1. Section 3 Notes

2. The World in 1050
 Several other civilizations were flourishing outside of
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Europe during this same time period:
Muslim empire
India
Tang and Song dynasties in China
Sonike people of West Africa
Mayans and Incas
Byzantine empire
Seljuk Turks
Pope Innocent IV wrote a letter to the Mongols asking for
their help in the struggle against the Muslims in
Arabic, Mongol, and Latin

3. The Crusades
 At the Council of Clermont in 1095, Pope Urban II
called for Christian knights to help fight the Turks and
drive them out of the Holy Land
 The objective was to capture Jerusalem from the Turks
and put it back under Christian control---in today’s
world, Jews, Christians, and Muslims all consider
Jerusalem to be a holy city
 Motivations for the crusaders---religious zeal, win
wealth and land, escape troubles at home, adventure
 Pope’s motivations---heal the schism between the
Roman and Byzantine churches

4. Pope Urban II

5. Crusade Battle

6. Jerusalem

7. Battle for Jerusalem

8. Shield and Weapons

9. Re-Enactment

10. The Crusades
 Only the First Crusade came close to achieving its goals
 Christian knights captured Jerusalem in 1099 and
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celebrated by massacring Muslim and Jewish residents of
the city
The Crusades continued off and on for over 200 years
Saladin defeated the Crusaders during the Third Crusade
The Crusaders were led by Richard the Lionheart
During the Fourth Crusade, Christian crusaders ended up
fighting each other
In 1291, upon capturing the port city of Acre, the Muslims
massacred Christians

11. Map of the Crusades

12. Saladin and Richard the Lionheart

13. Effects of the Crusades
 Five lasting effects of the Crusades on Europe:
 Economic expansion
 Introduction of new words
 Increased power for monarchs
 Increased tensions between Byzantine and Roman
churches
 Wider world view

14. Effects of the Crusades
 Products introduced into Europe: fabrics, spices, and
perfumes
 Words we use that came from the Arabic language:
sugar, cotton, and rice

15. Effects of the Crusades
 Monarchs won the right to levy taxes in order to
support the Crusades
 Papal power was brought to its height by the Crusades
 Christians realized for the first time that millions of
people lived in regions they had never known existed

16. Marco Polo
 Originally from Venice, Italy and in 1271 set out to
explore China with his father and uncle
 He spent many years in China and eventually returned
home and was called the “prince of liars” because
people did not believe the stories he told them
 While in China, Polo observed a government-run mail
service and people using coal to heat their homes

17. Marco Polo

18. Reconquista
 Reconquista=reconquest of Spain from the Muslim
forces
 In 1085, Christian forces captured the city of Toledo--their first real success
 By 1300, Christians controlled the entire Iberian
Peninsula except for Granada
 Muslim influences remained strong, though, and
helped shape the arts and literature of Christian Spain

19. Toledo

20. Toledo

21. Toledo

22. Toledo

23. Toledo

24. Granada

25. Alhambra

26. Alhambra

27. Alhambra

28. Alhambra

29. Alhambra

30. Alhambra

31. Alhambra

32. Alhambra

33. Alhambra

34. Alhambra

35. Ferdinand and Isabella
 The marriage of Ferdinand of Aragon and Isabella of
Castile in 1469 paved the way the unified Spain
 Granada fell in 1492 and this marked the end of the
Reconquista
 Isabella was determined to bring religious and political
unity to Spain

36. Ferdinand and Isabella

37. The Inquisition
 Under Muslim rule, Spain had enjoyed a tradition of
religious toleration where Christians, Jews, and
Muslims lived in relative peace
 Inquisition---church court set up to try people for
heresy
 Isabella used this to launch a brutal crusade against
Jews and Muslims
 People who refused to convert to Christianity were
burned alive at the stake

38. Burning at the Stake

39. Torture Devices

40. Inquisition Torture

41. Inquisition Torture