The document outlines the major political organizations in pre-revolutionary Russia, including nihilists, Constitutional Democrats (Cadets), the Bolshevik and Menshevik factions of the Social Democratic Party, Octobrists, the Socialist Revolutionary Party, independents, and monarchists. It provides details on the ideologies and key leaders of each group, such as the nihilists' belief in using terrorism to enact change, the Mensheviks' more moderate stance compared to the Bolsheviks, and the Socialist Revolutionary Party's appeal to peasants.

1. Russian Political Organizations The Pre-Revolutionary Landscape J. Marshall, 2011

2. The Spectrum Nihilists (anarchists) Constitutional Democrats - Cadets Social Democratic Party - Bolsheviks Octobrists LIBERAL BOURGIOSIE Social Democratic Party - Mensheviks Monarchists Constitutionalists Socialists Social Revolutionaries Independents

3. Nihilists (anarchists) Narodnaya Volya (People’s Will) thought democratic and socialist reforms could be achieved through peasant revolution – eventually used terrorism. The Circle of Tchaikovsky: a Russian literary society of the intelligentsia – Named after Nicolas Tchaikovsky 1851-1926. Land and Liberty considered any agitation, organization (strike) or revolt useful as a means for a peasant vs. worker revolution.

5. Known throughout Europe to use violence to bring about political change.

6. The Nihilist movement began in the 1860’s.

7. They were known for denying authority figures.

8. Reached it’s height in the 1870’s when underground groups like the Circle of Tchaikovsky, People's Will and Land and Liberty were formed.

9. These members believed that the emancipated serfs were not free, but simply making a transition to factory slavery.

10. They Denied authorities and assassinated many government officials.

11. The violent push of the Nihilst’s helped push the Tsar, Alexander II, into calling an assembly to consider new reforms.

15. Believed in pure Marxism

16. Joined with Kerensky and Provisional Government, which wasn’t popular with peasants. Mensheviks started loosing vote, while Bolsheviks won them.

17. wanted Russia to continue fighting the war

19. Social Revolutionary Party Leader: Alexander Kerensky. The social revolutionary party was a major political party in the early 20th century Russia and a key player in the Russia Revolution. After the February revolution of 1917 it shared power with the other liberal and democratic socialist forces within the Russian Provisional Government. Also in 1917, it won the majority of the national vote in Russia’s first-ever democratic elections, but soon split and was defeated and destroyed by the Bolsheviks in the course of the Russian Civil War and subsequent persecution.

21. The peasants were betrayed by the government with expropriations of the land

22. The November Revolution (led by Bolsheviks) recognized the right of peasants to be “masters of the land” they worked on

23. Bolsheviks realized that the energy of the peasants would be a great force in the next revolution

24. In 1918, peasantry moved in the direction of conservatism because they gained everything they wanted in the revolution and needed to defend their property

25. Crises’ such as bosses’ lock-outs, the Civil War, the collapses of transportation and mass hunger in cities were the causes of the “War Communism” which the peasants were opposed to

26. All peasant movements were led by Makhno in Ukraine from 1918-1921

27. Their military force was a “typical” peasant armyIndependentsThe Peasants Nestor Makhno

29. Lead by Alexander IvanovichGuchkov

30. Firmly committed to constitutional monarchy

31. Supported by centrist-liberal gentry, businessmen, and some bureaucrats

33. The party was founded in late October of 1905.

35. Constitutional Democrats Kadets Formed in Moscow, Russia – October 12th to 18th, 1905 Main leader: PavelMiliukov Mainly supported by professionals like lawyers and professors Originally to the immediate left of the Octobrists on the spectrum. Wanted universal suffrage and a Constituent Assembly. 1906 with the revolution in retreat they abandoned revolutionary aspirations for a constitutional monarchy. February Revolution Kadets in the Duma formed the core of the new Russian Provisional Government. Abolished limitations based on religion and nationality and introduced an element of self determination.

37. A small group of Kadets headed by Pyotr Struve agreed with a moderate version of Russification which threatened to split the party. (2)

38. August 1915-formed the Progressive Bloc along with the Progressive faction, the Octobrists faction, and a part of the Nationalists faction in the Duma. (3)

39. Kadets position was further eroded when they resigned from the government in protest against concessions to the Ukrainian independence movement.