The document discusses human acts and distinguishes them from acts of man as animal. Human acts are deliberate, free, and voluntary, making the agent responsible. They involve understanding and free will. In contrast, acts of man as animal are not deliberate or voluntary and do not demand responsibility. The document also discusses elicited acts, commanded acts, freedom of will, and factors that can limit freedom such as ignorance, concupiscence, fear, violence, and habit.

2.  The human activity of man as man
 Act of rationality of man
 Involves understanding and free will
 “an act which proceeds from the deliberate
free will of man” (Glenn:3)
 The agent becomes responsible and
accountable of such act
 A human act can be morally good or morally
evil

3.  Activities of man as animal
 Acts are not deliberately done nor voluntary
 Performed without the free will of the agent
 Includes beating of the heart, dreaming,
sensations by the five sense organs
 Do not demand responsibility from the agent
 Amoral acts and not subject to morality

5. Human Acts Acts of Human
1. The act must
be deliberate.
1. They are done
indeliberately.
2. The act must
be free.
2. The acts are
not done freely.
3. The act must
be voluntary.
3. The acts are
done involuntarily.

7. ELICITED ACTS COMMANDED ACTS
•A will-act
begun and
completed in the
will without
bodily
movement.
• Body-mind acts
which are done
to carry out the
elicited act of
the subject.

8. ELICITED ACTS COMMANDED ACTS
Wish
Internal Acts
Intention
Consent
External Acts
Election
Use
Mixed
Fruition

9.  If there is an act, the agent has
an objective in mind.
 For every act that is done, there
is always a corresponding end, or
a goal.
 It is this end that gives the act a
reason for its existence.

10. Responsibility is the ability of a
person to respond to a need or
problem in a situation. That
ability to respond is an internal
quality of a person, which is free
and voluntary yet morally
obligatory in himself.

12.  It is a man’s natural tendency of
being attracted to what is good
and beautiful and to be repulsed
from what is evil and ugly, after
they have been presented by the
intellect.
 Will is the counterpart of intellect.

13.  The will is free when it acts without
any pressure from outside. It is free
when it is attracted to or repulses
anything on a natural tendency.
 Free will makes the agent become
responsible and accountable for his
act.

14. Freedom of the will is the
“power which men have of
determining their actions
according to the judgment of
their reason”
- St. Thomas

15. Negative: freedom is the
absence of constriction.
Positive: freedom is the
power to be and to act
under free will and choice.

16.  Our freedom is “situated” or
limited by the rights of others,
things or persons. Our
environment constricts our
freedom.
But man remains man despite the
limitations of human freedom. “Man
cannot be reduced to historicity, to
his environment, to determinism”
(Dy, Jr.:159)

18.  IGNORANCE
Ignorance in its object
Ignorance in its subject
Ignorance in its result
 CONCUPISCENCE
 FEAR
 VIOLENCE
 HABIT

19. Antecedent Ignorance
Concomitant
Ignorance
Consequent Ignorance