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Manifest Destiny & Its Legacy1841-1848,[object Object],The American Pageant,[object Object],Chapter 17,[object Object]
Old Tippecanoe…    ,[object Object],Hard Cider Campaign of 1840,[object Object],Let Van from his coolers of silver drink wineAnd lounge on his cushioned settee,Our man on a buckeye bench can recline,Content with hard cider is he ,[object Object],Martin Van Buren (NY-Dem) vs. William Henry Harrison (OH-Whig),[object Object],real Whig leaders were Daniel Webster (Sec. of State) and Henry Clay in Senate.,[object Object],Irony of Harrison’s presidency,[object Object],Longest inaugural address-105 minutes; shortest administration-1 month,[object Object]
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and Tyler Too,[object Object],Converted from Democratic Party,[object Object],Disapproves of Jackson “dictatorship”,[object Object],Minority of Whigs pro-states righters,[object Object],Whig Platform: not published,[object Object],In reality: Clay’s platform—pro B.U.S., pro-tariff, pro-internal improvements,[object Object]
Tyler vs. the Party,[object Object],Financial reform top priority,[object Object],Bill signed to end independent treasury system,[object Object],Clay pleased,[object Object],“Fiscal Bank” bill rejected,[object Object],Drunken mob gathers outside White House,[object Object],“Fiscal Corporation” bill rejected too,[object Object],Whigs referred to Tyler as “His Accidency” and “Executive Ass”,[object Object],Whig tariff bill initially vetoed as well,[object Object],Final straw,[object Object],Whigs expelled “Democrat” Tyler from party,[object Object],Entire Cabinet resigns except Daniel Webster (Sec. of State) ,[object Object],Tried to impeach,[object Object]
Another War w/ England?,[object Object],Anti-British sentiments ,[object Object],Lack of Federalists, war memories.,[object Object],Led to literary war of words,[object Object],British authors (Dickens) who could not receive copyright royalties from US sales.,[object Object],Panic of 1837 resulted in states defaulting on British loans.,[object Object],1837: American citizens’ support Canadian insurrection ,[object Object],Caroline attacked on New York shore,[object Object],Canadian named McLeod bragged about involvement,[object Object],Found not guilty in court,[object Object],British in Bahamas offered  130 escaped slaves asylum Creole,[object Object]
War in Maine,[object Object],“Aroostook War”,[object Object],1838-1839,[object Object],Proposed road from Halifax to Quebec,[object Object],Maine/Canada fight over disputed territory.,[object Object],Unclear since Treaty of Paris,[object Object],Webster-Ashburton Treaty 1842 ,[object Object],US receives more land including Mesabi Range      in MN,[object Object],British get desired road route,[object Object]
Texas Shines Alone,[object Object],1836 Texas Independent of Mexico.,[object Object],Lone Star Republic-province in revolt?,[object Object],Constant fear of Mexican attack,[object Object],Large Military,[object Object],Treaties with France, Holland, and Belgium,[object Object],British interests in using TX ,[object Object],Check US expansion into SW,[object Object],Wanted TX for cotton.,[object Object],British abolitionists wanted to use Texas as  base to attack slavery in South,[object Object],US afraid of foreign powers (FR) using British & TX vs. US conflict to violate Monroe Doctrine,[object Object]
Texas Issue Raised,[object Object],Due to fears, TX became campaign issue in 1844.,[object Object],Pro expansion Polk (D) defeated Clay (W),[object Object],Lame Duck Tyler interpreted as mandate to acquire Texas.,[object Object],“Conscience” Whigs opposed of expansion due to slavery issue,[object Object],1845: Texas annexed by joint resolution instead of treaty,[object Object],Invited to become 28th state,[object Object],Mexico angered.,[object Object]
Manifest Destiny,[object Object],1844 Election: Whigs chose Clay, expansionists in Democratic Party engineered nomination of Polk,[object Object],1st “dark horse” candidate,[object Object],Polk: Speaker of House, Governor of TN, backed by Jackson.,[object Object],“Manifest Destiny” was campaign issue,[object Object],Democrats called for annexation of Texas and all of Oregon.,[object Object],Whigs responded by tying Polk to slavery and Clay to liberty.,[object Object],Clay hurt by straddling fence on Texas.,[object Object],Lost New York by 5,000 votes,[object Object],Antislavery Liberty Party won 16,000 votes! ,[object Object]
Baileychap17
Onward to Oregon,[object Object],Both England and US had strong claims to Oregon,[object Object],based on trade, exploration, occupation.,[object Object],1818: US/Britain agreed to joint occupation,[object Object],49th parallel as northern border of LA Purchase,[object Object],Columbia River area disputed,[object Object],1840s: “Oregon Fever” led to about 5,000 US settlers by 1846,[object Object],only a few hundred for Britain, British began to realize implications.,[object Object],“54’ 40 or Fight”,[object Object]
Young Hickory,[object Object],Polk develops 4-point program, achieved in under 4 years.,[object Object],1st point: lowered tariff.  Treasury Sec. Walker lobbied Congress for Walker Tariff of 1846.  Reduced rates (32% to 25%), but yet gave good revenue b/c strong economy.,[object Object],2nd point: Independent Treasury restored;  Achieved in 1846.,[object Object],3rd point: Acquire California.,[object Object],4th point: Acquire Oregon.  Polk again proposed 49º, British first said no, but realized Columbia R. not that valuable, area was “furred out.”,[object Object]
Misunderstandings w/ Mexico,[object Object],Polk & others felt Manifest Destiny included California.,[object Object],1845:  CA population mostly Indians and Spanish-Mexicans, less than 1,000 Americans.,[object Object],Polk wanted to buy California, but Mexico upset by damage claims in Texas.,[object Object],Texas dispute heightened by boundary dispute: Nueces River or Rio Grande?  ,[object Object],Polk kept US troops out of disputed area.,[object Object],Polk thought British might buy it, sent minister (John Slidell)to Mexico City to purchase,[object Object],Mexico refused to even hear offer.,[object Object]
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American Blood on American Soil ,[object Object],Jan. 1846, Polk ordered Gen. Zachary Taylor to move from Nueces River to Rio Grande,[object Object],did not provoke Mexican army initially.,[object Object],April/May, impatient Polk moved to declare war,[object Object],but his plan worked – Mexico started shooting, 16 US killed.,[object Object],Polk declared shedding of “American blood on American soil,” ,[object Object],Congress voted for war.,[object Object],Congressman Abraham Lincoln suspicious, introduces “spot” resolutions to get info about location of attacks.  ,[object Object],Damaged Polk’s reputation,[object Object],Polk provoked war to grab California, protect from British.,[object Object],Southwestern expansionist also wanted war against Mexico.,[object Object]
War On,[object Object],Polk wanted limited war just to get CA, but Santa Anna double-cross led to larger war.,[object Object],Instead of acting on behalf of America, rallies support of countrymen,[object Object],Opportunist John C. Frémont, with local Americans, proclaimed short-lived California republic.,[object Object],Notable military achievements:,[object Object],Zachary Taylor at Buena Vista.,[object Object],Winfield (“Old Fuss and Feathers” Scott’s brilliant campaign to Mexico City, most distinguished American general since Revolutionary War.,[object Object]
Baileychap17
Seeking Peace,[object Object],Polk’s rep. Trist, embarrassed by Santa Anna, finally negotiates Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo.,[object Object],Terms: (1) US gets all land between Texas and Oregon, incl. California.,[object Object],Terms: (2) US pays $15M for land, and agrees to pay damage claims against Mexico ($3.25M).,[object Object],Two problems with ratification:,[object Object],1) “Conscience Whigs” got control of House in 1847, threatened to not fund the war.,[object Object],(2) Manifest Destiny expansionists were calling for all of Mexico.,[object Object],Critics suggest $18.25M was for guilty conscience, but need for haste was likely motivator.,[object Object]
Baileychap17
Profit and Loss in Mexico,[object Object],War cost 13,000 US lives,[object Object],most from disease (fairly cheap).,[object Object],Enormous gains: ,[object Object],US territory increased by 1/3,[object Object],larger than LA Purchase.,[object Object],Military success impressed British/foreign critics.,[object Object],After war, Latin America feared US, condemned greed.,[object Object],Heightened slavery tension,[object Object]

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Notas do Editor

  1. 1841 – William Henry Harrison became president • Seen more as figurehead • Daniel Webster (secretary of state) and Henry Clay (in Senate) led Whig Party • Harrison finally reigned in Webster and Clay • After only 4 weeks in office, Harrison got pneumonia and died John Tyler • Virginian aristocrat • Had left Democratic party because of dictatorial tactics of Jackson • Part of minority in Whig party that accepted many states’ rights ideas of Democrats • Opposed Whig party platform • Whigs were pro-bank, pro-protective tariff, prointernal improvements Financial reform first for Whigs • Whig Congress first passed law ending Van Buren’s independent treasury • Signed by Tyler • Congress next passed law for a “Fiscal Bank” to establish new Bank of US Tyler vetoed bill for “Fiscal Bank” • Constitutional and practical grounds • Congress retries; passes bill for “Fiscal Corporation” • Again vetoed by Tyler Political reaction to bank vetoes • Democrats extremely happy; if not for death of Harrison, they would have been stuck with new Bank of US • Whigs extremely angry • Tyler burned in effigy, attacked in words, and even threatened with death • Congress debated impeachment • Tyler’s entire cabinet (except Webster) resigned • Tyler formally expelled from his party The tariff • Whigs passed tariff that was protective (which Tyler opposed) and distributed money from sale of western land to states • Tyler opposed distribution of money to states because federal treasury was low on money • Whigs rewrote law; tariff rate lowered to 32% (about same as 1832 rate) and distribution of money to states dropped • Tyler signed into law because federal government needed money
  2. Anti-British feelings erupted periodically in 1800s • Why Americans were anti-British • Bitter memories of 2 wars with Britain • Pro-British Federalists had disappeared • Aristocratic British looked down on crude Americans • Travelers and magazine writers attacked American backwardness • British writers attacked US because of lack of copyright in US (until 1891 for foreign writers)British loaned money to US economy • Owing money to British made them unpopular in US • Panic of 1837 led to some states defaulting on loans • British attacked US for not paying back loans1837 – short rebellion in Canada • Had no real chance of success • Americans (although US government was neutral) sent money and guns to rebels • Caroline – US ship transporting supplies to Canada set on fire by British • US protested without success • 1840 – a Canadian (McLeod) arrested for Caroline attack in US • Britain threatened war if he was executed • Came up with an alibi and released 1841 – British in Bahamas offered 130 escaped slaves asylum • British had abolished slavery in 1834 • South feared that escaped slaves would run to British Caribbean as well as Canada
  3. British want to build a road from Halifax to Quebec • Would go through land disputed by British and US (1783 Treaty of Paris had been unclear) • “Aroostook War” (1838 – 1839) • Settlers on both sides clashed in Aroostook Valley 1842 – Britain sent Lord Ashburton to make peace (working with Webster) • US and Britain split (approximately) the disputed area • Britain got the land needed to build its road • US got land to west (Minnesota), settling the US-Canada border there
  4. 1836 – 1844 – Texas’s hostile relations with Mexico • Mexico refused to recognize Texas’ independence • Planned to reconquer Texas • Threatened war with US if US annexed Texas Texas entered into negotiations with Britain and France for protection • 1839 – 1840 – treaties with France, Holland, Belgium signed • French also wanted to divide and militarize America by working with Texas British reasons for dealing with Texas • Wanted to stop advance of US in southwest and weaken US • US threatened British possessions in New World • Texas would give British excuse to move into New World and challenge Monroe Doctrine • British abolitionists wanted to use Texas as base to attack slavery in rest of South • Texas important for free trade (while US had protective tariff) • Texas would be grow a lot of cotton that British factories depended on, especially if supply from US was ever cut off
  5. 1844 – Texas became important issue, including in presidential election • US feared British involvement in Texas • Pro-expansionist Democrat Polk won presidential election Tyler gets Texas annexed by US • Believes Polk’s victory gives him “mandate” • Annexation opposed by “conscience Whigs” because of expansion of slavery • Tyler gets Congress to annex Texas by joint resolution (requiring simple majority – 50% + 1) instead of treaty (requiring 2/3 vote) • Early 1845 – Texas annexed by US Mexican reaction to annexation • Believed US had taken Texas from Mexico • Reality of Texas annexation • Had been independent for 9 years • US had to stop foreign powers (especially Britain) from gaining foothold in Texas
  6. Oregon Country • From Rockies to Pacific Ocean, northern California to 54° 40’ line (southern border of Alaska today) • 4 nations claimed all or part of Oregon • Spain, Russia, Britain, US • 1819 – Spain gave up its claim to US in Florida Treaty of 1819 • 1824 – 1825 – Russia moved north of 54° 40’ line with treaties with US and Britain British claims to Oregon • Strongest north of Columbia River • Discovery, exploration, treaty rights, and actual occupation supported British rights • Hudson’s Bay Company traded furs with Indians US claims to Oregon • 1792 – Robert Gray discovered Columbia River • 1804 – 1806 – Lewis and Clark expedition explored Oregon • 1830s – Christian settlers moved to Oregon to convert Indians and settle landTreaty of 1818 • US and Britain had agreed on 49th parallel as northern border of Louisiana Purchase • US and Britain would share Oregon Country • US had wanted to extend 49th parallel across continent, but British wanted area around Columbia River 1840s – Oregon Fever led thousands of Americans to settle Oregon • 1846 – 5,000 Americans south of Columbia River • British only had about 700 north of Columbia • Area in dispute • 49th parallel to Columbia River to Pacific Ocean • British saw need for peaceful solution
  7. President Polk • Took life seriously • Refused to delegate authority • Hard-working but not brilliant • Developed 4-point program for US; achieved in his 1 term • Lower tariff • Restoration of independent treasury • Settlement of Oregon problem (with Britain) • Acquisition of California Lower tariff • Robert Walker (treasury secretary) got Congress to lower tariffs from 32% to 25% • Opposed by New England and middle states • Supported strongly by South • Walker Tariff of 1846 passed • Generated much money for government because of boom in economy and heavy imports Restoration of independent treasury • Van Buren’s had been dropped by Whigs in 1841 • Opposed by pro-Bank of US Whigs • Passed in 1846 Settlement of Oregon problem (with Britain) • South and North had agreed to annex both Texas and Oregon • Texas annexed in 1845 • Sectionalism led South to not push for annexation of Oregon • North wanted 54° 40’ line • 1845 – Polk asked for 49° line but was rejected by Britain Early 1846 – Britain changed its mind; proposed border at 49° • Decided that issue was not worth a war; since many more Americans were there, US would probably be able to seize area anyway • 1846 – Senate approved treaty with Britain • Antislavery northerners attacked compromise • Why all of Texas, but only part of Oregon? • What US got was much better than possible war with Britain
  8. California • Expansionists (including Polk) wanted California • Fertile land, San Francisco Bay • Mixed population in 1845 • 13,000 Mexicans • 75,000 Indians • Under 1,000 Americans Polk wanted to buy California, but couldn’t because of poor relations with Mexico • Default of $3 million that Mexico owed to US citizens • Diplomatic relations cut off by Mexico after US annexed Texas • Dispute over boundary of Texas (northern Nueces River or southern Rio Grande River) • Polk kept US troops out of disputed area to avoid war 1845 – false rumors in Washington that Britain was about to take California • Would be violation of Monroe Doctrine what would force war • Late 1845 – Polk sent John Slidell to negotiate with Mexico • Authorized to buy California and other land for up to $25 million • Slidell not allowed to make proposal in MexicoJanuary 13, 1846 – Polk tries to provoke a war • Sent 4,000 troops under General Zachary Taylor to Texas • No war occurred • May 9, 1846 – Polk proposed declaration of war to his cabinet • Based on unpaid money by Mexico and rejection of Slidell in Mexico • Cabinet concerned that these “reasons” weren’t good enough; needed Mexican troops to fire to justify war Night of May 9 – news arrived in Washington that Mexican troops had fired on US troops • April 25, 1846 – Mexicans troops had crossed Rio Grande and fired on Taylor’s troops; 16 killed and woundedPolk sends war message to Congress •
  9. Claimed Mexico had forced war on US • Mexico had shed “American blood upon the American soil” • Congress overwhelmingly voted for war • Even antislavery North supported war (although some later turned against Polk because of it) Evaluating Polk’s claims • Mexicans had killed Americans on soil that they actually saw as theirs (not “American soil”) • Abraham Lincoln introduced “spot” resolutions in Congress • Called on Polk to specify exact “spot” on map where hostilities occurred • Northern antislavery Whigs called Polk a liar Who caused the war? • Polk wanted the war to take California • Mexico refused to sell it • Feared British might take it if US didn’t act • Mexico wanted to defeat US • Large standing army that even dreamed of invading US • Hoped fight with Britain in Oregon would turn to simultaneous war • Did not believe US could successfully invade Mexico • Americans and Mexicans both saw other side as causing the war
  10. Santa Anna • Had been in exile in Cuba • US allowed him to return to sell out his country • Santa Anna betrays US and leads Mexican fight against US August 1846 – General Stephen Kearny take fort at Santa Fe • Kearny then marches to California • June 1846 – Captain John C. Frémont works with Americans in California and US Navy to overthrow Mexicans • Establish independent Bear Flag Republic 1846 – 1847 – General Zachary Taylor invades Mexico • February 22-23, 1847 – Taylor (with 5,000) drives back Santa Anna (with 20,000) • Early 1847 – General Winfield Scott lands at Vera Cruz and moves north to Mexico City • September 1847 – American victory at Mexico City under ScottNegotiator Nicholas P. Trist sent with Scott to Mexico city to end war with Mexico • Makes several mistakes (including failed bribe of Santa Anna) • Polk tries to recall him, but Trist refuses to go February 2, 1848 – Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo signed between Trist and Mexicans • US given official title to Texas • Mexican Cession • Land of present-day Southwest, including California granted to US • About 1/2 of Mexico at the time • US would pay $15 million for the land • US would pay $3.25 million that Mexico owed to US citizens Polk submitted treaty to Senate • Opponents in Congress (“Conscience Whigs”) opposed war and expansion of southern land (where slavery would be practiced) • Threatened to cut off funding for war in 1847 • Expansionists (especially Democratic Southerners) wanted to take all of Mexico • Congress compromised and approved treaty 38 – 14 Mexican War was relatively small • 13,000 US soldiers died, most from disease • US increased its land by about 1/3 • Gave field experience to future generals of Civil War • Including Grant and Lee • US military served with success • No defeats, no mistakes • Europe (especially Britain) saw US as more powerfulMexican army fought fiercely, but with poor leadership • US gained more respect for Mexican fighting ability • Turning point in relations between US and Mexico (and rest of Latin America) • Mexico angry at “theft” of their land • Before, US had been seen as friend; now seen as greedy bully War aroused slavery issue • North claimed that war was fought to expand slavery • Most land gained was south of 36° 30’ line • Most soldiers were from South • Although real reason is that they were closer to the action • Wilmot Proviso • David Wilmot (WIL-maht), representative from Pennsylvania • 1846 – would ban slavery in any territory taken from Mexico • Passed House, but not Senate; southerners refused to give in • All but 1 free state legislatures endorsed it • Slavery issues brought up by Mexican War not settled until Civil War
  11. Santa Anna • Had been in exile in Cuba • US allowed him to return to sell out his country • Santa Anna betrays US and leads Mexican fight against US August 1846 – General Stephen Kearny take fort at Santa Fe • Kearny then marches to California • June 1846 – Captain John C. Frémont works with Americans in California and US Navy to overthrow Mexicans • Establish independent Bear Flag Republic 1846 – 1847 – General Zachary Taylor invades Mexico • February 22-23, 1847 – Taylor (with 5,000) drives back Santa Anna (with 20,000) • Early 1847 – General Winfield Scott lands at Vera Cruz and moves north to Mexico City • September 1847 – American victory at Mexico City under ScottNegotiator Nicholas P. Trist sent with Scott to Mexico city to end war with Mexico • Makes several mistakes (including failed bribe of Santa Anna) • Polk tries to recall him, but Trist refuses to go February 2, 1848 – Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo signed between Trist and Mexicans • US given official title to Texas • Mexican Cession • Land of present-day Southwest, including California granted to US • About 1/2 of Mexico at the time • US would pay $15 million for the land • US would pay $3.25 million that Mexico owed to US citizens Polk submitted treaty to Senate • Opponents in Congress (“Conscience Whigs”) opposed war and expansion of southern land (where slavery would be practiced) • Threatened to cut off funding for war in 1847 • Expansionists (especially Democratic Southerners) wanted to take all of Mexico • Congress compromised and approved treaty 38 – 14 Mexican War was relatively small • 13,000 US soldiers died, most from disease • US increased its land by about 1/3 • Gave field experience to future generals of Civil War • Including Grant and Lee • US military served with success • No defeats, no mistakes • Europe (especially Britain) saw US as more powerfulMexican army fought fiercely, but with poor leadership • US gained more respect for Mexican fighting ability • Turning point in relations between US and Mexico (and rest of Latin America) • Mexico angry at “theft” of their land • Before, US had been seen as friend; now seen as greedy bully War aroused slavery issue • North claimed that war was fought to expand slavery • Most land gained was south of 36° 30’ line • Most soldiers were from South • Although real reason is that they were closer to the action • Wilmot Proviso • David Wilmot (WIL-maht), representative from Pennsylvania • 1846 – would ban slavery in any territory taken from Mexico • Passed House, but not Senate; southerners refused to give in • All but 1 free state legislatures endorsed it • Slavery issues brought up by Mexican War not settled until Civil War