
supporting new learning.
Question 24
The most conservative estimate of the limits on immediate memory is:
1 or 2.
3 or 4.

7.
9.
Question 25
According to Wegner and his colleagues, the ironic effects of thought
suppression:
are more likely to occur when attention is overloaded.
occur because of the failure of an ironic monitoring process.
can be explained by a three-factor theory of cognitive control.
occur because the intentional operating process operates too efficiently.
Question 26
The case where later information interferes with the ability to retain
information that occurred earlier is called:
aanterograde amnesia.
b. retroactive interference.
c. proactive interference.
d. retrograde amnesia.

Question 27
Baddeley proposed that the functions of the central executive might be
better specified through what he termed _____ of the central executive.
delineation
fractionation
dissociation
separation
===============================================
PSY 352 Week 3 Assignment Memory Errors in Real Life
PSY 352 Week 3 Assignment Memory Errors in Real Life

Memory Errors in Real Life. Due by Day 7. Laypersons are often
unaware of the extent to which memory errors (including memory of
events that did not occur and memory distortions) are commonplace and
widespread. The purpose of this assignment is to make you think of not
only memory errors in real life, but also the reasons behind their
occurrence. Consider the steps listed below:
Read the “Adaptive Constructive Processes and the Future of Memory”
and “Creating False Memories” articles, which offer an overview of
memory errors and their origins.
Keep in mind that your textbook is another valuable source of
information regarding memory errors.
Select a case mentioned in a news article where memory errors have
been known or can be assumed to have occurred (e.g., eyewitness
testimony, instances of recovered memories of traumatic experiences,
etc.).
Describe the main features of the errors, their consequences, and their
possible sources (i.e., what are the features of human memory that make
the errors possible?).
Engage your critical thinking skills:

Explain what cognitive psychology suggests that people do to decrease
the occurrence of the memory errors that you discuss in your paper. If
these errors cannot be avoided, what does cognitive psychology
suggest that people do to prevent the often damaging consequences of
such errors?
Note that statements regarding the inaccuracy of human memory, and
strategies to decrease the occurrence of errors and their consequences
are to be supported by scientific evidence collected by experts.
Thus, review the literature on memory errors and use at least two peer-
reviewed articles that can answer the questions above.
Must begin with an introduction to the selected topic in which you
define all concepts that will be discussed in the paper.
Include a brief description of the memory errors featured in the selected
news article as well as discussing potential sources and known or likely
consequences according to the guidelines described above.
Include a conclusion expressing your thoughts about how these memory
errors can be prevented or reduced, and the extent to which their often
dreadful consequences can be minimized. Keep in mind that although
your opinion is valuable, it needs to be supported by scientific evidence.

The Memory Errors in Real Life Paper
Must be three to four double-spaced pages in length (not including title
===============================================
PSY 352 Week 3 Discussion The Fallible Nature of
Memory
PSY 352 Week 3 Discussion The Fallible Nature of Memory
The Fallible Nature of Memory. 1st Post Due by Day 3. In this
discussion forum, you will explore the imperfect content of our
memories of experiences. For your initial post, complete the following
steps:

• Watch the following videos: o FalseMemories
o LoftusSpeaks:TheMalleabilityofMemory
In the videos, Loftus describes the ease with which false memories can
be created or altered.
Yet people like Paul Shanely are incarcerated, convicted of heinous
crimes based on the testimony of men who have claimed to have
repressed memories of years of childhood sexual abuse until adulthood.
The two sides of the argument are referred to as “The Memory Wars.”
For this discussion, choose one of the following prompts:
Analyze both sides of the Shanely case. Which side is best supported by
the scientific evidence? Which one do you support and why?
Analyze the case of the Ramona family. How could the daughter repress
such memories for so long? Does the fact that her father successfully
sued the therapist prove that the memories are false?
Analyze the case of Jennifer Thompson-Cannino and Ronald Cotton.
How is it possible to be so sure that you recognize a face when it is not
the right person?

Provide an overview of Loftus’ research. How does that prove (or not)
that memories can be created or altered?
Use your critical thinking skills and present a cogent analysis and
argument for the position you choose to defend. Support your points
with evidence from at least one peer-reviewed research article. Your
initial post must be a minimum of 300 words.
Guided Response: Respond to at least two of your classmates. Choose
posts that address a different prompt than you chose. In your answers,
discuss the extent to which you agree or disagree with the content of
each post.
p.m. (Pacific Time) on Day 7 of the week.
===============================================
PSY 352 Week 3 Quiz

PSY 352 Week 3 Quiz
Question 1
If an eyewitness to a crime experiences a weapon focus, he or she will
be:
more likely to remember information about the gun, but less likely to
remember what the person is wearing
more likely to remember what the person is wearing, but less likely to
remember information about the gun
more likely to remember peripheral details, but less likely to remember
central details
equally likely to remember peripheral and central details
Question 2
When recalling an autobiographical memory, Conway’s self-memory
systems says that:
we access sensory-perceptual details at the level of lifetime periods

we reconstruct the event starting from event-specific knowledge, then
general events, and finally lifetimeperiods
we reconstruct the event starting from lifetime periods, then general
events, and finally accessing event specific knowledge
retrieval of autobiographical memories is fast and accurate
Question 3
Which of these autobiographical memory research techniques allows for
firmer conclusions about memoryaccuracy?
targeted event recall
diary technique
cue word technique
public record assessment
Question 4
People often tout the power of smells as cues for autobiographical
memories. How does empirical researchstack up on this issue?
Olfactory cues produce more detailed memories than do non-olfactory
cues.

Olfactory cues produce more recent memories than do non-olfactory
cues.
Olfactory cues produce more vivid memories than do non-olfactory
cues.
Olfactory cues tend to produce flashbulb memories.
Question 5
One research strategy for investigating childhood memories (in order to
check and verify the accuracy ofremembered childhood events) is to:
investigate participants' pasts to confirm the events they remember
ask about salient events that can be easily corroborated by other parties
stage events that can be asked about later on
there is no way to corroborate any childhood memory.
Question 6
The Proust phenomenon is:
the power of odors to elicit memories that are especially old and vivid
the ability of odors to generate more detailed memories
using olfactory odors to generate autobiographical facts
the ability of odors to generate very early memories in life

Question 7
In their study of early childhood memories, Usher and Neisser (1993)
found that:
family stories and photographs helped the memories of all children
family stories and photographs hurt the memories of all children
family stories and photographs hurt the memories of children four and
older
family stories and photographs hurt the memories of children three
years and younger
Question 8
Relating details of personally experienced events makes us seem more
believable and truthful, and tends to make us more persuasive. This
assertion relates to which function of autobiographical memory?
emotional
informational
communicative
directive

Question 9
The "general events" level of representation in autobiographical memory
bears a strong resemblance to:
the subordinate level of category representation
the superordinate level of category representation
the basic level of category representation
the notion of an exemplar in category representation
Question 10
Williams (1994) attempted to corroborate individual cases of lost
traumatic memories by finding individualswho had been admitted 17
years earlier to sexual abuse clinics and interviewing them about their
current knowledge of the experience. The findings are interpreted as
evidence ____ the reality of repressed then recovered memories because
__________:
for; over 1/3 failed to remember the event for which they had been
admitted.
for; all of them failed to remember the event for which they had been
admitted.

against; all of them vividly remembered the event for which they had
been admitted.
Question 11
All of the following statements about the misinformation effect are true
except:
It is an example of the memory sin of suggestibility.
It is an example of the memory sin of misattribution.
It is an example of retroactive interference.
It is an example of the memory sin of bias.
Question 12
Marian and Neisser (2000) conducted a study in which Russian
immigrants to the United States were givenRussian or English cue words
for autobiographical memories. The results of this study provided a
conceptual replication of this classic memory phenomenon in the context
of autobiographical memory:
a levels of processing effect

the beneficial effect of organization on memory
encoding specificity
a dissociation between implicit and explicit memory
Question 13
According to the Innocence Project, eyewitness misidentification plays a
key role in ___ of the cases of wrongful conviction in which DNA
evidence later led to exoneration.
about 25%
about 50%
about 75%
all
Question 14
The reminiscence bump refers to the finding that ________ and seems to
apply ________.
people show a standard forgetting curve for the last several years of their
autobiography; only to episodicmemory
people show a standard forgetting curve for the last several years of their
autobiography; to both episodicand semantic memory

people tend to recall a disproportionate number of events from between
ages 10 to 30; only to episodicmemory
people tend to recall a disproportionate number of events from between
ages 10 to 30; to both episodic and semantic memory
Question 15
Garry and Wade compared the effects of photos and narratives in
producing false memories and found that:
both were about equally likely to lead to false remembering.
neither one led to much false remembering.
narratives led to more false remembering than did photos.
photos led to more false remembering than did narratives.
===============================================
PSY 352 Week 4 Assignment Understanding Experiments
in Cognition

PSY 352 Week 4 Assignment Understanding Experiments in Cognition
Understanding Experiments in Cognition.
Due by Day 7. It is reasonable to admit that in four weeks you have been
exposed to a great deal of information about the human mind! This
assignment will give you the opportunity to examine how the knowledge
that you have acquired during the past weeks may tie together.
You will explore a phenomenon that interests you, highlight the
methodologies used to study it, uncover the results obtained, and assess
the validity of the knowledge acquired. These activities will make you
aware of the intrinsic relationship between knowledge of specific mental
and behavioral phenomena, as well as the limitations of the techniques
used to study them.
Knowledge in cognitive psychology is largely gathered by means of
experiments.

Thus, it is important that you become intimately familiar with this data-
gathering method.
The goal of the assignment is to ensure that you have a good
understanding of specific cognitive psychological phenomena as well as
experiments that are often used to investigate such phenomena. Abide by
the instructions listed below:
Watch the video, Experimental Research Methods in Psychology, on the
experimental method.
Go to the Ashford University Library or Google Scholar and select a
peer-reviewed article on a topic of interest among those discussed in our
class. If you prefer, you may select an article from the recommended
resources.
Describe the main research questions that the study attempts to answer.
Keep in mind that a description of the main question of the study entails
an explanation of the importance of the question (i.e., illustrates the gap
in the existing literature).
State the main hypothesis (prediction) made by the researchers.
Identify the key variables.

Describe the critical characteristics of both the participants and the
procedures used.
Summarize the main findings. How do these findings answer the
question that the researchers formulated in the introductory section of
the article?
Explain the extent to which the findings answer the research question.
Do the findings support their research question (or prediction)?
Illustrate the weaknesses and strengths of the selected study. For
instance, ask yourself questions such as the following:
o Is the technique used to understand the selected phenomenon able to
gather adequate information about it?
o How does this technique compare to other techniques used in cognitive
psychology?
o Do the findings of the selected study generalize to individuals who
may be different from those
who participated (young versus older adults)?

• Please note that research articles often contain more than one study.
Thus, in this assignment, you are given the opportunity to describe each
experiment separately or focus on what you believe to be the most
significant experiment.
Your paper must begin with an introduction to the selected topic in
which you define the research question and all concepts that will be
discussed in the paper.
For instance, let us assume you select the article by Strayer and
Johnston “Driven to Distraction: Dual-Task Studies of Simulated
Driving and Conversing on a Cellular Telephone” as the topic of your
paper. Then your task is to state the question the researchers want to
answer and define the terms attention, divided attention, and distraction.
Your paper requires a brief summary of the content of the selected
article according to the guidelines described above. It also requires a
conclusion expressing your thoughts about the strengths and weaknesses
of the available evidence. If possible, suggest the course that future
research should take if the answer to the selected question is less than
conclusive.
The Memory Errors in Real Life Paper

Must be four to five double-spaced pages in length (not including title
===============================================
PSY 352 Week 4 Discussion Problem Solving Popular
Beliefs and Evidence
PSY 352 Week 4 Discussion Problem Solving Popular Beliefs and
Evidence
Problem Solving: Popular Beliefs and Evidence. 1st Post Due by Day 3.
In this discussion forum, you will assess the validity of popular
assumptions and beliefs about problem solving. Please note that your
answers need be supported by scientific evidence. For your initial post,
complete the steps below:

Watch the video, Rory Sutherland: Sweat the Small Stuff, on how
simplicity can benefit problem solving.
Select one of the following topics:
o
Laypersonsandscientist’salikeoftenreportthatafterhavingtriedtosolveapro
blemforanentire day, “sleeping on it” led to a solution. Does sleep
indeed promote problem solving?
o
Laypersonsandscientist’salikeoftenreportthatasolutiontoaproblemmayco
metomindafter having taken a break from thinking about the problem.
Does incubation really work?
Select a theoretical view/model of problem solving (e.g., Gestalt
psychology, information processing approach, etc.). What is the
evidence that supports it? What evidence, if any, does not fit the model?
Are experts better at solving problems than non-experts? If so, what is
responsible for experts’ superior performance? Is their superiority
general or limited to their field of expertise?
Are there individual differences in problem-solving abilities? For
instance, is working memory’s capacity linked to one’s ability to solve
problems?

After you select a topic, access the Ashford University Library and
Google Scholar and review the literature on problem solving.
Then select a research article that answers the questions related to the
selected topic. Finally, share the evidence you have uncovered and your
critical examination of such evidence with the class. Your initial post
must be a minimum of 300 words.
written by members of the class.
Respond to a post that discusses a different topic from the one that you
have selected, a post that discusses the same topic, and an inquiry from
your instructor. Keep in mind that both your peers and your instructor
are members of the class.
In your answers, discuss the extent to which you agree or disagree with
the content of each post. Be sure that you cite scientific evidence to
support your views. A minimum of 200 words should be used for each
response to other posts
===============================================

PSY 352 Week 4 Quiz
PSY 352 Week 4 Quiz
Question 1
Suppose I am planning a wedding with 200 guests, and everyone is
going to have a designated place at 22 different dinner tables. Trying to
figure out who is going to sit where, and with whom, would be
considered:
an arrangement problem.
a divergent problem.
a transformation problem.
a deduction problem.
Question 2

Our tendency to avoid situations in which many people may be killed
while simultaneously being relatively impervious to risky situations in
which deaths are more spread out is termed:
Anchoring.
Fatality Fear.
Dread Risk.
Fatal Risk Assessment.
Question 3
A finding regarding medical expertise indicates that those at an
intermediate level of knowledge actually remember more information
than do experts. This is termed the:
intern effect.
novice effect.
intermediate effect.
expert effect.
Question 4
The belief that after a run of bad luck a change is “due” to occur is
called:

superstition effect.
gambler’s fallacy.
hot hand.
an “in” with the Gods.
Question 5
Castel, McCabe, Roediger, and Heitman (2007) investigated whether
experts might be more or less susceptible than novices to the DRM
memory illusion. They tested people who were more and less
knowledgeable aboutand found that experts were
football; more likely than novices to falsely recall items
football; less likely than novices to falsely recall items
cooking; more likely than novices to falsely recall items
cooking; less likely than novices to falsely recall items
Question 6
Means-end analysis is basically a fancy term for:
breaking a problem down into subgoals.
applying analogies to solve a problem.

applying algorithms to solve a problem.
working backwards to solve a problem.
Question 7
Immediate memory capacity is _____ with susceptibility to the belief-
bias effect.
not correlated
negatively correlated
positively correlated
synonymous with
Question 8
Which of these is an example of the sunk cost effect?
Sally is too sick to go out, but decides to attend the play since she paid
$40 for the ticket.
Jenny relents to the high-pressure sales person and spends $550 on
accessories she doesn’t need.
Despite continued losses, Tony continues to play the ponies at the local
track.

Aaron has a decent seat for the basketball game, but decides to upgrade
them by buying much better seats from a scalper.
Question 9
Which of these is NOT a difference between the way experts and
novices go about solving a problem?
Experts tend to work backwards; novices tend to work forwards.
Experts can practically bypass working memory in encoding problem
information; novices can’t.
Novices tend to pick up on surface features, while experts are better at
picking up structural features.
Experts are better at picking up on analogies and using them to solve
problems.
Question 10
According to the dual-process view of reasoning, judgment and decision
making, which mode of thinking operates relatively slowly, deliberately
and in a controlled manner?
heuristic mode
rational mode
bounded mode

analytic mode
Question 11
In a valid syllogism:
the conclusion follows from the premises.
the premises are true.
the conclusion is true.
all of the above are true.
Question 12
Research on the ability to see and apply analogies between the “radiation
problem” (tumor problem) and the attack problem indicates that:
people commonly miss the analogy with or without a hint.
people easily see the connection between the problems, and use it to
solve the second one.
people rarely see the connection between the problems unless they’re
given a hint; then, they usually do make the connection.

analogies only work with complex problems, not simple ones.
Question 13
Mental set operates at which stage of problem solving?
problem representation
generation of solutions
problem identification
applying solutions
Question 14
The ________ view of inductive reasoning states that inductive
reasoning involves special processes and representations that operate in
the abstract, outside of any real-life context.
experience based

rule-based
categorization
confirmatory
Question 15
Which of the following is NOT one the three sources of difficulty in
solving insight problems according to Kershaw and Ohlsson?
Perceptual factors
Experience factors
Process factors
Knowledge factors
===============================================
PSY 352 Week 5 Discussion Language, Perception, and
Cognition

PSY 352 Week 5 Discussion Language, Perception, and Cognition
Language, Perception, and Cognition. 1st Post Due by Day 3. In this
discussion forum, you will examine what language says about how the
human mind works. More specifically, you will consider whether the
language people speak (including the words that are available to them
and the way words are organized to convey meaning) merely offers a
window into human cognition or it can actually affect the way people
perceive and understand the world.
Please note that your answer to this question needs be supported by
scientific evidence. For your initial post, complete the steps below:
Watch the videos, Steven Pinker: What our Language Habits Reveal and
Keith Chen: Could your Language Affect your Ability to Save Money?
on the links between language and cognition.
Read The New York Times article Does Your Language Shape How
You Think? to further your understanding of the links between language
and cognition.
Access the Ashford University Library and Google Scholar, review the
psycholinguist literature, and then select a research article that offers an

answer to the question about whether language shapes perceptions and
thoughts or merely reflects them. Share the evidence you have
uncovered and your critical examination of such evidence with the class.
Your initial post must include a minimum of 300 words.
written by members of the class. Respond to a post that discusses a
different viewpoint from the one that you have selected, a post that
discusses the same viewpoint, and an inquiry from your instructor.
Keep in mind that both peers and instructor are members of the class. In
your answers, discuss the extent to which you agree or disagree with the
content of each post. Be sure that you cite scientific evidence to support
your views.
p.m. (Pacific Time) on Day 7 of the week
===============================================
PSY 352 Week 5 Final Paper Questions in
Psycholinguistics

PSY 352 Week 5 Final Paper Questions in Psycholinguistics
Questions in Psycholinguistics. Due by Day 7. Language is an important
tool for storing, organizing, and retrieving information that has been
acquired throughout one’s life, as well as for thinking, modifying, and
sharing such information with others. Thus, researchers ask many
questions about language and its use. For this assignment, complete the
steps listed below:
• Select one of the following topics:
o Recent research has shown that bilingualism shapes the human mind.
What are some of the short-term and/or long-term consequences of
bilingualism on information processing? Include at leasttwo sets of
findings (e.g., speed of processing and vocabulary size) in your paper.
o Human language is more than a communication system. What are the
unique properties of human language that make it different from
communication systems used by other species?

o Most of language use in adults relies on reading, an ability that is often
acquired later in life than the ability to speak and understand speech in
one’s primary language. Why is learning how to read more challenging
than learning how to speak in one’s primary language?
o Ambiguities in the meaning of words and phrases are far from rare
occurrences. Yet, both speakers and listeners (or readers) often do not
appear to notice them. What are these ambiguities,
and why do they often go unnoticed?
o Can you “forget” words in your first language while you are learning a
second language? Summarize the available evidence to explain your
answer.
o More than half a century ago, two researchers, Noam Chomsky and B.
F. Skinner, debated the role of nature and nurture in language
acquisition. What was the viewpoint of each researcher? What was the
evidence upon which their contrasting viewpoints relied?
Review the literature on the selected topic.
For your selected topic, use at least three peer-reviewed articles that can
answer the questions related to it.

Summarize the evidence you have found and then critically examine it.
Engage your critical thinking skills.
For instance, ask yourself if the available evidence is sufficient to
support the interpretations that researchers have proposed, and/or
whether there are ambiguities and unknowns.
Begin your paper with an introduction to the selected topic in which you
define all concepts that will be discussed in the paper. Include a brief
summary of the content of the selected article according to the
guidelines described above.
Analyze the key findings, illustrating the consistencies and
inconsistencies.
Include a conclusion expressing your thoughts about the strengths and
weaknesses of the available evidence. If possible, suggest the course that
future research should take if answers are less than conclusive.
The Questions in Psycholinguistics Final Paper
Must be five to six double-spaced pages in length (not including title and
references pages) and formatted according to APA style as outlined in
the Ashford Writing Center.

===============================================
PSY 352 Week 5 Quiz
PSY 352 Week 5 Quiz
Question 1
Perea, Acha, &Carreiras (2009) investigated the reading comprehension
of text messages and found that:
orthographically based text messages were comprehended just as
effectively as normal text.
phonetically based text messages were comprehended just as effectively
as normal text.
both orthographically- and phonetically based text messages were
comprehended just as effectively as normal text.

neither orthographically- nor phonetically based text messages were
comprehended just as effectively as normal text.
Question 2
Which of these is NOT one of the stages of language production?
planning
assembly
self-monitoring
conceptualization
Question 3
“Greg had such a bad night out at the bar that he decided to buy a new
cue stick.” The inference that Greg had a bad night because he shot
billiards poorly is a ________.This inferred fact ________ represented
as prominently as if it had actually been presented.
a bridging inference; would not be
an elaborative inference; would not be
a bridging inference; would be

an elaborative inference; would be
Question 4
Place of articulation is to manner of articulation as ________ is to
________.
release; vibration
vocal cords; air flow
interrupt; stop
where; how
Question 5
All of the following statements are true about “motherese” EXCEPT:
it tends to be higher pitched than normal speech.
it is found across many different languages.
it features exaggerated ups and downs in pitch.
it tends to be faster than normal speech.
Question 6
Which of these is NOT one of the levels of discourse representation?

situation model
surface code
text base
analog code
Question 7
When children lie and deceive their parents to keep out of trouble, they
are using which design feature of language?
Arbitrariness
specialization
displacement
prevarication
Question 8
Which of the statements about the mental lexicon and lexical access is
true?
Only one meaning of an ambiguous word (e.g., bank) is activated upon
word presentation.

Low-frequency words are more quickly accessed than are high-
frequency words.
For bilinguals, a given concept has only one entry in the mental lexicon.
The mental lexicon is part of semantic memory.
Question 9
Chomsky’s approach to how we engage in language is termed:
transformational grammar.
constraint-based grammar.
phonetic grammar.
syntactic based grammar.
Question 10
You are taking a test about language. Your ability to think about
language in order to complete the test is an example of which design
feature?
productivity
arbitrariness
reflectiveness
semanticity

Question 11
About how many phonemes make up American English?
10
25
45
105
Question 12
The most impressive evidence that animals are indeed capable of
learning language comes from the research done with:
Kanzi.
Alex.
Rockie.
Washoe.
Question 13
The story grammar approach basically applies which notion (from
sentence comprehension) to the comprehension of stories and larger
units of discourse?
case grammar
parsing

morphology
constraint-based grammar
Question 14
What is parsing?
the process of accessing word meaning
the process of converting syntax into semantics
the process of identifying the component elements of a sentence
the process of mapping the look of a word onto the sound of a word
Question 15
Anaphors are more likely to result in the successful retrieval of an
appropriate antecedent when:
the antecedent has occurred recently.
the antecedent received first mention.
both factors mentioned in a and b are important.
neither factor mentioned in a and b are important.
Question 16

______ represents a phonetic difference (but not a phonemic difference).
The “g” in dog and the “g” in log
The “d” in dog and the “l” in log
The “t” in pit and the “th” in with
The “p” in pit and the “s” in sit
Question 17
In their research with Kanzi and other bonobo chimps, Savage-
Rumbaugh and colleagues have investigated whether language can be
acquired in the form of:
American Sign Language.
Braille.
motioning.
lexigrams.
Question 18
High frequency words like robin receive _____ fixation as/than low-
frequency words like penguin.

the same amount of
more
less
Question 19
Which of these describes the bottom-up processes in reading?
Reading is aided by expectations.
Reading is aided by context.
Reading is aided by other words.
Reading requires analysis of the printed symbols.
Question 20
Dyslexics have particular trouble:
reading words in the correct order.
recognizing words when they hear them.
mapping the look of a word onto its sound.
performing normally on standard measures of intelligence.
Question 21

Rayner, White, Johnson, and Liversedge (2006) examined fixation times
for words that were normal or jumbled. They found that:
words with the internal letters transposed had the longest fixation times.
words with the initial letter transposed had the longest fixation times.
fixation times for normal words and for words with ending letters
transposed were the same.
there was no difference between words with internal, ending, or
beginning letters transposed.
Question 22
The concept of a ________ comes from Bartlett's classic research on
story recall.
story grammar
proposition
script
schema
Question 23
Gricean maxims in language indicate that our conversational partners
should conform to all of the following
EXCEPT:

avoidance of ambiguity.
relevance.
grammatical correctness.
truthfulness.
Question 24
All of the following statements are true about “motherese” EXCEPT:
it tends to be higher pitched than normal speech.
it is found across many different languages.
it features exaggerated ups and downs in pitch.
it tends to be faster than normal speech.
Question 25
Which of these is NOT an assumption of the construction-integration
model of text comprehension?
We encode ideas from texts as propositions.
Ideas from a text, once encoded, are organized hierarchically.
We use working memory to construct the text representation.
The more propositions in a text, the more easily we comprehend it.

Question 26
Pinker proposes that in order to “morph” words into different forms (i.e.,
past tense), we have:
one system that is associative; we encode associations between the past
and present tense, and use them to retrieve one another.
one system that operates via rules; we use these rules (e.g., “add an -s to
make a plural”) to morph words.
two systems; we use the rule system for exceptions, and the associative
system for non-exceptions.
two systems; we use the rule system for non-exceptions, and the
associative system for exceptions.
Question 27
The design feature of language that allows us to communicate ideas that
are remote in space and time is:
discreteness.
specialization.
productivity.
displacement.

Question 28
Luo, Johnson, & Gallo (1998) tested whether “pseudohomophones”
(e.g., “brane”) would show effects of semantic relatedness. In other
words, would the letter string “brane” prime a related concept (e.g.,
neuron)?
What did they find?
That access to the mental lexicon was most probably direct.
Pseudohomophones primed only the actual word (e.g., “brain,” in this
example).
Pseudohomophones did not prime related concepts.
Pseudohomophones did prime related concepts.
Question 29
The difficulty in processing garden-path sentences:
confirms that the default structure in English syntax tends to be subject-
object-verb.
is evidence against the garden-path approach.
is evident in reading times, but not in eye movements.
applies to blind readers of Braille.
===============================================

PSY 352 Week 1 Assignment focuses on Attention and Perception

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