2. Animal characteristics
Distinct set of genes that
uniquely control body plans
different from fungi and plant
body plans
Heterotrophs
Develop from a fertilized egg
Internal means to digest food
Motile in at least one stage of
life cycle
3. Phylum Porifera
Sponges
Spicules: gives structure and is a form of defense to
predators
Mostly asymmetrical
Sessile (immobile) adults, free-swimming larvae
2 cell layers:
Outer cell layer is the epidermal layer
Inner cell layer is lined with choanocytes
flagellated cells used to bring in food and water
through ostia
Brings food and water inside via ostia (filter feeder)
Expels waste and water via osculum
6. Phylum Cnidaria
sea jellies, sea anemones, and corals
Two body forms, many show both
forms during their lifecycle:
Sac-like gut with one opening
(no anus)( Dead End digestive tract)
Have radial symmetry
Two cell layers (diploblastic):
Sessile polyp
Motile larva and medusa
Ectodermic layer
Endoderm layer
Stinging nematocysts along tentacles
to capture prey and for defense
9. Major Classes of Cnidarians
Hydrozoa
Scyphozoa
Hydroids (hydra-like),
some are jelly-like
True sea jellies
Anthozoa
Includes corals and
sea anemones
Lack medusa phase,
only
polyps
10. Phylum Cnidaria
Hydra: observe slide
Observe two tissue
layers (diploblastic):
ectoderm
endoderm
Single opening for
feeding and extruding
waste
No free-swimming
medusa phase
12. LOPHOTROCHOZOA
Lophophore of a brachiopod
Organisms having a lophophore
(a specialized tentacle structure) or
have a trochophore larval form
Protostomes: have mouth and anus,
but mouth forms before the anus
Bilateral symmetry
Complete digestive tract (except
Platyhelminthes)
Three distinct cell layers (triploblastic):
Ectoderm, mesoderm, and
endoderm
Trochophore larva
(annelids and mollusks)
13. Phylum Platyhelminthes
Flatworms, planarians, flukes, and tapeworms
Only have one opening for digestive tract
Can be parasitic, carnivorous, or herbivorous
Advances include:
More specialized tissues
Several, well-developed
organ systems
Cephalization:
development
a head
Localization of sense organs
First group to have bilateral
symmetry
of
14. Phylum Platyhelminthes
Diversity within Platyhelminthess
Flatworms
Mostly free-living:
predators or scavengers
(dead, organic matter)
Many are brightly colored
Cilia or muscular
movement
Planarians
Free-living: feed on small
animals or scavenge
Cilia for movement
15. Phylum Platyhelminthes
Diversity within Platyhelminthes
Flukes
Parasitic in liver, lungs, bladder, or blood vessels
of vertebrates
Primary
host for adult fluke: vertebrate
Intermediate host for larvae: usually a snail
Tapeworms
Specialized parasites for life in intestine (predigested food)
Attach to host by scolex (suckers & hooks)
18. Phylum Annelida
segmented worms, marine worms, earthworms, leeches
Advancements
Segments: repeating units
Hydrostatic skeleton: fluid filled
cavity in which pressure can be
changed to allow the animal to
move
Setae (bristles) for movement
Simple diffusion for gas exchange
(no respiratory system)
Well-developed digestive,
circulatory, reproductive, and
nervous systems
19. Phylum Annelida
Class Polychaeta: bristle worms
Mostly live in marine
environments
Have many setae
(bristles) that extend
from their parapodia
(appendages)
Typically either filter
feeders or carnivorous
20. Phylum Annelida
Class Oligochaeta: earthworms
Found in terrestrial &
freshwater habitats
Herbivorous or
detritivorous
Few setae and no
parapodia
Hermaphroditic
Observe prepared slide
Dissect Lumbricus
21. Phylum Annelida
Lumbricus (earthworm) dissection
Basic anatomy terms
Anterior: head end
Posterior: tail end
Dorsal: back
Ventral: belly
Pin anterior end to dissecting pan
Cut body open along the anterior-posterior axis
Separate body wall from animal and pin to dissecting
pan
Use water to flush body cavity
22. Phylum Annelida
Class Hirudinea: leeches
Live in marine,
freshwater, and
terrestrial habitats
Leeches have no
bristles and no
parapodia
Can be free-living
(carnivorous) or
parasitic
23. Phylum Mollusca
chitons, snails, slugs, clams, octopus, squid,
nautilus
Body plan
Muscular foot
Visceral mass: contains
organs(digestive,
circulatory, reproductive)
and is protected by a hard
outer shell
Mantle that secretes protective shell
Gills to obtain oxygen from water
Head with sensory structures
Very
advanced in cephalopods
24. Phylum Mollusca
Class Polyplacophora: chitons
Marine omnivores
that scrape algae
and other organisms
with radula
Clings tightly to
rocks with foot
26. Phylum Mollusca
Class Gastropoda: snails and slugs
Name means “stomach
foot”
Radula for feeding
Glide by moving
muscular foot
Some slugs have
aposomatic coloration
(warning colors)
Are either carnivorous
or herbivorous
27. Phylum Mollusca
Class Bivalvia: clams, mussels, scallops, oysters
2-part shell
Foot used for
anchoring and
burrowing
Do not have a head,
radula, or eyes
Use gills for oxygen
and filter-feeding
28. Phylum Mollusca
Class Cephalopoda: squid, octopus, nautilus
Name means “head
foot”
Lack outer shell (except
nautilus)
Uses modified mantle
to jet through the water
Use tentacles to
capture prey
Very complex sensory
systems
31. Phylum Nematoda
Roundworms
Can be parasitic or free-living (carnivorous or
herbivorous)
One of the most widespread and diverse animal
Complete digestive system, has a mouth and an anus
False body cavity present
Filled with reproductive organs
No protective lining around organs, but some
separation of organs
Some parasites of plants and animals
Observe prepared slide
Dissect Ascaris
33. Phylum Arthropoda
Chelicerates, myriapods, hexapods, and crustaceans
Arthropods united by having:
Segmentation
Exoskeleton
Basic body plan:
head, thorax, abdomen
Made of chitin, molt to grow
Used for feeding,
movement, senses, and
reproduction
Spiders, mites, and ticks
Subphylum Myriapoda
Shrimp, lobsters,
barnacles, and relatives
Subphylum Chelicerata
Jointed paired appendages
Subphylum Crustacea
Millipedes and
centipedes
Subphylum Hexapoda
Insects and relatives
