EDU236 Technology for Educators

1. Chapter 4
HARDWARE FOR
EDUCATORS

2. Chapter Objectives
2
 Describe the system unit
 Define the term bit and describe how a series of bits are




used to represent data
Identify the major components of the system unit and
explain their functions
Explain how the CPU uses the four steps of a machine cycle
to process data
Describe the four types of input as well as input devices and
pointing devices
List the characteristics of a keyboard and identify various
types of keyboards
Chapter 4: Hardware for Educators

3. Chapter Objectives
3
 Differentiate among the four types of output
 Identify different types of output devices
 Explain differences among various types of printers
 Differentiate between storage and memory
 Identify types of storage media and devices
 Differentiate between CDs and DVDs
Chapter 4: Hardware for Educators

4. The System Unit
 System unit

Boxlike case that houses
the electronic components
of the computer that are
used to process data
Chapter 4: Hardware for Educators
4

5. Data Representation
 Analog vs. Digital
 Analog

Uses continuous signals to
represent data and information
 Digital


Computers as electronic devices
that are powered by electricity
Therefore, digital devices only
understand two states
 on – represented by the number
1
 off – represented by the
number 0
 Each off or on digital value is
called a bit (short for binary
digit)
Chapter 4: Hardware for Educators
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6. Data Representation
6
 Binary number system
 Combination of ones and zeroes represent characters
Chapter 4: Hardware for Educators

7. Data Representation
7
 Bit vs. Byte



By itself a bit is not very informative
Eight bits equals one byte
A byte provides a combination of 0s and 1s to represent 256
individual characters (numbers, letters, punctuation marks)
 The system of representing these characters are defined
by patterns called a coding system




ASCII - American Standard Code for Information Interchange
ASCII system converts every keyboard stroke into a byte
When processing of the stroke into bytes is completed the result is
numbers, letters, and special characters displayed on the screen
Conversion takes place so quickly you don’t even realize they are
happening
Chapter 4: Hardware for Educators

8. Chapter 4: Hardware for Educators
8

9. The Components of the System Unit
9
 The Motherboard


Contains many of the electronic
components
Chip
A small piece of
semiconducting material that is
made up of many layers of
circuits and microscopic
components
 Usually no bigger than onehalf-inch square
 Contains many microscopic
pathways that carry electrical
current
 Contains many different types
of chips, including the CPU

Chapter 4: Hardware for Educators

10. The Components of the System Unit
10
 CPU
 A single chip inside the
motherboard
 Dual-core processor – a single
chip with dual processors
 Multi-core processor – a single
chip with multiple processors
 Interprets and carries out the
basic instructions that operate
a computer
 Microprocessor manages most
of a computer’s operations
Chapter 4: Hardware for Educators

11. Chapter 4: Hardware for Educators
11

12. The Components of the System Unit
12
 The Control Unit
 A component of the CPU that directs and coordinates most of
the operations in the computer
Fetch - get the next instruction from memory
 Decode - translate the instruction
 Execute - carry out the command
 Store the result - write the result to memory
 Machine cycle

Chapter 4: Hardware for Educators

13. Image depicting the Machine Cycle
Chapter 4: Hardware for Educators
13

14. The Components of the System Unit
14
 The Arithmetic/Logic Unit (ALU)
 Performs the execution part of the machine cycle
 Arithmetic (addition, subtraction, multiplication, division)
 Comparison (greater than, equal to, less than)
 Logical (AND, OR, NOT)
Chapter 4: Hardware for Educators

15. The Components of the System Unit
15
 The System Clock
 Synchronizes, or controls the timing of, all computer
operations
 Each tick is called a clock cycle
 Speed measured in gigahertz (GHz)
 Clock speed the speed at which a processor executes
instructions (measured in gigahertz GHz)
 Giga = one billion
 Hertz = one cycle per second
 1 GHz = one billion ticks of the system clock in one second
 Faster clock means more instructions the CPU can execute
each second
Chapter 4: Hardware for Educators

16. The Components of the System Unit
16
 Memory
 Used to store data and instructions
 Memory chips on circuit boards store the data and instructions
 Memory store three basic items:
The operating system and other system software
 Application software
 Data being processed by application programs


Bytes are stored at specific locations or addresses
Chapter 4: Hardware for Educators

17. Terms of Storage Size
17
Kilobyte (KB)
= 1 thousand bytes
Chapter 4: Hardware for Educators
= 1,024 bytes
= ½ page of text

18. Seats in a stadium are similar to addresses in memory:
(1)
A seat in a stadium holds one person at a time, and an address in memory holds a single
byte
(2)
(3)
Chapter 4: Hardware for Educators
Both a seat and an address can be empty
A seat has a unique identifying number and so does an address
18

19. The Components of the System Unit
19
 Memory
 Size of memory is measured by the number of bytes available
 Volatile memory – contents are lost when the computer is
turned off
 Nonvolatile memory – contents are not lost when the
computer is turned off
Chapter 4: Hardware for Educators

20. The Components of the System Unit
20
 Random Access Memory (RAM)
 The memory chips in the system unit
 When the computer starts, certain operating system files are
loaded from a hard disk into RAM
 Synchronous Dynamic RAM (SDRAM)
 Dual Inline Memory Module (DIMM)
Chapter 4: Hardware for Educators

21. The Components of the System Unit
 Random Access Memory
(RAM)

RAM Chips
Smaller in size than
processor chips
 Commonly hold up to 4
gigabytes of memory

Chapter 4: Hardware for Educators
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22. The Components of the System Unit
22
 Random Access Memory (RAM)
 Configuring RAM
The more RAM, the more programs and files a computer can work
on at once
 Software usually tells you how much RAM is required
 For an application to perform optimally, you usually need more
than the minimum specifications

Chapter 4: Hardware for Educators

23. The Components of the System Unit
 Read-Only Memory (ROM)
 Cannot be modified
 Contents not lost when the
computer is turned off
 These type of chips are also
installed on cars, home
appliances, toys, educational
games
 Flash Memory
 Type of nonvolatile memory
that can be erased
electronically and rewritten
on
 Example of how flash
memory works:
 Computer changes from
standard time to daylight
saving time
Chapter 4: Hardware for Educators
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24. The Components of the System Unit
24
 Expansion Slots and Expansion Cards

Expansion slot
A


socket on the motherboard that can hold an adapter card
 Add new devices or capabilities to the computer
Expansion card
 Circuit board that enhances functions of a system
component and/or provides connections to peripherals
Plug and Play
Chapter 4: Hardware for Educators

25. The Components of the System Unit
25
 Removable Memory
Devices




Flash memory cards
USB flash drives
PC Cards
ExpressCard modules
Chapter 4: Hardware for Educators

26. The Components of the System Unit
26
 Ports and Connectors
 Port
Point of attachment to the system
unit
 Usually on the back and front of the
system unit


Connectors

Used to plug into ports
 Male connectors
 Female connectors
Chapter 4: Hardware for Educators

27. The Components of the System Unit
 Ports and Connectors





USB
USB 2.0
USB 3.0
FireWire
Bluetooth
Chapter 4: Hardware for Educators
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28. What is Input?
28
 Any data or instructions you enter into the
memory of a computer




Data – unprocessed items
Programs - series of instructions that tells the
computer how to perform a task
Commands - an instruction given to a computer
program
User responses - responses to questions or messages
from the software
Chapter 4: Hardware for Educators

29. Chapter 4: Hardware for Educators
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30. What are Input Devices?
30
 Any hardware component that:
 allows you to enter
data,
 programs,
 commands,
 user responses into a computer

Chapter 4: Hardware for Educators

31. What are Input Devices?
31
 The Keyboard







Typing area
Numeric keypad
Toggle keys
Status lights
Arrow keys - arrow control keys
Function keys
Specialized buttons
Chapter 4: Hardware for Educators

32. Chapter 4: Hardware for Educators
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33. What are Input Devices?
33
 Pointing Devices
 An input device that allows you to control a pointer on the
screen
Block arrow
 I-beam
 Pointing hand

Chapter 4: Hardware for Educators

34. What are Input Devices?
 Pointing Devices

Mouse








One or two button mouse
Scroll wheel
Moving the mouse pointer
Clicking
Dragging
Double-clicking
Optical mouse
Cordless mouse
Chapter 4: Hardware for Educators
34

35. What are Input Devices?
 Touchpad and Pointing
Stick


Touchpad – small, flat,
rectangular pointing device
that is sensitive to pressure
and motion
Pointing Stick – pressuresensitive pointing device
shaped like a pencil eraser
Chapter 4: Hardware for Educators
35

36. What are Input Devices?
 Pointing Devices

Trackball
Like a mouse, but the ball
is on top
 Often used on portable
computers

Chapter 4: Hardware for Educators
36

37. What are Input Devices?
 Pointing Devices

Joystick
Uses the movement of a
vertical lever
 Often used with games


Wheel
Steering-wheel type input
device
 Used to simulate driving a
car or other vehicle

Chapter 4: Hardware for Educators
37

38. What are Input Devices?
 Pointing Devices

Touch screen
Monitor has a touch
sensitive panel
 Used to issue simple
commands or choose from
a list of options
 Kiosks

Chapter 4: Hardware for Educators
38

39. What are Input Devices?
39
 Optical Scanners
 Captures an entire page of text or images such as photographs
or artwork electronically
 Converts the text or image on the original document into
digital data that can be stored on a storage medium and
processed by the computer
Chapter 4: Hardware for Educators

40. What are Input Devices?
 Pen Input



Users write, draw, and
tap on a flat surface to
enter input
Stylus – small metal or
plastic device that
looks like a tiny ink
pen but uses pressure
instead of ink
Digital pen – slightly
larger than a stylus
Chapter 4: Hardware for Educators
40

41. What are Input Devices?
 Digital Cameras


Allows you to take pictures
and store the
photographed images
digitally
Download, or transfer,
pictures to your computer
Chapter 4: Hardware for Educators
41

42. What are Input Devices?
42
 Audio and Video Input
 Audio input
Entering speech, music, or sound effects
 Sound card
 Speech Recognition
 Computer’s capability of distinguishing spoken words

Chapter 4: Hardware for Educators

43. What are Input Devices?
43
 Audio and Video Input
 Video input

Capturing a full-motion recording onto a computer and storing the
video on a computer’s storage medium
Chapter 4: Hardware for Educators

44. What are Input Devices?
 PDAs, Smart Phones, and
Media Players Input






Navigation receiver
Microphone
Digital camera
Data transfer
Wireless keyboard
Stylus
Chapter 4: Hardware for Educators
44

45. What is Output?
 Text
 Graphics
 Audio
 Video
Chapter 4: Hardware for Educators
45

46. What are Output Devices?
46
 Any computer component capable of conveying
information to the user
 Commonly used output devices







Display devices
Printers
Data projectors
Facsimile machines
Multifunction devices
Interactive whiteboards
Speakers, headphones, and earphones
Chapter 4: Hardware for Educators

47. What are Output Devices?
47
 Display Devices
 Screen housed in a plastic or metal case
 Variety of sizes
 Cathode ray tube (CRT)
 Pixels
 Flat-panel displays
LCD (liquid crystal display) monitors
 LCD screens
 Plasma monitors

Chapter 4: Hardware for Educators

48. Chapter 4: Hardware for Educators
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49. What are Output Devices?
 Plasma Monitors


Some can measure more than
150 inches wide
Uses gas plasma technology,
which sandwiches a layer of gas
between two glass plates
Chapter 4: Hardware for Educators
49

50. What are Output Devices?
50
 Monitor Quality
 Resolution (sharpness and clarity)

Expressed as number of columns and rows
 1600 x 1200
Chapter 4: Hardware for Educators

51. What are Output Devices?
51
 Televisions
 Output device for game consoles
 Some came consoles include a small LCD screen
 Larger television displays are more preferable
Chapter 4: Hardware for Educators

52. What are Output Devices?
52
 Printers
 An output device that produces text and graphics on a physical
medium such as paper or transparency film
 Hard copy (printout)
 Portrait orientation vs. landscape orientation
 Printing requirements vary
Chapter 4: Hardware for Educators

53. What are Output Devices?
 Nonimpact Printers



Do not strike paper
Much quieter
Ink-jet printers
Spray tiny drops of ink
onto the paper
 Both black-and-white and
color


Photo printers
Produce photo lab quality
pictures
 Many use ink-jet
technology

Chapter 4: Hardware for Educators
53

54. What are Output Devices?
 Nonimpact Printers

Laser printers
High-speed, high-quality
nonimpact printer
 Very high quality
resolution

Chapter 4: Hardware for Educators
54

55. What are Output Devices?
 Data Projectors



Allows an audience to view
output
LCD projectors
Digital light processing
(DLP) projector
Chapter 4: Hardware for Educators
55

56. What are Output Devices?
 Facsimile (Fax) Machine



Used to transmit and
receive an image of a
document over a telephone
line
Stand-alone
Fax modem
Chapter 4: Hardware for Educators
56

57. What are Output Devices?
 Multifunction Devices



Can print, scan, copy, and
fax
Less space
Lower cost than separate
units
Chapter 4: Hardware for Educators
57

58. What are Output Devices?
58
 Interactive whiteboards
 Touch-sensitive device,
resembling a dry-erase board
 A presenter controls the
computer program used to
display the image by:




Clicking a remote control
Touching the whiteboard
Drawing on or erasing the
whiteboard
Writing on a special tablet
Chapter 4: Hardware for Educators

59. What are Output Devices?
 Speakers, Headphones,
and Earphones



Voice output
Audio output device
Internal speaker
Chapter 4: Hardware for Educators
59

60. What is Storage?
 The media on which data,
instructions, and
information are kept
 The devices that record and
retrieve data, instructions,
and information
 Similar to a filing cabinet
Chapter 4: Hardware for Educators
60

61. Storage Media and Devices
61
 Storage medium
 Also called secondary storage
 Physical material
 Storage device
 Mechanism used to record and retrieve these items to and
from a storage medium
 Capacity measured in megabytes or gigabytes
Chapter 4: Hardware for Educators

62. Storage Media and Devices
62
 Magnetic Disk
 Uses magnetic patterns to store data, instructions, and
information on the disk’s surface
 Formatting is the process of preparing a disk for reading and
writing by organizing the disk into storage locations called
tracks and sectors
Chapter 4: Hardware for Educators

63. Storage Media and Devices
63
 Hard Disks
 Provide large storage capacity
 Sizes range from 160 GB to 1.5 TB
 Consists of several inflexible, circular disks, called platters
 Magnetic storage device
 Formatting
Chapter 4: Hardware for Educators

64. Storage Media and Devices
64
 Miniature and Portable Hard Disks
 Miniature hard disks are found in consumer electronics and
have greater storage capacities than flash memory
 External hard disks connect to a
USB or FireWire port by a cable
Chapter 4: Hardware for Educators

65. Storage Media and Devices
65
 CDs and DVDs
 Optical storage media
 Used to distribute software
 Laser reads pits on the surface
 Used on multimedia computers
 Several types
Chapter 4: Hardware for Educators

66. Storage Media and Devices
66
 Care of Optical Discs
 Can last up to 100 years if properly cared for
 Never bend a disc
 Avoid extreme temperatures and humidity
 Keep away from contaminants
 Do not stack or touch discs
 Use a protective case
Chapter 4: Hardware for Educators

67. Storage Media and Devices
 CD-ROM




Compact disc read-only
memory
Can contain text, graphics,
video, as well as sound
Can hold up to 1 GB
Used to distribute software
Chapter 4: Hardware for Educators
67

68. Storage Media and Devices
68
 Picture CDs


Stores digital versions of a
single roll of film using a
.jpg file format
Most optical drives can
read a Picture CD
Chapter 4: Hardware for Educators

69. Storage Media and Devices
69
 CD-R and CD-RW
 Compact disc-recordable
Can write on each part of the disc only one time
 Cannot be erased


Compact disc-rewriteable
Can write on multiple times
 Erasable disc

Chapter 4: Hardware for Educators

70. Storage Media and Devices
70
 DVD and BD
 Digital video disc read-only memory (DVD-ROM)
Can store from 4.7 GB to 17 GB
 High quality
 DVD-ROM drives


BD (Blu-ray Disc) has storage capacities of 100GB, with
expectations of exceeding 200 GB
Chapter 4: Hardware for Educators

71. Storage Media and Devices
71
 Miniature Mobile Storage Media
Chapter 4: Hardware for Educators

72. Storage Media and Devices
72
Chapter 4: Hardware for Educators

73. Storage Media and Devices
73
 USB Flash Drive

Storage device that plugs
into a USB port on a
computer or mobile device
 Smart Card


Similar in size to a credit
card
Stores data on a thin
microprocessor embedded
in the card
Chapter 4: Hardware for Educators

74. Chapter Summary
74
 Describe the system unit
 Define the term bit and describe how a series of bits are




used to represent data
Identify the major components of the system unit and
explain their functions
Explain how the CPU uses the four steps of a machine cycle
to process data
Describe the four types of input as well as input devices and
pointing devices
List the characteristics of a keyboard and identify various
types of keyboards
Chapter 4: Hardware for Educators

75. Chapter Summary
75
 Differentiate among the four types of output
 Identify different types of output devices
 Explain differences among various types of printers
 Differentiate between storage and memory
 Identify types of storage media and devices
 Differentiate between CDs and DVDs
Chapter 4: Hardware for Educators

76. Chapter 4 Complete
HARDWARE FOR
EDUCATORS