ENBE FP - REPORT

Content:
1. Introduction ……………………………………………………………………………
2. A Investigation on Better Township or Town or City Guidelines and Issues……
3. Investigation & Data Collection: Ancient and old cities…………………………
4. Investigation & Data Collection: The present towns/cities ………………………….
5. Investigation & Data Collection: The future and better township ………………
6. The New “X” Town ………………………………………………………………………
7. The conclusion ………………………………………………………………………………
8. References list ……………………………………………………………………………..

1.Introduction
People live, work, and have fun together in many different kinds of
communities. A city is a large community, home to many people; a town is a
small community; a suburb is a community located outside of a city; and a
neighbourhood is a small community that consists of the people and buildings
near home. The relationship between the city, town, suburb and
neighbourhood is greatly interrelated. Cities need lungs for breathing,
basically well-maintained open, green, public spaces. The city as a physical
composition involves interaction between these man-made and natural
components. Basically, a city consists of spaces for human activities and
interactions. It creates identity to a certain city.
According to the project brief proposed, which is “The X Town” project, we
are all required to create and understand what makes a better town. In this
project, we would need to understand the ‘built environment’ and what are
the suitable elements that can build a better and livable town for the
residents in that area.

2.The City
A city is a relatively large and permanent human settlement. Although there is no
agreement on how a city is distinguished from a town within general English
language meanings, many cities have a particular administrative, legal, or
historical status based on local law.
Cities generally have complex systems for sanitation, utilities, land usage, housing,
and transportation. The concentration of development greatly facilitates
interaction between people and businesses, benefiting both parties in the
process, but it also presents challenges to managing urban growth. A big city or
metropolis usually has associated suburbs and exurbs. Such cities are usually
associated with metropolitan areas and urban areas, creating numerous
business commuters traveling to urban centers for employment.
A city formed as central places of trade for the benefit of the members living in
close proximity to others facilitates interaction of all kinds. These interactions
generate both positive and negative externalities between others' actions.
Benefits include reduced transport costs, exchange of ideas, sharing of natural
resources, large local markets, and later in their development, amenities such
as running water and sewage disposal. Possible costs would include higher rate
of crime, higher mortality rates, higher cost of living, worse pollution, traffic and
high commuting times. Cities grow when the benefits of proximity between
people and firms are higher than the cost.
HISTORY
Early cities developed in a number of regions of the ancient world. Uruk is the
world's first city. After Mesopotamia, this culture arose in Syria and Anatolia, as
shown by the city of Çatalhöyük (7500–5700BC). It is the largest Neolithic site
found to date. Although it has sometimes been claimed. that
ancient Egypt lacked urbanism, several types of urban settlements were found
in ancient times.

During the Middle Ages, a town was as much a political entity as a collection of
houses. City residence brought freedom from customary rural obligations to
lord and community: "Stadtluft macht frei" ("City air makes you free") was a
saying in Germany. In Continental Europe cities with a legislature of their own
were not unheard of, the laws for towns as a rule other than for the countryside,
the lord of a town often being another than for surrounding land. In the Holy
Roman Empire, some cities had no other lord than the emperor. In
Italy medieval communes had quite a state like power. In exceptional cases
like Venice, Genoa or Lübeck, cities themselves became powerful states,
sometimes taking surrounding areas under their control or establishing extensive
maritime empires. Similar phenomena existed elsewhere, as in the case of Sakai,
which enjoyed a considerable autonomy in late medieval Japan.
During the early modern stage, Most towns remained far smaller, so that in 1500
only some two dozen places in the world contained more than 100,000
inhabitants. As late as 1700, there were fewer than forty, a figure that rose to
300 in 1900. A small city of the early modern period might contain as few as
10,000 inhabitants, a town far fewer.
The growth of modern industry from the late 18th century onward led to
massive urbanization and the rise of new great cities, first in Europe and then in
other regions, as new opportunities brought huge numbers of migrants from
rural communities into urban areas. In the United States from 1860 to 1910, the
invention of railroads reduced transportation costs, and large manufacturing
centers began to emerge, thus allowing migration from rural to city areas.
However, cities during those periods of time were deadly places to live in, due
to health problems resulting from contaminated water and air, and
communicable diseases. In the Great Depression of the 1930s cities were hard
hit by unemployment, especially those with a base in heavy industry. In the U.S.
urbanization rate increased forty to eighty percent during 1900–1990. Today the
world's population is slightly over half urban, with millions still streaming annually
into the growing cities of Asia, Africa and Latin America.

There are a few elements that makes a town. For example, the recreational
area. This area allows residents and tourists to have fun while relaxing and
having a good time. Examples of recreational areas are urban parks, pocket
parks, playgrounds, and beaches. Besides, there’s the education area. In
order to prevent the residents from migrating to other countries or places
because of education purposes, there should be sufficient or good education
areas in the town. The government sector is also compulsory to keep the town
running smoothly. Commercial areas such as plazas and shopping malls
could be keep a town’s economy and traffic alive. Hospitality areas such as
hotels could also improve the town’s tourism. A town should also have
hospitals and fire departments to keep the residents of the town feeling safe.
WHAT MAKES A GOOD TOWN?
In a good town, the transportation system must be well planned. For example,
the roads, pedestrian walkways, bicycle lanes and others. It should be flexible
ad convenient for the residents and tourists to move around town easily.
Secondly, Nature’s priority is also important to keep a town’s greenery which
could provide fresh air and keep the town looking livelier. Drainage system
must be well planned and systematic. Besides, the facilities provided in the
town and its location should also be convenient for the residents of the town.
Places of amusement for entertainment and tourist attraction could also
improve the town in economy.

3.Investigation & Data Collection:
PRESENT TOWN
ABOUT THE TOWN
Oia, is a town located in Santorini island, Greece. Oia is pronounced "EE-ah"
with alternate name as "Pano Meria". Oia is a small town and
former community in the South Aegean on the islands of Thira (Santorini)
and Therasia, in the Cyclades, Greece. Since the 2011 local government
reform it has been part of the municipality of Santorini, of which it is a
municipal unit. It covers the whole island of Therasia and the north western
most part of Santorini, which it shares with the municipal unit of Santorini. The
main street is named Nikolaou Nomikou. The population was 3376 inhabitants
at the 2001 census, and the land area is 19.449 km.

SIGNIFICANT INFORMATION
Oia is known as a mariner’s town that flourished as a result of seaborne trade
throughout the Mediterranean ocean. Oia was also great in wine production
in 1890. Oia was also known as a tourism area even since the ancient days
because of its architecture which are the white and blue domed houses, also
known as cave houses. The colour of the buildings gives the village an
effective white perspective and elegance. And also, the houses are painted
in white lime water so that the rainwater which falls over it runs down and can
be collected. Preservation and restoration of their Greek architecture have
highly increased the rate of tourism until now.
CONCLUSION - WHAT I’VE LEARNT
Preservation of nature’s architecture might be very useful. For example, such
as caves and cliffs could be carved and turned into buildings. Using white
lime water to paint on buildings is also very useful as to collect rainwater and
reusing it for gardening purposes or also washing the cars. Oia have been
critically damaged by an earthquake in 1956 and was also redeveloped
again, but the economic prosperity was never improved since then. From
what I’ve learnt, I think a town on an island must be very stable and safe
especially from natural disasters such as earthquakes and tsunamis and must
have good planning before these disasters strikes.
HYDRAULIC LIME

The Future Town
ABOUT THE TOWN
Singapore officially the Republic of Singapore, is a sovereign city-state and island
country in Southeast Asia. It lies off the southern tip of the Malay Peninsula and is 137
kilometres (85 mi) north of the equator. The country's territory consists of the lozenge-
shaped main island, commonly referred to as Singapore Island in English and Pulau
Ujong in Malay, and more than 60 significantly smaller islets. Singapore is separated
from Peninsular Malaysia by the Straits of Johor to the north, and
from Indonesia's Riau Islands by the Singapore Strait to the south. The country is
highly urbanised, and little of the original vegetation remains. The country's territory
has consistently expanded through land reclamation.

Since Singapore is a small island with a high population density, the number of
private cars on the road is restricted so as to curb pollution and congestion. Car
buyers must pay for duties one-and-a-half times the vehicle's market value, and bid
for a Singaporean Certificate of Entitlement (COE), which allows the car to run on
the road for a decade. The cost of the Singaporean certificate of entitlement alone
would buy a Porsche Boxster in the United States. Car prices are generally
significantly higher in Singapore than in other English-speaking countries and thus
only one in 10 residents owns a car. As with most Commonwealth countries, vehicles
on the road and people walking on the streets keep to the left.
Furthermore, What made Singapore a significant town is its green concept in
architecture. Singapore is not just the greatest city, but also the greenest city. The
development of Singapore as a Garden City was a vision put forward to integrate
the environment with urban development and soften the effects of a concrete
jungle. Now, there are trees along every road and parks in every estate. And also,
with the aim of creating a continuous ring of greenery, with the three different
gardens wrapping around the Marina Bay area. Called "Gardens by the Bay," the
project will stretch over 54 hectares, approximately the size of 72 soccer fields when
it's completed in 2010, and it will boast enormous super trees that provide the
gardens with shade, shelter and a steady source of rain water as well as a cluster of
green conservatories.

CONCLUSION – WHAT I’VE LEARNT
Cities are humanity's future. Addressing the challenges that people will face in
hyper-urban environments could not be more important, especially as it is far easier
to implement the right solutions from the start than to fix a flawed system later.
Singapore faced these challenges from the beginning and continues to address
them through urban innovation. Developing world cities can learn from Singapore's
experience and take green challenges seriously.

ANCIENT TOWN
ABOUT THE TOWN
Ponza, Latina, Italy. Ponza was named after Pontius Pilate. The island became
part of the Kingdom of Italy in the mid-19th century and it is now part of the
Republic of Italy. The island's isolation destined it to serve as a penal colony by
various regimes. During the two decades of fascism, Ponza and
nearby Ventotene served as a prison for political opponents of Benito
Mussolini's regime. The Ethiopian emperor Ras Immiru, who was captured by
the Italian Army in 1936, was imprisoned in a house in Santa Maria. Mussolini
himself was imprisoned on the island for several weeks after being overthrown
and arrested in 1943. A few years ago engineers working on an ancient
Roman tunnel that connected the harbour part of Ponza to the
neighborhood of Santa Maria, used explosives to dig a conduit nearby —
they were supposed to use a chisel. The explosive shock shattered and
destroyed this 2,100 year old Roman Gallery Tunnel. The Tunnel that connects
Ponza with Santa Maria is now repaired, but many residents complain that it
does not look like it used to, with steel reinforced concrete in place of Roman
Bricks.

Its biggest industry is tourism followed by boatbuilding, boat repair and fishing.
Mining was also huge in improving the town’s economy. The mines
produced Kaolinite medicine and the Bentonite is to manufacture porcelain.
This mine was then closed down because the mining operation was
destroying the wildlife and flora, which are Endangered species.
The island is famed for its Blue Grottoes, which were created by the Etruscans.
A Roman tunnel that connects the town of Ponza to the (now closed) large
sandy beach called Chiaia di Luna on the west side. The island has
many archeological ruins visible everywhere, including Egyptian, Canaanite,
Greek, and Phoenician necropoli ruins in the middle of the island. There
are Etruscan ruins on parts of the island jumbled with Roman ruins. A large
statue called Il Mamozio ("The Mummy") or Il Mitreo, meaning miter or priest's
hat, is a 3,000 year old marble statue and was found in the harbor. Depicting
a local Etrurian consul, it is now displayed in a museum in Napoli behind
protective plastic, where it was reunited with its head. It is the oldest known
Etruscan statue of its kind and extremely rare.
CONCLUSION – WHAT I’VE LEARN
We should preserve the wildlife and also nature to prevent and reduce the
extinction of plants and also animals from becoming an endangered species.
We should conserve land and use it wisely and not being greedy by using the
whole land.

6.The New “X” Town
SENAIRA
ABOUT THE TOWN
Senaira is an island which an area of 500 hectares. This island is located in the west
of Peninsular Malaysia in between Penang and Langkawi. The grid used in this island
is square grid. The aim of this island is to research about the glowing underwater
forest surrounding this island, To improve this island by tourism which tourist usually
from cold countries would be looking for tropical islands to spend their holidays,
especially in the summer and also to inspire in green architecture and green
concept in an island. Senaira provides a better lifestyle, a greener eco town and a
more sustainable lifestyle.
Senaira is an island with glowing underwater sea filled with lighted coral reefs and
undiscovered gemstones. Unlimited organic and fertile land from
the island itself which creates an overgrowing forest and different species of trees
which were undiscovered especially in Asia. Besides that, there are a few green
approaches which are applied into this island. For example,
1. Conversion of sewage sludge to biogas for transportation fuel
2. Using more solar energy (photovoltaic cell) and wind energy (wind turbines)
3. Green roofs on buildings
4. More passive landscape ( using trees as shades )
5. More trees along walkways
The transportations in this island is by bicycles, double decker public buses, cars and
also by walking. Cars can only be rented within a limited period of time by one

person. Cars are also sold but at a very high price. Besides that, bicycles can either
be bought of rented at a cheap price so it’s affordable and to encourage residents
and tourist from renting or buying one to travel around the small island. There will
only be 2-3 double decker buses which brings tourist or also residents to travel only to
hotels and tourist attraction areas. Pedestrian walkways will basically be everywhere
around the island to make sure it is flexible and convenient for the residents and also
tourist to move around town.

MASTER PLAN

ZONING

TRANSPORTATION LINKS
ROAD BICYCLE LANES PEDESTRIAN
WALKWAYS

PERSPECTIVES
KAIR YACHT RESORT & CLUB / PARKTOWN HALL & GOVERNMENT AREA
FOREST & MARINE RESEARCH HUB UNDERWATER MARINE RESEARCH HUB

KAIR YACHT CLUB
KAIR GARDEN DOME
EDUCATION AREA HOTELS

RESIDENTIAL AREAS

7.Conclusion
After all the research I’ve done and discussions I’ve went through, I think urban
planning either in a town or city is very important. It is the greenery that keeps a city
or a town lively and attractive.
Preserving and conserving historical areas, architectures and monuments is also
important to keep it until future uses. And also not forgetting, the sustainability of a
town or a city is the number one to priority in developing a town or city in this
modern era. How do you develop a sustainable city you might ask? A sustainable
city includes esthetic, function and also urban green space. It should benefit to the
environment, the economy and also social in a community.

8.Reference Links
1) http://www.sustainablebuild.co.uk/usinglime.html
2) http://www.greenbiz.com/blog/2014/02/26/singapore-living-laboratory-
sustainability
3) http://travel.cnn.com/singapore/none/12-reasons-why-singapore-greenest-
city-914640
4) http://www.travelandleisure.com/articles/instant-home
5) http://www.italian-islands.com/html/ponza.html
6) Chen, Y. (). Tropical Urban Heat Islands. : .
7) Wheeler, S. (2004). The sustainable urban development reader. London:
Routledge.

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