BUILDING SERVICES ASSIGNMENT

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SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE, BUILDING AND DESIGN
BACHELOR OF QUANTITY SURVEYING (HONOURS)
Building Services 1 (BLD60403)
Sustainable Wastewater Treatment
Group member:
Name Student ID
1. Wong Qin Kai 0320024
2. Lim Ting Le 0320028
3. Lam Wee Wee (L) 0320129
4. Khairul Jefri 0318237
5. Sylvester Tang Kiok Heng 0325152
6. Husni Naim 0326126
7. Nabila Hanim 0321368
8. Nadhirah 0321366
Lecturer: Lim Tze Shwa

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Content
Title Page
Cover page 1
Table of content 2
Introduction 3-14
Installation process 15-24
Management system 25-27
The advantages and disadvantages 28-30
Case study :finding and explanation 31-37
Possible problem to the system 38-42
Recommendations for future improvement 43-49
Learning outcomes 50
References 51-52

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Introduction
Wastewater can be defined in many ways. As example, it can define as “Sick Water” or
contaminated water. Wastewater is about 99 percent water by weight and is generally referred
to as influential as it enters the wastewater treatment facility. Wastewater can also be defined as
a contaminated water whereby it is a combination of one or more of domestic effluent, industrial
effluent, agricultural, horticultural and aquaculture effluent. Wastewater also includes storm
water and urban runoff from the urban area. Although some people may assume that the
rainwater that runs down the street during a storm is fairly clean, but it is not. Harmful
substances that wash off from roads, parking lots, and rooftops can be harmful to our rivers and
lakes. Furthermore, sewage water also is an additionally wastewater. The wastewater begins
from toilets, restroom installations, shower room, laundry room, kitchen sinks, cleaning water,
and comparative filthy water that is created by family units and open spots area. Water used to
flood turf and gardens, swimming pools, rooftop seepage, surface spill over and storm water are
all wastewater but however not delegated as sewage water.
In other terms, wastewater is considered as the grimy water from city sources (crap and
urine). This incorporates dark water, dim water and yellow water. All the water from the schools,
eateries industry, different type of business, ranches, floodwater and all the conceivable grimy
water, it can be considered as wastewater. Some wastewater may contain perilous broke up
poisons and chemicals (from chemical lab or nuclear plant discharge), while others may contain
bacteria, tiny particles, residue and other suspended matter of all sizes.
The wastewater can be further categorized and defined according to its sources of origin.
The term “domestic wastewater” refers to the flows of discharged principally from residential
area sources which are generated by daily activities example food preparation, laundry,
cleaning and personal hygiene (bathing) which consist of blackwater (excreta, urine and facial
sludge) and graywater (kitchen and bathing wastewater). On the other hand, industrial or
commercial wastewater is defined as the flow generated and discharged from the manufacturing

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and commercial activities such as printing, food and beverage processing and production to
name a few which consist of removal of heavy metals, pesticide removal, phosphorus
deduction, deodorization, coagulation and so on. In addition, institutional wastewater
characterizes wastewater generated by large institutions such as hospitals and educational
facilities. Agribusiness (watering system, domesticated animals watering and cleaning,
aquaculture) utilizes around 69% to 90% of worldwide new water use, and the main part of it is
come back to the dirt, conduits or released with included supplements and contaminants
source.
Plant nutrients (nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium), pathogenic microorganisms (viruses,
bacteria, protozoa, helminths), heavy metals (cadmium, chromium, copper, mercury, nickel,
lead, zinc), organic pollutants (polychlorinated biphenyls, polyromantic hydrocarbons, pesticide),
biodegradable organics (BOD, COD) and micro-pollutants (medicines, cosmetics, cleaning
agents) are one of the pollutants and contaminants within the wastewater. All of these pollutants
and contaminants can cause health and environmental problems and can cause major
economic impacts when untreated wastewater is released into the environment. These can
cause harmful effect to fish and wildlife that live inside the water. This is because pollutant will
cause oxygen to deplete in the water which will eventually cause the fish to suffocate and die.
Next, in order to provide good quality of water, the untreated wastewater have to be treated in
the wastewater treatment plant. The purpose of wastewater treatment plant is to enable
wastewater be disposed safely without being leak out to the main stream and cause danger to
aquatic life and human when using the water. When water is used, the water becomes
contaminated with pollutants. If left untreated, these pollutants will cause harmful affect to the
water environment. These could exhibit toxic effects on aquatic life and the public.
In this report, a case study will unveil the exploration on the importance of wastewater
treatment and understanding of how the untreated wastewater can be treated through the
stages of treatment. Apart from that, the problems and benefits of the wastewater treatment will
be investigated whilst acknowledge the acts of installation methods of wastewater treatment.

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HISTORY OF SEWAGE TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY IN MALAYSIA
Malaysia's sewerage industry has improved in the past decade. Preceding the nation's
autonomy in 1957, there were no legitimate sewerage frameworks and no requirement for an
appropriate sewage treatment. This is because of the low population densities and the
constraints of urbanized improvements during last time.
In the olden days, type of sewage treatment was by primitive techniques, for example, pit
and container lavatories, overhanging restrooms and direct release to streams and oceans. The
requirement for legitimate sanitation emerged when the nation created and moved from
agribusiness to an industry-based economy. (figure 1.3)
These advancement of treatment procedures from primitive to a modern type of sewage
treatment are essential after the improvement of modern lifestyle. With time, this expanded the
desire on ecological gauges and the aptitude level, development and operations of new
sewerage works.
SANITATION DISCHARGE IN RURAL AREAS
SANITATION DISCHARGE IN TOWN

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FIGURE1.3
Year 1960
Year 1970

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Year 1980
Year 1980

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Indah Water Konsortium, is an organization that is possessed by the Minister of Finance
Incorporated, is Malaysia's national sewerage organization which has been depended with the
errand of creating and keeping up a current and proficient sewerage framework for all
Malaysians. Indah Water Konsortium Sdn Bhd (IWK) is responsible for providing sewerage
services, operating and maintaining over 5,567 public sewage treatment plants and 14,190km
networks of sewerage pipelines as well as de-sludging and septage management for 1 million
ISTs.
In 1994, the Federal Government recompensed the organization the concession across the
country sewerage administrations which preceding that, was under the obligation of
neighborhood authorities. Since then, Indah Water has assumed control over the sewerage
administrations from nearby commanding voices in all territories with the exception of the States
of Kelantan, Sabah, Sarawak, Majlis Bandaraya Johor Bahru and Majlis Perbandaran Pasir
Gudang.
A current and effective sewerage framework is indispensable for the nation to guarantee that
wastewater is dealt with before being released into our waterways. This will safeguard the
nation's waste assets, secure general wellbeing and give a cleaner and more secure
environment.
In June 2000, as confirmation of the Government's reality in guaranteeing that an
appropriate and effective sewerage framework will be effectively set up and keep up, the
Government, through the Minister of Finance Incorporated, assumed control over the whole
value in Indah Water from its past private owners. Indah Water is presently all around situated
to attempt the imperative undertaking of guaranteeing that Malaysians today and later on will
have the capacity to appreciate a perfect and sound environment through a legitimate and very
much kept up sewerage framework.

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SuSanA is an open universal collusion with individuals who are committed to comprehension
practical and reasonable sanitation arrangements. It joins on the ground encounters with a drew
in group made up of professionals, strategy creators, scientists, and scholastics from various
levels with the point of advancing development and best practices in approach, programming
and usage. It has 270 partners over the world.
Regardless of serious exercises and extraordinary accomplishments as far as achieving the
Millennium Development Goal (MDG) on safe drinking water and fundamental sanitation, the
Millennium Development Goal (MDG) on safe drinking water and essential sanitation is not
going be met by 2015. Thousand years Development Goal (MDG) are the world's opportunity
bound and measured focuses for tending to amazing destitution in its measurements wage
neediness, hunger, infection, absence of sufficient sanctuary and rejection while advancing
sexual orientation equity, training and natural supportability. There are still 2.5 billion individuals
on the planet that need access to enhanced sanitation and around 1 billion individuals are as
yet honing open crap. The quantity of passing that can be ascribed to sanitation-related
maladies is as yet drifting around 2 million every year of which kids under 5 years of age are the
most influenced gathering.
Sustainability relates to 5 aspects as defined by the Sustainable Sanitation Alliance
(SuSanA). Sanitation in this aspect includes wastewater management and discharge as well.
The main objective of a sanitation and wastewater treatment system is to protect and promote
human health by providing a clean environment and breaking the cycle of disease. In order to
be sustainable a system has to be not only economically viable, socially acceptable, and
technically and institutionally appropriate, it should also protect the environment and the natural
resources. When improving an existing and/or designing a new system, sustainability criteria
related to the following aspects should be considered:

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● Health and hygiene
○ includes the risk of exposure to pathogens and hazardous substances that could
affect public health at all points of the sanitation system from the toilet via the
collection and treatment system to the point of re-use or disposal and
downstream populations.
● Environment and natural resources
○ involves the required energy, water and other natural resources for construction,
operation and maintenance of the system, as well as the potential emissions to
the environment resulting from use. It also includes the degree of recycling and
reuse practiced and the effects of these (e.g. reusing wastewater; returning
nutrients and organic material to agriculture), and the protecting of other non-
renewable resources, for example through the production of renewable energies
(e.g. biogas).
● Technology and operation
○ incorporates the functionality and the ease with which the entire system including
the collection, transport, treatment and re-use and/or final disposal can be
constructed, operated and monitored by the local community and/or the technical
teams of the local utilities. Further-more, the robustness of the system, its
vulnerability towards power cuts, water shortages, floods, etc. and the flexibility
and adaptability of its technical elements to the existing infrastructure and to
demographic and socio-economic developments are important aspects to be
evaluated.
● Financial and economic issues
○ relate to the capacity of households and communities to pay for sanitation,
including the construction, operation, maintenance and necessary reinvestments
in the system.
● Socio-cultural and institutional aspects
○ evaluate the socio-cultural acceptance and appropriateness of the system,
convenience, system perceptions, gender issues and impacts on human dignity,
compliance with the legal framework and stable and efficient institutional settings.

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Types of wastewater
Wastewater can be divided into four main types which are blackwater, graywater and yellow
water.
Blackwater
This is the wastewater that originates from dishwashers, toilet and the sinks from kitchen. It is
made up of things that you can envision going down the toilets, shower and sink drains. They
incorporate urine, toilet papers, wipes, body cleaning fluids and so on.
Graywater
This is wastewater that originates from non-latrine and food fixtures such as washing machine,
bathroom sinks and bathtubs. Actually it is sewage that does not contain crap or urine.
Graywater is treated differently when compared to the blackwater and it's generally suitable for
re-use.
Graywater is an important part of sustainable integrated water management because it can:
 Decrease 16% to 40% of consumable water.
 Reduce chemicals and energy that used to treat the water.
 Reduce reliance on imported water or local aquifers.
 Empower the utilization of nontoxic products.
 Ease up the overburden of septic systems or treatment plants.
 Provide some protection for our landscape.
Yellow water
This is fundamentally pee gathered with particular channels and not tainted with either
blackwater or greywater.

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Wastewater production and treatment
Malaysia has a population of 28.3 million in light of the Report of Enumeration 2010 by the
department of statistics. The evaluated volume of wastewater produced by metropolitan,
mechanical parts is 2.97 billion cubic meters for every year. The extents of population
equivalent (PE) served by the different sewerage systems are appeared in Figure 1.
Figure 1: Proportions of population equivalent (PE) served by the various sewerage
systems
2.97 billion cubic meters of wastewater created by city and industrial parts every year.
Overwhelming wastewater treatment sorts:
● Preliminary
● Primary
● Secondary
Significant limitations to wastewater treatment
● low sewerage duty cannot bolster the high operation and support costs
● high influent of O&G released into STPs
● sewerage administrations accumulation by administrators not helpful; and STPs built
and gave over by private engineers may have dangers of value being bargained, along
these lines having sway on treatment procedures and operations.

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Wastewater use and/or transfer
❏ No data on the zone of sustenance products flooded with wastewater
● No arrangement yet by Government
● Accessibility of surface water
❏ Profluent from STPs directed before released into surface waters by Natural Quality Act
1974
● No immediate utilization of wastewater in the farming area
❏ Bio-Profluent and Bio-Solids Pilot Extend, the Port Dickson Nearby Power
● Reuse bio-solids and bio-profluent for arranging.
Indah Water Konsortium (IWK) reuse of the treated emanating interior housekeeping or non-
portable use in 13 local plants
Directions and execution of rules
1. No rules and directions yet for safe utilization of wastewater for agriculture
2. National Water Administrations Commission (SPAN)
● Water Administrations Industry Act 2006
3. DOE - administrative body for wastewater emanating
● Natural environmental Quality Act 1974
● Natural environmental Quality (Sewage) Directions 2009
● Natural environmental Quality (Industrial Effluent) Directions 2009
● National Water Quality Principles for Malaysia
4. MOH - administrative body for food safety
● Food Act 1983 (Act 281)
● Food regulations 1985

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Challenges
● Ensure that surface water is continuously in plenitude for all uses including agriculture
● Lacking in awareness and knowledge amongst governmental organizations, particularly
those included in the administration of wastewater and in the field of agriculture and
agro-based industry
Possible ways to solve the problems
● With the initiation of the National Natural Wellbeing Activity Arrangement (NEHAP) for
Malaysia in 2013, issues on safe utilization of wastewater for agriculture will be
examined, tended to as it needs.
● The requirement for learning and the abilities on this matter and the prioritization of
necessities will be formalized through the usage instrument of NEHAP sooner rather
than later.

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Installation Process
Population estimation
Firstly, before the wastewater treatment plant is build, a survey need to be conducted by the
government whereby it need to estimate the population of the people at the surroundings area.
The wastewater treatment plant will operate 24 hours non-stop once it started to operate and it
is measured by m3 per day. The population estimation is very crucial because it can prevent
overflow of the treatment plant due to unable to support the wastewater discharge by the
people.
Design of the treatment tank
The structure and design of the treatment plant is important and this part is done by the civil and
structural engineer. Meanwhile, electrical engineer will be in charge for the electronic
connection.

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Design basis
The design of treatment plant must be design according to raw sewage influent and it can be
observed with the following standard below
Test the treatment plant process
To ensure that the plant works and does not have any problems during the test, it need to
conduct test to test for leak or any breakage at the sewage pipeline before it is being fully
operate.

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STAGE ONE: SCREENING
The early phase of wastewater treatment is screening. Screening expels huge particles like,
diapers, nappies, sterile things, cotton buds, face wipes and even broken jugs, bottle tops,
plastics and clothes that may piece or harm gear. Uncommon element is likewise used to expel
coarseness that gets washed into the sewer.
STAGE TWO: PRIMARY TREATMENT
This includes the division of natural strong matter (or human waste) from the wastewater. This is
finished by putting the wastewater into huge settlement tanks for the solids to sink to the base of
the tank. The settled solids are called 'sludge'. At the base of these circular tanks, expansive
scrubbers constantly rub the floor of the tank and push the sludge towards the middle or the end
of the tank where it is pumped away for further treatment. Whatever is left of the water is then
moved to the next stage treatment.

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 Sump and pump house - wastewater is used to collect in the sump and pump to a
higher tank treatment
 Approach channel - to dampen the flow of wastewater pumped to treatment plant
units
 Screen chamber- to remove the large particles
 Grit chamber- to remove remaining solid material
 Skim chamber- to remove oil and grease from the wastewater
STAGE THREE: SECONDARY TREATMENT
The water, at this stage, is put into substantial rectangular tanks. These are called air aeration
paths. Air is pumped into the water to urge bacteria to separate the little bits of sludge that got
away from the sludge scraping process.
STAGE FOUR: FINAL TREATMENT
Next, the "practically" treated wastewater is gone through a settlement tank. Here, more sludge
is shaped at the base of the tank from the settling of the bacterial activity. Once more, the
sludge is scraped and gathered for treatment. The water at this stage is clear and clean without
any negative substances. The water is ready to stream over a divider where it is filtered through
a bed of sand to expel any extra particles.

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Primary (mechanical) treatment is intended to expel gross, suspended and skimming solids
from crude sewage. It consists screening to trap strong items and sedimentation by gravity to
expel suspended solids. "Mechanical treatment" level is now and then alluded, chemicals are
mostly applied to quicken the sedimentation process. Primary treatment can slow down the
process of BOD of the approaching wastewater by 20-30% and the aggregate suspended solids
by some 50-60%. Primary treatment is generally the principal phase of wastewater treatment.
Numerous propelled wastewater treatment plants in industrialized nations have begun with the
primary treatment, and have then included other treatment stages as wastewater burden has
developed, as the requirement for treatment has expanded, and as assets have gotten to be
accessible.
Secondary (biological) treatment expels the broke down organic matter that departures from
primary treatment. This is accomplished by microorganisms devouring the organic matter as
nourishment, and changing over it to carbon dioxide, water, and vitality for their own particular
development and generation. The organic process is then trailed by extra settling tanks to expel
a greater amount of the suspended solids. Around 85% of the suspended solids and BOD can
be expelled by a well running plant with secondary treatment. Then, Secondary treatment
advances consists the secondary initiated sludge process, the variations of lake and built
wetland frameworks, streaming channels and different types of treatment which use biological
activity to separate organic matter.

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Tertiary treatment can expel more than 99 percent of the considerable number of pollutions
from sewage, creating an emanating of just about drinking-water quality. The related innovation
can be exceptionally costly, requiring an abnormal state of specialized expertise and all around
prepared treatment plant administrators, a relentless vitality supply, and chemicals and
particular hardware which may not be promptly accessible. A case of a run of the mill tertiary
treatment procedure is the adjustment of an ordinary secondary treatment plant to expel extra
phosphorus and nitrogen.
After completing the primary and secondary treatment, the ending product is called sludge. It
will go to sludge treatment which helps to reduce the water element in it, it helps to save a lot of
space during transportation and storing process.
Sludge process: Use microorganisms to separate organic matter with aeration process and
then enable solids to discharged. “Activated sludge” that consists of bacteria are regularly
recirculated back to the aeration basin to build the rate of organic decomposition.
Trickling Filters: A bed of solid media for bacteria to connect on its surfaces. Wastewater is
irrigated on the solid media. Biological filter to emphasize that the filtration process is not
mechanical straining of solids, but bacterial action is used to remove organic substances.

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Lagoon: A wastewater treatment that uses ponds to treat water. They communicate with the
interaction of algae, microorganisms, sunlight, and also oxygen to break down the organic
matter.
Sludge treatment system
Sludge is the strong waste that are isolated from the liquid waste through wastewater treatment.
Through sewage treatment process, whether from the begin of the process until the end of the
process, can create huge measures of sludge that require further treatment and put to
alternative use. Untreated sludge is a significant environmental and general health risk. Along
these lines, sludge must be controlled before being arranged off in an environmentally safe way.

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1. Thickening - Gravity thickener utilizes gravity to thickened the primary
sludge from the primary clarifier and after that the thickened
sludge is settled in the anaerobic digester.
- Mechanical thickener utilizes a polymer to thicken the
secondary sludge before being balanced out in the digester
2. Digesting - Handle the sludge by a process called "Anaerobic
Digester".
- This is the place the sludge is heated to push the bacteria
to eat it and makes biogas that we then blaze to form heat,
which thus makes electricity.
- The gas produced from this process is gathered and flared.
- The anaerobic digester further balances out the thickened
sludge.
3. Dewatering - The balanced out sludge is dewatered in a screw press or
belt press.
4. Thermal Destruction - The sludge cake is dry by polymer
5. Sludge Storage - Treated sludge is briefly put away in the sludge hopper or
yard before disposal.
6. Treated Sludge is
used for disposal
- Treated sludge perhaps utilized for land recovery, in
agriculture or reforestation.
- It might likewise use as the top soil cover at landfill
destinations.

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Sewage treatment plant
Screening
Settling tank

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Aeration Sedimentation
Treatment Lagoon / Pond
Aeration System

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Wastewater Management System
Water is an important natural resources that we gained from the earth. Water are used for
many purpose in our daily life which is not limited for drinking water only and it is being used by
homes, business, factories, hospitality and many more. This lead to high demand of water due
to the growth of human population and economic development. Therefore, the groundwater is
being over-exploited in order to satisfy the demand. Furthermore, the volume of wastewater
generated also increasing. Before discharging the wastewater to the environment, it is vital for
making sure that the wastewater in not harmful to the human health and environment. In a
nutshell, a sustainable wastewater management is required to manage the contaminants in the
wastewater.
1) Treatment of wastewater
The main objective of wastewater treatment is to reduce the level of pollutants in the wastewater
before it is being discharged into the environment without causing harm to the human health or
to the natural environment. The wastewater can be naturally treated by the sun, vegetation,
soils and microorganisms if the volumes of wastewater discharged into the environment is very
small. However due to the growth of the human population, millions gallon of wastewater are
produced makes it impossible for the nature to deal with it. So, an appropriate and relevant
technology is needed to treat wastewater before discharging it into the environment.
Wastewater includes substances such as human waste, oils, chemicals and many more that is
contributed by homes, business and factories. Storm water also a part of wastewater although
many thinks that it is clean. Harmful substances such as chemicals that contains on the street
can contaminate the rainwater that runs down it and may harm the quality and ecosystem in the
rivers or lakes. Improper treated wastewater has a significant impact towards human health and
ecosystem.

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The diagram below shows of how the wastewater is collected and treated before it is eventually
released into the environment
2) Reuse and recycling the water
Due to the high demand of the groundwater, water recycling is the best solution to overcome
this problem as it helps to secure and reduce the excessive amount of groundwater used by the
region. A survey conducted among 3, 000 Californian residents by Xylem Inc. (2016) found that
76% of the respondents believe recycled water should be used as a long-term solution for
managing water resources, regardless of whether or not a water shortage continues. Nearly half
or 49% of respondents are very supportive of using recycled water as an additional local water
supply and another 38% are somewhat supportive. This survey shows that people are highly
anticipated in using recycled water. Before wastewater is being discharged, it is collected and
then are treated through levels of treatment in order to remove contaminants and pollution from
the wastewater. The water then can be reused over and over again for various purpose such as
for drinking water or agriculture as this sector consumes a large percentage of water. Another
examples of where the treated wastewater can be reused is aquaculture, construction,
landscaping and etc.
3) Wastewater collection
There are two ways can be used to collect wastewater which are through centralized systems or
decentralized systems. Centralized system means a large-scale system that gather wastewater
from many users for treatment at one or few sites while decentralized system is an on-site
system that dealing with wastewater generated from small group of users at the neighborhood
or small community level. Decentralized systems require well trained staffs and high cost of
maintenance to handle the system. Many of system failure cases happened because of lack of

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improper maintenance. This problem can be overcome by providing the person in charge of
maintaining the system with enough skills and practices to ensure the system are well-
managed. Much of the urban wastewater management are controlled by centralized systems.
Pipes are laid underground in order to gather wastewater into one main site. However, the cost
of maintenance, repairing and laying new pipes are high.
4) Prevention and awareness
The World Bank Group hold onto the principle that water is everyone’s business. This means
that everyone in this world has their own portion and responsible in managing the water and
wastewater sources. First and foremost, in order to lessen the amount of wastewater that we
need to deal with currently, the responsible authorities should take part by enforcing the laws
and policies regarding wastewater consumed by netizens. Apart from that, netizens also play a
big role in consuming the wastewater. Hence, every person in community regarding their ages
should be educated with awareness campaign to encourage them in the reduction of the
excessive amount of wastewater production. This in return will makes them better in managing
the wastewater.

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Advantages
1. Enhance and Upgrading the quality of life
The quality of life and the hygienic conditions in the certain area is depends on wastewater
treatment system. The more efficient the system the better quality life in that area. This is
because untreated wastewater can bring negative impact to the society such as health
problems. Therefore, government provides sewerage system in order to ensure the quality of
water in standard level that can use by the society for daily basis activity.
2. Preserve and protect natural environment
Water is scarce resources and the demand for water is unlimited because water is essential in
our daily lives. For example, water is used for drinking, washing and many other activities. So,
there will always increasing in percentage of water usage as well as waste water day by day. If
water treatment system is not handled effectively it can bring damages to the natural
environment such as water pollution. Polluted waters then ended in the sea and caused various
risks and other environmental problems. In addition, the wastewater treatment plant produces
by products, for example, treated bio solids and methane. Treated sludge is utilized as a dirt or
soil enhancing substance for tree cultivation whilst methane is being utilized for electricity,
covering part of the power, required to work the plant.
3. Waste reduction – saving and processing waters
Through the treatment process of wastewater, we can reduce the total quantity and amount of
waste water discharge to environment and avoid any danger happen especially regarding the
health issues that associated with environmental pollution. In addition, by fully utilize water
treatment resources, government can minimize cost in terms of any project to fight pollution and
contamination.
4. Energy and production fertilizer
The sludge gathered during the treatment process is itself treated on the grounds that it
contains a lot of biodegradable material. It is treated with anaerobic bacteria in special
instrument where these anaerobic microorganisms flourish with no oxygen. The gas created
during this anaerobic process contains a lot of methane, which is gathered and after that
smoldered to produce power. This vitality can be utilized to control the wastewater treatment
plants making them self-sustainable, and if there happens to be an excess of energy produced,
it could be transported into a nation's national grid. This brings down the dependence on non-
renewable vitality sources such as fossil fuels, lessening a nation's expenditure on energy
production. A case of this framework being utilized inside the Middle East and can be found in
al-Samra wastewater treatment plants in Jordan.

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5. Can prevent any damages
If waste water left untreated, these pollutants can affect water environment. These could exhibit
toxic effects on aquatic life and the public life. If this issue is not taking seriously by any group in
society, it can increase the rate of health issue and surrounding environment problems. Besides
that, by taking care this system effectively it also can prevent any future unwanted event from
happen such as storm water. Thus it can reduce the damages and financial consequences
resulting from direct damage on properties caused by flood.
Disadvantages
1. High capital cost
Using this system to recycle waste water is undeniably true that government need to spend a
high cost and could achieve thousands or millions from government financial expenditure.
Where this can affect other sector that need to be prioritize plus with financial aid from
government. This is because in order to recycle water and achieve 100% of purity and safe to
drink there are many aspects need to consider. For example, building plan and infrastructure for
maintaining the work process. In addition, high cost to recruit specialize workers in the industry
that know to handle machineries and familiar with new technology system in order to achieve
high efficiency throughout the process. However, if waste water treatment system is not
involved in the process of recycling water, the cost of handling and solving the problems such
as water pollution is much higher compare to build up and maintaining the system.
2. Public perception
Using recycled water especially as drinking water will face public opinions and critics. This is
because there are many cases that had been reported regarding this issues. Besides that,
many people in the society found disgusting with the idea of recycled water with “purified
sewage.”
3.Various chemical substances and waste product from the process
Chemical substances are vital to treat the wastewater from beginning till final stages of the
process. For example, chemical unit processes include precipitation, adsorption and
disinfection. If these processes are not handled by specialized worker with proper method, it can
bring negative impact such as too much chlorine contain in water that can affect society health.
Moreover, waste product from the process also bring a big problem if it not handled effectively
and with one mistake it can cause environmental pollution. However to solve this problem,
government and private groups should involve to handle this problem by come out with new
method and technology that can minimize waste product and green technology plus use
biodegradable substance

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4.Health concern
Recycled water used appropriately poses little to no health risk. Water that is reused for drinking
purposes experiences a thorough treatment prepare that renders it as perfect, if not cleaner
than, water that originates from a reservoir. In any case, a significant part of the recycle water
utilized in many countries for watering system purposes and is not treated to a sufficiently high
standard to make it safe for drinking. Drinking this water could pose health risks to society, as
there might still be pathogens present. So, to overcome this problem, society should take
initiative by buying water filter that recommended by professional.

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Case study one: Delhi’s sewage Treatment
About Delhi:
The Delhi Jal Board was established on 6th April, 1998 through the Act of Delhi Law-based
Assembly. It incorporates the previous Delhi Water Supply and Sewage Disposal Undertaking.
The Delhi Jal Board is responsible for the production and distribution of drinkable water after
treating raw water from different sources like river Yamuna, Bhakhra Storage, Upper Ganga
Canal & Groundwater and also provides treatment and disposal of wastewater. The Delhi Jal
Board provides water in bulk to the NDMC and Cantonment areas. The Delhi Jal Board also
collect for treatment and dispose the sewage from NDMC and Cantonment areas.
Real issues of sewage treatment in Delhi:
Delhi's population is becoming regular and this is one
prime reason that influences the sewerage services
accessible to its citizens. The vast majority of treatment
plants don't perform viably because of operational
issues. The present limit of the STPs is underutilized
because of insufficiency in the accumulation framework.
The extensive system of sewers and channels in the city
is exceptionally old and the vast majority of them are
little furthermore in harmed condition. Low flow of
sewage to STPs Doesn't have a proper sewage treatment and planning. Delhi Jal Board had
not arranged any "proper and perspective" plan for sewage treatment. High cost treatment but
low cost recovery that forces DJB to depend on excessive loan help from the Government.

32. 32
Outcome of the sewage treatment:
Inappropriate and deficient sewage treatment have affected the environment and the citizens
of Delhi from multiple points of view. Malfunctioning
septic systems have resulted in contamination of well
water, ground water, waterway water and causing threats
to the public health. Untreated and open drainages have
delivered helpful rearing for mosquitoes, flies, rodents,
creepy crawlies and different sicknesses conveying
vectors. Untreated sewage has prompted stinking and
foul smell. Direct physical introduction to wastewater for
individuals showering and washing garments and utensils. Toxic food farming has expanded
around the Yamuna stream because of dishonorable sewage treatment, prompting different
maladies like as spewing, gastroenteritis, looseness of the bowels, blood disease, kidney
brokenness and urinary contamination. The poisons have contaminated the groundwater and
soil.
Method to overcome the problem:
As reported by Delhi Government in 2013, from 2007 until 2012, Rs 3,132.50 crore have
been spent in sewage treatment programs in the capital city (Maps on India, 2014). In Delhi
today, Delhi Jal Board (DJB) has spent around Rs 1,634.18 crore in 2011 to 2012 on the
operations, maintenance and construction of STPs but the plan is failed. Based on Down to
Earth organization, the plan was failed because while calculating the amount of wastewater that
will generate between 2011 and 2031, DJB has ignored the groundwater extraction through
private bore wells. This might increase the city wastewater. Until today, this sewage problem
has not been solved.
Opinion to solve the sewage problem:
One of the method to overcome this problem is by decentralized. Decentralized or “onsite
wastewater treatment system” is the system that treats wastewater and discharges effluent into
the ground at the location the sewage is generated. For example, they still have the simple
system of septic tanks and leach field serving single homes in various town and village in India.
Different from centralized, the waste is treated and returned to the ground on the same area
instead of sending the wastes into huge STP in particular location. Centralized method required
large amount of capital investment and also skilled labor intensive. They also required
continuous maintenance and consume large amount of electricity.

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Decentralized process:
Decentralized process only involved four steps; primary treatment, secondary treatment,
secondary aerobic / facultative treatment and post-treatment. During primary treatment,
sedimentation take place and settleable solids are retained. This process is done in
sedimentation pond. The sludge is digested anaerobically in the septic tank, resulting in a
reduced volume of sludge. Secondary treatment baffled septic tank. This tank consists of four
chamber series. The last chamber can have a filter in its upper part in order to retain eventual
solid particles. The first compartment is a settling chamber for larger solids and impurities,
followed by a series of up flow chamber. Pollution reduction is around 80%. Next it goes to
anaerobic filter. It’s includes the treatment of non-settleable and dissolved solid by bringing
them in close contact with a surplus of active bacterial mass. This surplus together with the
bacteria digests the dispersed or dissolved organic matter within short retention time. T this
stage, CPCB standards are met but the effluent still has an odour. Secondary facultative
treatment process take place in a planted gravel filter. A structure is filled with gravel material
and planted with water resistant plants, who provide oxygen to the passing effluent. Last
treatment take place in polishing pond filled with aquatic plants and fishes. The water
transforms from a lifeless state into living water again.

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Case Study two: Singapore’s Wastewater treatment
Introduction
Increase in water demand due to economic growth and population, environmental needs,
change in rainfall, flood contamination of good water quality and excessive use of groundwater
are the factors that cause the continuous of water shortage problems. This changes lead to a
new legislation that encourages the development of sustainable water resources method. This
is also including the promotion of wastewater reuse.
Issue regarding wastewater
This case study is focusing on Singapore’s wastewater treatment. Singapore is a small South
East Asian island country with a population of almost 5 million people living in just 710 sq. km.
whilst known for its strong economy, Singapore is lacking one essential asset which is water.
Even though Singapore’s annual rainfall is more than double the global average, collecting and
storing enough water is difficult because open land is scarce. Even with reservoirs covering
half the country’s land area, Singapore only has enough water for 60 percent of its daily needs.
It has traditionally imported 40% of clean water from neighboring Malaysia. Two treaties sign in
the 1960s have ensured that the country has enough clean water for drinking, agriculture and
industrial purposes. As Singapore’s economy relies heavily on exports, ensuring that there is
high-quality water to make electronic and other goods is essential. Singapore’s agreement with
Malaysia is slated to last until 2061.
Methods to overcome the problems
In 1998, the Public Utilities Board and the Ministry of the Environment and Water Resources in
Singapore institute a water reclamation study. The study revealed the promise and potential of
recycled water. The reclaimed water was given a brand name “NEWater”. NEWater is treated
wastewater (sewage) that have been purified using dual-membranes (via microfiltration and
reverse osmosis) and ultraviolet technologies, in addition to conventional water treatment
process. The water is safe for human consumption. Treated wastewater is now making up to
30% of Singapore’s water supply. Singapore is now a well-known wastewater recycler country.

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NEWater treatment process
NEWater is the product from multiple level treatment of water reclamation process. The first
barrier is the conventional wastewater treatment process whereby the used water is treated in
the Water Reclamation Plant. The second barrier, and the
first stage of the NEWater production process is the uses of
microfiltration or ultrafiltration to filter out suspended solids,
colloidal particles, disease-causing bacteria, some virus and
protozoa lumps. The filtered water that goes through the
membrane only contains dissolved salts and organic
molecules. The next stage of NEWater production process,
uses reverse osmosis (RO). In RO, undesirable
contaminants such as bacteria, viruses, heavy metals,
nitrate, chloride, sulphate, disinfection by products, aromatic
hydrocarbons and pesticides are filtered out using a semi-permeable membrane. Hence the
NEWater is free from virus and bacteria and contains very low level of salt and organic matter.
At this moment, the water is already in drinkable quality. The last barrier and last stage of
NEWater production process is acts as safety precaution. UV disinfection is used to ensure
that all organism is inactivated and purity of the product is guaranteed. The NEWater is ready
once the alkaline chemical is added to restore the PH balance.

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NEWater feature
Based on Singapore’s National Water Agency (SNWA), NEWater is cleaner that PUB water.
The test result from the two-years comprehensive physical, chemical and microbiological study
show that the quality of NEWater exceed the requirement stated in USEPA and WHO
guidelines.
20,000 analyses for over the last two years have been
confirmed that NEWater is cleaner than PUB water.
Based on figure 1.4, NEWater is very clear and sparkling.
The water from other sources have more colors as they
contained more minerals and organic substances
Bacteriological quality of NEWater is as good as PUB tap
water as there is no presence of bacteria and virus. This
result show that the water reaches the requirement in
World Health Organization’s standard.
Besides, it also contained more suspended particles
especially from river and reservoir. Based on Figure 1.5,
NEWater is cleaner than other water resources. It even
has same level of water clearer as PUB tap water.
Figure 1.6 shows that NEWater is the cleanest water. The
NEWater process help in reducing organic substance to
the level that is acceptable to use in their operation.

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Comparison Between Delhi and Singapore Wastewater Treatment.
Similarities
 Both country have high population
Differences
Delhi Singapore
 Does not have a proper sewage disposal
and drainage system.
Problems  Lack of clean water
sources
 Impacted the environment and citizen’s
health.
Effects  Have to imported clean
water from
neighboring country;
Malaysia
 Increase the number of plants. Steps taken  Reclaimed water
treatment
 No working Results  Working
 Decentralized treatment Other
opinions
 -
 It is treated at the location itself where
the sewage is generated.
Operation
involved
 Via microfiltration and
reverse osmosis
 Required less amount of capital
investment, skill labor, maintenance and
electricity consume compare to
centralized method.
Advantages  Much cleaner that PUB
tap water

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Possible problems to the system
Problem: Sewage Treatment Plant smells excessively
Solutions
1. Have to check that the sewage treatment plant has the right ventilation or not, if not the
gasses might build inside the pipework and tank to cause the excessive odours.
2. One of the most well-known reasons for awful odours from sewage treatment plants is when
the bacteria which are vital to the treatment process are executed off by the chemicals which
are flushed down from the toilets and washed down sinks. These chemicals include bleach,
exorbitant utilization of detergents, floor cleaners and disinfectants. Although these chemicals
may not cause a serious problem to us but when it is in large quantities, they can kill off useful
bacteria.
3. Microorganisms are washed away by the rainwater which is frequently disregarded. If the
water from rooftop has been associated with your foul waste drains which then prompt the
sewage plant when it rains the water entering the tank can wash away the helpful
microorganisms. This will then cause a smell until the plant can recoup and new
microorganisms assumes their position. All rainwater ought to be occupied far from the waste
drainage to a different splash away.
4. Temperature changes can execute of the working microorganisms in the plant. Time is the
only solution for this as the plant will recuperate when the temperature balances out.
Note: A sewage treatment plant will smell directly after installation as it starts generating
the right kind of bacteria.
Problem: Sewage Treatment Plant backing up and not discharging
Solutions
1. If the sewage plant has a gravity outlet (not a submersible pump) and releases into a
watercourse such as stream and dump, it is likely there is a blockage in the pipework prompting
the release point. In the event that it releases into a soak away then there is a possibility that the
soak away has fizzled and should be supplanted.
Note: If a new soak away is to be installed as a porosity / percolation test should be done
before hand to correctly size the volumes.

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2. In the event that the sewage plant releases by means of a submersible pump then the pump
might be defective.
Problem: The sewage Treatment Plant is moving or walls caving in (issues with the tank
structure)
Solutions
Is it the tank sinking? Has moved after installation or are the walls beginning to cave in? This is
most generally brought on by awful installation techniques. For example, the sewage treatment
plant ought to be installed on a concrete base and the backfill ought to preferably be 10mm
granular material (shingle). If the plant is installed with high groundwater, then it ought to be
concreted to the highest point of the unit. Now and then there are shortcomings in the tank
during the manufacturing process and this may need to be examined further.
Problem: Aging infrastructure and workforce
The most common problem faced by the wastewater treatment plant system is aging
infrastructure and workforce. The level of problem is varying between countries. Most of third
world country or developing country are still use old machineries. Aging infrastructure include
pipelines, tunnels, dams, pumping, storage and treatment facilities, and specifically buried
assets underground. Usually this kind of infrastructure are not experience any kind of inspection
and examine for a long time. Thus, this can affect the quality of recycle water because it not
achieves the standard requirement level set by the system due to inefficiency throughout the
process. Lack of worker skill and experience also is factor that affecting the quality of
wastewater management. This is because the whole process of recycling water are complicated
and need further research before implement it into the system.
Problem: Funding concern
Government spent a huge capital on the sector of wastewater treatment plant system in terms
of facilities, workforce, research and development and operational cost. Because of this
business is not give a high return many private groups tend not to invest in this sector as it not
brings profit to them. So, it requires government intervention in order to support this system.
Thus the system’s development and improvement is slow compare to another sector.
A new financial planning is one of the method that can help to contribute to this system become
more efficient but there is also have limitation because when it comes to old utilities that need to
replace with new it can take a high cost. Thus, funding resources will always be top priority
problem in order to improve it.

40. 40
Problem: Rules and regulations
Concerns over increasing rules regularly, as it relates to spending, most utilities with large-scale
programs that receive financial aid from government such as nutrient removal and drinking
water quality. The challenge become more complicated when it comes to adaptation of new
policy. For example, throughout the process of recycle water can be result in emission of
chemical gases that can affect air quality, but it is hard to achieve the minimum requirement set
by the new policy where the assets such as machineries and facilities is still under old
technology condition. Thus, rules and regulation need to convenient with the state of current
technology of wastewater treatment plant system use.
Possible problems faced by the wastewater treatment plant system in the future
Global population are rapidly expanding with urban population that expected to double in the
future. This will be expanding requests on nourishment, clean water and already inadequate
wastewater infrastructure. Moreover, rapidly expanding global population it can affect climate
change through uncontrolled activities from society such as industrialization, open burning
and illegal logging. Thus, the result from it, nowadays we faced the biggest problems in the
world which is climate change. Climate change is the real modern world problem that need to be
focus on because it can affect water availability. For example, Malaysia recently faced big issue
regarding dry season and hot temperature that give big impact to the water availability in
Malaysia which the rate of water availability is decreasing from year to year. So, there are two
possible problems that affect the availability of water and can influence the water treatment
system in the future:
·
1.Wastewater and climate global change:
Climate change can influence wastewater in 3 perspectives which are:
 It can affect rate of change in the volume of accessibility of water in given time. The
higher the temperature, the lower the volume accessibility of water in particular time.
Thus it can influence the rate of water usage by society in given area.
 Climate change will likewise require adjustment, in term of how wastewater is managed.
When hot season the availability of water is decreasing because water experience
condensation due to high temperature. So, people should manage the system which
equally distribute to meet demand by society without faced any problem such as
shortage in supply of clean water.
 Wastewater process can be result in emission of gases that can contribute to
greenhouse effect such as carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4) and nitrous oxide
(N2O). greenhouse effect happens when too much certain gases known as greenhouse

41. 41
gases collect in atmosphere. It occurs when sunlight enter atmosphere, as it reach
earth’s surface and it reflected again to the space in the form of infra-red rays but much
of it remains trapped in the atmosphere because of greenhouse gases causing our earth
hot.
2. Population growth and the availability of water:
Figure 1: number of population growth (billion) vs water resources(M3)
The world’s water resources are not change and limited
but the demand on supply of water is infinite
The relationship between the rate of population growth and the availability of clean water is
negative relationship. Where the rate of global population growth increasing, the rate of clean
water is decreasing. This is because of many people use water in their daily activities such as
for drink, wash cloth, bath and many more. So, the solution to this problem is government need
to take initiative by implement and always improving wastewater treatment plant system.
However, most of developing or third world countries faced problems where they lack of system
of water treatment plant in terms of infrastructure, human force and technology. Thus, the
availability of clean water is low meanwhile the rate of wastewater produces by society
increasing.
Besides that, deforestation, grazing deforestation and grazing of uplands surrounding cities,
the heavy build-up of infrastructure, lack of green rain-absorbing vegetation and areas inside
cities will contribute to this problem much worse. The flow of rain and wastewater also affect

42. 42
water availability if drainage system is not handle efficiently. Meanwhile, human activities will
continue contribute to wastewater much more.
Increasing water scarcity with increasing of population, many private groups and government
take initiative to handle this problem by build water treatment infrastructure. However,
throughout the process of wastewater treatment, it actually turns to give impact back to climate
change. This is because wastewater process requires chemical substance that actually
generate methane, carbon dioxide and nitrous oxide. Therefore, it should be handle carefully
with high efficiency and need to improve the standard level use in the process.
Realizing the opportunities of wastewater as water resources is one step ahead to
tackle this problem in the modern world. Decreasing unregulated release of wastewater and
securing safe water are among the most imperative mediation for enhancing worldwide general
population and accomplishing sustainable development.

43. 43
Wastewater Treatment Plants for Future Development:
In modern world, the wastewater industry faces many new challenges that complicate short-
term and long-term decision planning. Short-term decision planning for wastewater treatment is
focus on the effectiveness and quality of the system throughout the process recycle of
wastewater. In addition, the scope area of this fieldwork planning is to fully maximize energy
costs, follow organic compound, limited resources to meet the unlimited demand from society,
water preservation and conservation, and inflexibility of regulation control, should all be
considered before investing in large area of facility. Meanwhile, long-term planning is to use and
apply new green technologies in this system plus with expansion of the plant and infrastructure
in the country. Basically, we cannot predict the future because uncertain scenario might happen.
However, future plan and strategy during the whole process is important because it can helps to
improve the wastewater treatment plant system in the future
So basically, there are 5 vital points in this system that should be focus on and improve in the
future:
1. Nutrient removal and recovery:
 Strict regulation will reduce effluent nutrient level to protect water quality and increase
recycle water demand. In the real world over half of the receiving waters are impaired by
excess nutrients, so by restricting rules and regulation government can control and
minimize unfavorable nutrient contain in the water.
2. Trace organic compounds:
 Public concern and government intervention will accelerate the application of advance
technology
 Prohibit any waste material to be dumped into river
3. Energy conservation and production:
 Rising energy cost paired with goals to reduce GHG will require effective energy
management and alternative energy strategies.
 Use water treatment plant system to generate energy such as electricity

44. 44
4. Sustainability:
 Better resources management and recovery to protect and serve current and future
generations will be the rule, not exception.
 Cost effective management need to be implement for long term success
5. Community engagement:
 Increased emphasize on ‘transparent’ and good neighbor policies will elevate
stakeholder participation.
 Public awareness showing that their role is important to ensure the future project and
development can be achieved.
Other improvement that can be carry out
1. Upgrade pump station
Upgrading to a newer pump is important because the older pump might be slow or already
start to damage by itself. Besides, older pump only design to operate at one speed only
whereby newer pump the speed can be control. When newer pump is use, it can produce
long hour of operating time compared to the older pump, hence this can increase the flow
rates of the waste water treatment.

45. 45
2. Optimize Aeration
More than 50% of the electricity annually are from the aeration system in the wastewater
treatment plants. Aeration can be optimizing by upgrading to a bigger blower. If there is
aging or spoil blower in the plant, try replacing it with a bigger or the turbo blower type so
that aeration in the plant can be achieve higher. Moreover, changing the diffuser system
also important. By changing it to fine pore or to ultra-fine pore, it will increase the oxygen
transfer and reduce the air needed for the treatment plant for the treatment of wastewater.
3. Improve Sludge Management
20% or more energy used in the wastewater treatment plant facilities for the solids handling
process. In order to improve it, minimize the transport of solids and water by optimizing
biogas for heating and electricity.

46. 46
4. Recover/Recycle Essential Nutrients
In a fertilizers mixture, phosphorus is an important compound. If the plant are using
biological phosphorus removal, consider creating a marketable graded fertilizer. By doing
this, it will become new source of revenue for the plant.
5. Go Light on Disinfection
Replacing disinfection by ultraviolet light disinfection system to eliminate costly and harmful
chemical. Ultraviolet light disinfection system uses minimal energy and the reduced use of
hazardous chlorine disinfection is a major safety benefit.

47. 47
6. Update Lighting and HVAC Systems
Lighting, heating and cooling in an enclosed place consumes a lot of energy. If it have
fluorescent lighting fixtures in the plants, consider updating them to new high-efficiency
fixtures, which will result in savings.
7. Maximize Gravity
Gravity is free and we must make full good use of it in the wastewater treatment plant. All
the process that uses pump or motor can be reduce and just let the gravity to do its job.

48. 48
Strategic planning for future development:
Plan and strategy plays an important role in the future development of wastewater treatment
plant. This is because from this action it can helps in estimate and forecast future planning.
When the future is assumed to be like the past, forecasts can be made by linear extrapolations
and assumption based on observation experience of previous data. For example, in early ages
Malaysia’s wastewater treatment plant system use non-mechanical or low technology
framework to recycle wastewater. The result is quality of water is poor, supply of clean water
cannot meet demand and emergence of problems occur day by day. So, government take
action by finding an alternative way to solve this problem through observation and result from
previous data collection. Thus, the system transition from non-mechanical framework to a more
mechanical and robotized framework.
However, with more prominent degrees of uncertainty that conditions will proceed as they
are, forecasting turns out to be less helpful. One technique for assessing these uncertainties is
known as scenario planning, thinking and analysis. With planning, adaptable plan for the future
are set up by assessing and evaluating elective scenarios that could happen in the future. This
process is not just an assumption or attempt to predict the future but rather to develop an
understanding concept and relationship that could occur in the future.
Quality of water resources in Malaysia
Table above is example data that illustrate about the quality of water resources in Malaysia
from year 2005 to 2012. Blue bar represents clean water, red represent river that slightly
polluted and green represent polluted river. In general, the trend of clean water is decreasing
from year 2007 to year 2012. This means that the number of river with clean water is reduced
meanwhile the number of river polluted increase. So, basically from this collective data,
government or other groups that responsible on this issue should take any comprehensive
action to avoid the number of river polluted from increasing in the future. They need construct

49. 49
short-term planning before they go further invest in long-term planning. Example strategy that
need to be taken in order to solve the problem:
1. Create water quality standard:
 set a target that need to achieve within certain period of time.
 Use chemical substance that more biodegradable in the process of water treatment
2. Create awareness among society:
 By implementation of rules and regulation
 Provide campaign and talk
 Highly advertise in social media
3. Benchmarking with other countries of control strategies wastewater treatment:
 By copy or follow standard from other institutions or countries that already proved
success in control quality of water.
 Enhance and improve control strategies in terms of the process and effectiveness of
system that have been implement
4. Always check and maintain the efficiency of worker as well as machineries in water
treatment plant:
 By having spot check and examine session regularly
 Avoid any broken or damage machineries
 Standard precaution is set throughout the whole process
5. Recruit a high standard professional worker to operate the system:
 Import high quality scientist from another country to train domestic worker
6. Expand and develop new technology and facilities:
 This action will give benefit to the country in long-term
 Buy new high-technology machineries and assets

50. 50
Learning Outcome
After doing much research and work on this project assign by our lecturer, we can
conclude that we had learned a lot during the process. We can conclude that how much
important is the waste water treatment plant to us. Without the treatment plant, we would not
have clean water to use or consume which can cause serious health issues.
We learn that there are few stage for the wastewater to be process before it can be use
or consume by human. The first stage is screening, in this stage wastewater are being
screen through to separate all the waste or rubbish that are together. In the second stage, it
is the primary treatment for the wastewater. Wastewater is being put in a huge settlement
tank whereby solids will sink to the bottom of the tank.
Furthermore, in stage three which is the secondary treatment whereby the wastewater is
put into a substantial rectangular tank. This is called the aeration paths where air is pump
into the water to urge the bacteria to separate from the sludge that got away from the stage
one process. Finally, in stage four also known as the final treatment, the water is this stage
is clear and clean without any harmful substances or bacteria. The water is then ready to be
release into the stream or river.
In conclusion, if there is no invention of the wastewater treatment plant, we as human will
have a lot of problem especially on our health due to lack of clean water to consume or use.
Hence, we must be very grateful to the invention of the treatment plant and must not take
thing for granted. We must ensure that for the next generation of human being will also have
clean water and healthy environment to live in.

51. 51
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