This lecture begins with the Midway Plaisance of the World's Columbian Exposition in Chicago, which we didn't get to finish last time, and then turns to factory communities of Pullman IL and Fordlandia.

1. ARCH 416
Spring ‘15
Class 13 Pullman, Ford and the Modern Factory

2. Kristina Hill
"Future Shores: Hybrid Urban
Edges and Sea Level Rise"
Today 5:30 P.M. – Lecture,
Lawrence J. Plym Auditorium,
Temple Hoyne Buell Hall

3. agenda 3.9.15
World's Columbian Exposition: Midway Plaisance
George M. Pullman and Pullman, IL
Henry Ford
Highland Park
River Rouge

5. Daniel Burnham
Was named "Director of Works" for the Fair along with his
partner John W. Root
Root, however, died suddenly in 1891, leaving Burnham to
finish the project alone.
Fair did not actually open until 1893. All buildings were
temporary, finished in a combination of jute and plaster
and painted white. (This material is called "staff.")

6. "Chicago Day," Oct. 9, 1893
Agriculture Building in the Background

7. Solon Spencer Beman
Mines and Mining Building
World's Columbian Exposition
1893

10. Solon Spencer Beman
Merchant Tailors Building
World's Columbian Exposition

11. The buildings of the White City were quite vulnerable to fire. Most had burned by January
1894. The aftermath of the fair was rather grim, with mass unemployment and
economic depression taking hold. The Pullman Strike was legendary for its violence.

12. The exhibits
Director-General George Davis and his team of directors
had to select millions of exhibits.
Smithsonian Institution's G. Brown Goode conceptualized
the fair as a veritable encyclopedia of civilization.
Idea borrowed from Paris Fair of 1889 which included
anthropological displays from French colonies around the
world.

13. The Midway
Frederic Ward Putnam of Harvard was already in charge
of the Anthropology Building; he was then put in charge of
the Midway. Putnam envisioned the Midway as a living
outdoor museum of “primitive” humanity.
Attractions on the Midway were commercial ventures
organized by entrepreneurs who obtained concessions
through the Ways and Means Committee of the World's
Columbian Commission.
The Midway had an African village, Eskimo Village , and
"Streets of Cairo" area along with many other attractions.

15. Christopher Columbus displays native American captives at the
court of Ferdinand and Isabella, 1493

16. Tourist Brochure
Midway Plaisance

17. "King Bull's Teepee Hut" housed 9 Sioux for the duration of the Fair.

18. Inuit Tribe, exhibiting on the Midway Plaisance

19. The Dahomeyan Village, Midway Plaisance

20. Javanese woman on display,
Midway Plaisance

21. Samoan Villagers parade past visiting tourists on the Midway

23. Ferris Wheel cost more
than admission to the Fair.
It did not open until June 1893
but was a lucrative venture.

24. The Ferris Wheel:Chicago's answer to the
Eiffel Tower of the Paris Exposition, 1889

25. The Midway seen from the Ferris Wheel.

26. "French Colonies" on the Midway

27. Swedish Building

28. Ceylon Building with tourists exiting

29. Midway Concessions at the end of the Fair.

32. Flourishing trade in souvenirs.

38. using the Kodak on the Midway

39. stereoscope viewer and souvenir cards

40. Souvenir postcard depicting the Transportation Building, designed by
Louis Sullivan, 1893.

41. Pullman, IL
http://nyti.ms/1GmWELk
Please view this link.

42. George M. Pullman (1831-1897)
Son of a carpenter who worked on the Erie Canal east of
Buffalo, NY.
Father developed a method for jacking up buildings
initially working on the canal.
George joined his father in this business which he brought
to Chicago.
Went to Colorado during Gold Rush and provided
dormitories, cafeterias for miners and workers.
Returned to Chicago and founded Pullman Palace Car
Company.

43. George M. Pullman (1831-1897)
Legend: idea came to Pullman while traveling from Buffalo
to Westfield in 1854 and spending an uncomfortable night
slouched in his seat.
At first, he altered existing railroad cars, the first being in
September 1858 on the Chicago and Alton Railroad.
Later began to build his own cars.
Two businesses: manufacturing these cars and operating
them.

44. The Pioneer, an early design, 1864

45. Lincoln and Pullman
1862: President Lincoln signed The Pacific Railroad Act,
authorizing the Union Pacific and the Central Pacific railroads
to build what was to become the first transcontinental
railroad.
1864: A private Pullman car was built for the president but he
did not like the ornate style of the car.
1865: This became his funeral vehicle, carrying his body
from Washington, DC to Springfield, IL for burial.

46. Funeral car of President Lincoln, 1865
Pullman Palace Car provided by the company

47. dimensions
Oversize: two and a half feet higher and a foot wider than
any other car.
existing tracks did not provide sufficient clearance for use
of this car.
to accommodate the wider car for the funeral train, all
clearances between Washington D.C. and Springfield
Illinois were quickly modified.
Within a few years, all railroads were adapting to the ten-
foot wide and fourteen-foot high railroad car Pullman built
in 1865
remains the standard in the United States today.

48. Official Railway Guide
1886

49. Interior, Parlor Car
1888

50. The Lincoln Connection
Robert Todd Lincoln, the only son of Lincoln's to live to
adulthood, was a lawyer who had corporate clients
including the Pullman Company.
After George Pullman's death in 1897, The Pullman
Company operated for two years before electing Lincoln
to the position of company president.
Robert Todd Lincoln was president of the Pullman
Company from 1897-1911.

51. Pullman, IL
1880: Pullman bought 4,000 acres
• near Lake Calumet
• 14 miles south of Chicago
• on the Illinois Central Railroad
• cost $800,000
Solon Spencer Beman was hired to design 1300 structures:
• the new factory
• and the town next door:
• housing
• stores
• parks, churches, theaters, hotel and library
Nathan Barrett was hired to do the landscape design.

53. Pullman, IL

55. Administration Building with clocktower and factory across artificial lake

56. Arcade Building

57. Inside the Arcade Building
2 levels of shops
bank
theater
library

58. Arcade Park, designed by Nathan Barrett

60. Pullman Gas Works

61. Pullman Stables

62. Athletic complex with grandstands, Pullman, IL

68. "Pullman Hell"
“We are born in a Pullman house, fed from the Pullman
shops, taught in the Pullman school, catechized in the
Pullman Church, and when we die we shall go to the Pullman
Hell."
• no independent newspapers, public speeches, town
meetings
• inspectors regularly entered homes to inspect for
cleanliness and could terminate leases on ten days notice
• the church stood empty since no approved denomination
would pay rent and no other congregation was allowed.
• private charitable organizations were prohibited.

69. Pullman, IL
1893 depression
by 1894, Pullman had slashed jobs, wages and working
hours, but rents and prices in his town remained the
same. His failure to lower rents, utility charges and cost of
groceries led his workers to launch the Pullman Strike.

70. Pullman Strike
Very violent labor dispute.
Illinois Governor John P. Altgeld wanted Pullman to
negotiate.
Pullman wanted to play his trump card: powerful friends in
Washington
President Grover Cleveland sent in the National Guard.
National commission formed 1894 to study the strike
found Pullman’s paternalism partly to blame and
Pullman’s company town to be “un-American.”
1898, Illinois Supreme Court forced the Pullman Company
to divest ownership in the town, which was then annexed
to Chicago.

73. The National Guard massed outside the Arcade Building, Pullman, IL

74. Henry Ford
"inventor" of automobile and assembly-line production
also built a model worker's town that ended in disaster
(actually he built two of them, the first called Fordlandia
and the second called Belterra)

76. Fordlandia
https://vimeo.com/60214191
Please view video at this link

77. Clearing the Amazon rainforest for the factory site

78. Workers housing on the river

79. "Riverside Avenue"
Fordlandia

80. Field of rubber plants. This method of planting stresses the trees
and makes them vulnerable to disease.

81. Rubber plant,
Fordlandia

82. Fordlandia today

83. Aftermath of workers' strike

84. Henry Ford (1863-1947)
born on farm in Greenfield Township, MI (now Dearborn)
early proclivity for engineering, building waterwheels and
steam engines
in 1879 he left the farm to work at the Michigan Car
Company, a manufacturer of railroad cars in Detroit.
1891-9 works for Edison Illuminating Company.
1899-1900 Detroit Car Company (out of business)
1901-2 Henry Ford Company (he leaves in a dispute)

85. Driving his first automobile through the streets of Detroit.
He called it the "quadricycle."
1896

86. Henry Ford (1863-1947)
1903 incorporates Ford Motor Company and begins
production of the Model A
1908 Model T goes into production
1910 Highland Park Factory opens
1913 Highland Park begins assembly line production
1914 "Five Dollar Day" for 8 hours of work
1917 begins construction on River Rouge plant
1941 Ford signs contract with UAW

87. The Model T had no substantial
modifications over its 19-year run, but
there were countless small changes.
The 1913 model substituted steel for
brass in the windshield frame,
steering wheel and side lamps; and
leatherette lined its inner door panels
instead of genuine cowhide.

88. Assembling Magnetos at Ford Motor Company Highland Park Plant, 1913

89. 1,000 Ford Model T Chassis outside the Highland Park Plant, 1913

90. 12,000 Ford Motor Company Employees outside Highland Park Plant, 1913

91. Highland Park 1910
Huge new plant in Highland Park, Michigan, just north of
Detroit.
Ford and his team borrowed ideas from makers of
watches, guns, and bicycles (and the meat packers!) and
by late 1913 they had developed a moving assembly line
for automobiles.
Ford workers didn't like the new line. Turnover was so
high that the company had to hire 53,000 people a year to
keep 14,000 jobs filled.
January 1914 he almost doubled wages to $5 per day.
Model T sales rose steadily as the price dropped. By 1922
half the cars in America were Model Ts and the cheapest
was only $269.

92. Aerial View of Ford Motor Company Highland Park Plant, 1923, Albert Kahn

93. River Rouge
The new car would not be produced at Highland Park. In
1917 Ford had started construction on an even larger
factory complex on the Rouge River in Dearborn,
Michigan.
Iron ore and coal were brought in on Great Lakes
steamers and by railroad.
By 1927, all steps in the manufacturing process from
refining raw materials to final assembly of the car took
place in one location. 90,000 workers employed there at
its height.

96. William McDonough at
River Rouge
"Buildings Like Trees, Factories Like Forests: Ford and
the Next Industrial Revolution"
http://www.princetonindependent.com/issue01.03/item7.ht
ml
Please read the article at this link.

97. William McDonough
River Rouge
2006

98. Taylorism
problems: waste, disorder, lack of control
solution: time motion studies will optimize motion
analysis of specific tasks
conception and execution separated; division of labor,
specialization
human engineering

99. what is modern architecture?
http://www.unknown.nu/futurism/architecture.html
"…just as the ancients drew inspiration for their art from the
elements of nature, we—who are materially and spiritually
artificial—must find that inspiration in the elements of the
utterly new mechanical world we have created…"
—Antonio Sant'Elia, Manifesto of Futurist Architecture, 1911

100. Antonio Sant'Elia
Power Station
1914