Political Ideologies

1. POLITICAL
IDEOLOGIES

2. Political Ideologies
◦Is a system of political beliefs; an action oriented set of political
ideas.
◦Is an official doctrine which the people believe in or adhere to,
and which covers all aspects of human life.
◦As a belief system that expounds and defends a political order that
is preferred for society.
◦Hitler:Nazism, Mussolini: Fascism, Lenin: Russian Communism,
Mao Tze Tung: Chinese Communism

3. 2 dimensions of political ideologies:
1. Goals: how society should be
organized
2. Methods: the most appropriate
way to achieve this goal

4. POLITICAL IDEOLOGIES
1.ANARCHISM
It came from the Greek word “Anarkhia” which means
“without rulers or “without authority” . It stands for the
absence of domination, hierarchy and power over others.
The central belief that political authority in all forms and
especially in the form of the state is both evil and
unnecessary.

5. 2.CONSERVATISM
◦The desire to conserve and is reflected in a
resistance to, or at least suspicion of, change.
◦The central themes are tradition, human
imperfection, organic society, authority and
property.

6. 3. FASCISM
◦Its core theme is an idea of an organically
unified national community , embodied in a
belief in “strength through unity”; individual in a
literal sense, is nothing; individual identity must
be entirely absorbed into the community or
social group.

7. 4. LIBERALISM
◦Its core theme is a commitment to the individual and the
construction of the society in which individuals can satisfy their
interests or achieve fulfilment.
◦Examples: weekends, paid vacation, paid overtime, paid maternity
leave, desegregation, abolishing slavery, allowing women to vote,
protecting the young, protecting the disabled, protecting the elderly,
religion-free education, freedom of speech, freedom of assembly,
right to protest, right to die, right to choose

8. 5. SOCIALISM
◦ Socialism is seen to be a middle point between capitalism and communism,
where the state attempts to re-direct society towards its communist ideal
◦ Opposition to capitalism and its attempt to provide a more humane and
socially worthwhile alternative.
◦ Socialists believe that the natural relationship among humans is one of
cooperation rather than competition
◦ Socialists are committed to equality

9. 6. CAPITALISM
◦Is an economic system that is focused on profit,
and the major part of production is privately
owned

10. 7. NATIONALISM
◦An ideology that promotes the interests of a
particular nation with the aim of gaining and
maintaining the nation’s sovereignty over its
homeland.

11. 8. FEMINISM
◦this aims to define, establish and achieve the political,
economic, personal and social equality of the sexes
◦example; right to vote is granted to both male and
female

12. POWER
◦Power is manifested in the ability to do something
that is desired and can be sensed when individuals
can direct the actions of others in a society. It is
considered as a key ingredient in politics that often
implies control and has something to do with
influence and authority.

13. Power based on its nature can be subdivided into four
namely: power over, power to, power with, and power within.
◦First, Power over is the ability to dominate another
person or a group and often seen negatively because it
is associated with force, threat, coercion,
discrimination, corruption, and abuse.

14. Second, Power to refers to the unique
potential of every person to shape his or her
life and world. It describes the ability of a
person/group to do something on one’s own
sources: intellect, resources, knowledge,
stamina and etc.

15. Third, Power with is similar also to
“power to” since it is based on mutual
support, solidarity, and collaboration
that reflects the ability to work with
others to get something done by
cooperation.

16. ◦Lastly, Power within has to do with a
person’s sense of self-worth and self-
knowledge which includes the ability to
recognize individual differences while
respecting others.

17. Steven Lukes describes power as having three dimensions and has
divided power into three distinct ‘faces’, each focusing on a specific
aspect of power.
◦decision making,
◦agenda setting and
◦ preference shaping.

18. Power as Decision Making involves the ability to
control or influence in an open and direct way. A
concrete example would be the government
making decisions on behalf of the people

19. ◦. Power as Agenda Setting can be seen as not just about
decision making, it is about preventing decisions being
made or reducing the choices which can be made. A
classic example would be topics/agendas being discussed
in a meeting. The one who holds power can decide or
limit what will be discussed and more importantly what
cannot be discussed, effectively controlling the situation.

20. ◦Power as Preference Shaping works by
influencing how individuals think about their
place in the world. This shapes people’s
beliefs, sense of self, and acceptance of their
own superiority or inferiority.

21. ◦In 1959, social psychologists John R. P.
French and Bertram H. Raven identified five
sources/forms/types of power from which
a person gets power.

22. These sources are now known as French and Raven's Five
Bases of Power. These include:
1. referent power,
2. expert power,
3. legitimate power,
4. coercive power, and
5. reward power.

23. Referent powers
◦comes from the power holder's ability to
persuade or influence others

24. expert power
◦is derived from the power holder's specific
skills or expertise. Both referent and expert
power are often classified under individual
or personal power.

25. legitimate power
◦, coercive power and reward power are
classified under organizational power.
Legitimate power comes from the power
holder's position and duties within an
organization.

26. Coercive power
arises from the power holder's
ability to punish or penalize
others.

27. Reward power
◦comes from the power holder's ability to
give something of value, such as money,
responsibility or praise.

28. ◦Some of the positive effects of power includes boosting of
people’s morals and encouraging them to achieve their goals. It
also can enhance people’s motivation to help others thereby
creating a domino effect. Abuse of power and corruption are
some of the negative consequences of the use of power. People
who gained power tend to put themselves ahead of others that
they react negatively if their power and competence are
questioned.
◦

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