1. POPES AND THEIR ROLES IN HISTROY PEOPLES AND EMPIRES

3. Rose from the lower classes, because of this, the aristocrats who formed the bulk of the Vatican hierarchy resented him.

4. Was attacked in St.Peter’s Cathedral in 799 A.D. by member’s of his predecessor’s family. They attempted to cut out his tongue and gouge out his eyes. He escaped and fled to Charlemange.

5. Crowned Charlemagne as Holy Roman Emperor in December of 800 A.D.

6. Forbade the addition of filioque, latin for “and from the son”, to the Nicene Creed.

8. Had Rome’s streets and aqueducts restored. The Vatican, the Borgo district and St.Peter’s Basilica rebuilt. Reinforced the city’s fortifictions.

9. Founded a library of nine thousand volumes.

11. While Cardinal, he commissioned a library to house the humanist texts assembled by his uncle.

12. Though the books never made it to the library, the library is held as a monument to the High Renaissance in Siena.

13. After only a brief pontificate of twenty-six days he died of and ulcer in the leg, though some alleged that he was poisoned by PandolfoPetrucci, the governor of Siena.