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©2011 Haward Technology Middle East. This document is the property of the course instructor and/or Haward Technology Middle East. No part
of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical,
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Haward Technology Middle East
PIONEERS IN TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER
Mr. Jorge Palma
Structural Engineering for
Non-Structural Engineers
Haward Technology Middle East 2
Structural Engineering for
Non-Structural Engineers
Section 1
Section 1
Introduction to Structural
Engineering
The Structural Engineer Role
Governing Principles
Overall Course Objective
Haward Technology Middle East 3
Structural Engineering for
Non-Structural Engineers
Section 1
The Structural Engineer Role
 Structural Engineering deals with the analysis and
design of structures.
 Structure can be defined as an assembly of various
components that act together under “stress”
conditions.
 Bridges, highways, buildings, transmission towers,
trusses, water tanks, offshore structrures, are common
today.
Haward Technology Middle East 4
Structural Engineering for
Non-Structural Engineers
Section 1
The Structural Engineer Role
 The basic purpose of designing a structure is to ensure
its safety, functionality and economy under the most
severe condition of using, during its lifespan.
• Information flows of studies and research increasing
• Improvements of manufacturing process and
materials
• Fast upgrade of design tools (including CAD
software)
• Engineering applications are interdisciplinary
(Architecture, Construction, Maintenance,
Repairing, Financing, Environmental…)
Haward Technology Middle East 5
Structural Engineering for
Non-Structural Engineers
Section 1
The Structural Engineer Role: The Design
 Optimal structural design shall achieve balance
between the following requirements:
Haward Technology Middle East 6
Structural Engineering for
Non-Structural Engineers
Section 1
Governing Principles Of Engineering Design
 Application of basic scientific principles for safe,
practical and cost effective solutions.
 Strutuctural design is based on:
• Mechanics (analyzes structural components as rigid
bodies under external actions)
• Strengh of materials (analyses structural
components as deformable bodies under external
action depending of material properties)
Haward Technology Middle East 7
Structural Engineering for
Non-Structural Engineers
Section 1
Overall Course Objective
 Identify the role of structural engineer
 Explain the behavior of structural members under
loading
 Apply the concept of stress functions like tension,
compression, shear and bending
 Use the basic concepts for analysis of statically
determinate and indeterminate structures
 Analyze deformation of members under loading
 Discuss the significance of material properties in design
 Perform basic design of reinforced cement concrete
structures, steel structures and masonry & timber
structural members
Haward Technology Middle East 8
Structural Engineering for
Non-Structural Engineers
Section 1
Principles of Strength of Material
 Theory of Elasticity Objectives:
• Understand the mechanical properties of the
material
• Undesrtand the behavior of the material under
stress.
• Understand the mechanism of deformation of
material and evaluate the magnitudes
Haward Technology Middle East 9
Structural Engineering for
Non-Structural Engineers
Section 1
Principles of Strength of Material
 Mechanical properties
• Properties related to strees and deformations are
important for structural engineering and
construction
• They are determined in laboratory conditions to
establish permissible limits.
Haward Technology Middle East 10
Structural Engineering for
Non-Structural Engineers
Section 1
Principles of Strength of Material
 Elasticity of materials
• All material bodies undergo deformations when
loads are applied on them.
• When the applied load is removed, body does
overcome this deformation and recovers original
shape.
• This property is know as elasticity
Haward Technology Middle East 11
Structural Engineering for
Non-Structural Engineers
Section 1
Principles of Strength of Material
Elasticity of Materials Stress
and Strain
 When a prismatic member
is applied on a load along
its axis, the load is
uniformly distributed along
its entire cross sectional
area (tension)
Haward Technology Middle East 12
Structural Engineering for
Non-Structural Engineers
Section 1
Principles of Strength of Material
Elasticity of materials
 Force per unit area = F/A= σ
 Stress (kgf /cm2
, or N/mm2
)
 Elongation per unit area: ∆l/l= ε
 Strain (unitless quantity)
Haward Technology Middle East 13
Structural Engineering for
Non-Structural Engineers
Section 1
Principles of Strength of Material
Hooke’s Law:
 “Within elastic limits, strain is proportional to stress”
σ= ε x E
 Where E is the modulus of Elasticity or Young´s
Modulus
Haward Technology Middle East 14
Structural Engineering for
Non-Structural Engineers
Section 1
Principles of Strength of Material
Hooke´s Law
Haward Technology Middle East 15
Structural Engineering for
Non-Structural Engineers
Section 1
Principles of Strength of Material
Poisson´s Ratio:
 Lateral strain /axial strain = µ (constant)
 For isotropic materials its value is 0,25
 Change in volume per unit of volume
∆V/V= ε(1-2µ)
 Limit value of µ can be: µ= 0.5
 For metals: µ= 0.25-0.35
Haward Technology Middle East 16
Structural Engineering for
Non-Structural Engineers
Section 1
Principles of Strength of Material
 Young´s Modulus helps to evaluate deformation of
material under stress and Poisson´s ratio allows to
understand the ofailure mechanism of various strutural
materials.
Haward Technology Middle East 17
Structural Engineering for
Non-Structural Engineers
Section 1
Principles of Strength of Material
Oblique Section
Haward Technology Middle East 18
Structural Engineering for
Non-Structural Engineers
Section 1
Principles of Strength of Material
Oblique Section. Normal Stress
Haward Technology Middle East 19
Structural Engineering for
Non-Structural Engineers
Section 1
Principles of Strength of Material
Oblique Section. Tangential Stress
 Many materials have lower resistance to shear than to
axial forces.
Haward Technology Middle East 20
Structural Engineering for
Non-Structural Engineers
Section 1
Principles of Strength of Material
Flexural Stresses in Beams
Haward Technology Middle East 21
Structural Engineering for
Non-Structural Engineers
Section 1
Principles of Strength of Material
Flexural Stresses in Beams
Haward Technology Middle East 22
Structural Engineering for
Non-Structural Engineers
Section 1
Principles of Strength of Material
Flexural Stresses in Beams (Pure Bending(
Haward Technology Middle East 23
Structural Engineering for
Non-Structural Engineers
Section 1
Principles of Strength of Material
Flexural Stresses in Beams (Pure Bending(
Stress, σmax=(M/z)
 This expression of relationship between maximum
bending stress, moment at the section and the
sectional property Z ,called section Modulus.
 (Section Modulus depends to the Moment Inertia I and
the farthermost layer from the centroidal axis.)
Haward Technology Middle East 24
Structural Engineering for
Non-Structural Engineers
Section 1
Principles of Strength of Material
Flexural Stresses in Beams. Moment Inertias.
Haward Technology Middle East 25
Structural Engineering for
Non-Structural Engineers
Section 1
Principles of Strengh of Material
Principles of Bending Stress Applied
Haward Technology Middle East 26
Structural Engineering for
Non-Structural Engineers
Section 1
Principles of Strengh of Material
Principles of Bending Stress Applied
Haward Technology Middle East 27
Structural Engineering for
Non-Structural Engineers
Section 1
Principles of Strengh of Material
Principles of Bending Stress Applied
Haward Technology Middle East 28
Structural Engineering for
Non-Structural Engineers
Section 1
Principles of Strength of Material
Principles of Bending Stress Applied
Haward Technology Middle East 29
Structural Engineering for
Non-Structural Engineers
Section 1
Principles of Strength of Material
Principles of Bending Stress Applied
Haward Technology Middle East 30
Structural Engineering for
Non-Structural Engineers
Section 1
Principles of Strength of Material
Principles of Bending Stress Applied
Haward Technology Middle East 31
Structural Engineering for
Non-Structural Engineers
Section 1
Principles of Strength of Material
Principles of Bending Stress Applied
Haward Technology Middle East 32
Structural Engineering for
Non-Structural Engineers
Section 1
Principles of Strengh of Material
Shear Forces and Bending Moment
Haward Technology Middle East 33
Structural Engineering for
Non-Structural Engineers
Section 1
Principles of Strengh of Material
Shear Forces and Bending Moment
 For first and second cases i and ii, (without UDL=w),
the rate of change of the bending moment will be:
 For second case ii (considering all vertical forces), the
rate of change of shear forces is:
Haward Technology Middle East 34
Structural Engineering for
Non-Structural Engineers
Section 1
Principles of Strength of Material
Principles of Bending Stress Applied
 For case iii (only concentrated load W), the rate of
change of the shear force will be sudden , then dM/dx
would become discountinuos at the section of
application of the load.
Haward Technology Middle East 35
Structural Engineering for
Non-Structural Engineers
Section 1
Principles of Strength of Material
 Bending Shear
Stress in sections
reach maximum
along neutral axis
interfaces
Haward Technology Middle East 36
Structural Engineering for
Non-Structural Engineers
Section 1
Principles of Strength of Material
Bending Shear Stress
 Horizontal and vertical shear stress. Relationships:
τ (h) = τ (v)
Haward Technology Middle East 37
Structural Engineering for
Non-Structural Engineers
Section 1
Principles of Strength of Material
Bending Shear Stress
Haward Technology Middle East 38
Structural Engineering for
Non-Structural Engineers
Section 1
Principles of Strength of Material
Principles of Bending Stress Applied
Haward Technology Middle East 39
Structural Engineering for
Non-Structural Engineers
Section 1
Principles of Strength of Material
Bending Shear Stress. Determination. Distribution
of Flexural Stress
Haward Technology Middle East 40
Structural Engineering for
Non-Structural Engineers
Section 1
Principles of Strength of Material
Bending Shear Stress. Determination. Distribution of
Flexural Stress
 Static Moment of beam Area respect to the neutral
axis. For rectangular beam the static moment area is:
Haward Technology Middle East 41
Structural Engineering for
Non-Structural Engineers
Section 1
Principles of Strength of Material
Bending Shear Stress. Determination. Distribution
of Flexural Stress
Haward Technology Middle East 42
Structural Engineering for
Non-Structural Engineers
Section 1
Principles of Strength of Material
Bending Shear Stress. Determination. Distribution
of Flexural Stress
Determination of maximum value of W
Haward Technology Middle East 43
Structural Engineering for
Non-Structural Engineers
Section 1
Principles of Strength of Material
Bending Shear Stress. Determination. Distribution of
Flexural Stress
Haward Technology Middle East 44
Structural Engineering for
Non-Structural Engineers
Section 1
Principles of Strength of Material
Bending Shear Stress. Determination. Distribution of
Flexural Stress
 Determination of maximum value of W
Haward Technology Middle East 45
Structural Engineering for
Non-Structural Engineers
Section 1
Principles of Strength of Material
Bending Shear Stress. Determination. Distribution
of Flexural Stress
 Determination of maximum value of W
The permissible value of the load derived from the
criteria of bending stresses in much smaller compared
to a smilar value derived from the criteria of shear
stress. Therefore it is clear that maximum bending
stress shall goven the design in the case and the
maximum permissible value of W shell be 18,000 N.
Haward Technology Middle East 46
Structural Engineering for
Non-Structural Engineers
Section 1
Principles of Strength of Material
Deformation of Beams
 The design of beams also may be determined by its
resistance to deformation, a property termed as rigidity.
 Deformation should be within acceptable limits.
 Deflection is one of the most critical measurements of
deformation.
 Due to loads on beam and the moment generation at the
section the beam adopts a new profile know as:
deflected shape of the beam.
 We are limited to elastic deformation only and consider
that stress is proportional to straim ( Hook´s law).
Haward Technology Middle East 47
Structural Engineering for
Non-Structural Engineers
Section 1
Principles of Strengh of Material
Deformation of Beams. Elastic Curve
Haward Technology Middle East 48
Structural Engineering for
Non-Structural Engineers
Section 1
Principles of Strengh of Material
Deformation of Beams. Elastic Curve
Maximum deflection
Haward Technology Middle East 49
Structural Engineering for
Non-Structural Engineers
Section 1
Principles of Strengh of Material
Deformation of Beams. Elastic Curve. Moment Area
Method
Haward Technology Middle East 50
Structural Engineering for
Non-Structural Engineers
Section 1
Principles of Strength of Material
Deformation of Beams. Moment Area Method
 Theorem –I: For an elastic curve, the angle between
tangents at any two points on the curve is equivalent
to the total area of the bending moment diagram
between these two points, divided by EI.
 Theorem –II: for an elastic curve, the deviation of any
point prependicular to the original beam axis, relative
to the tangent drawn on the curve at any other point,
is equivalent to the moment of the area of the bending
moment about the first point, divided by EI.
Haward Technology Middle East 51
Structural Engineering for
Non-Structural Engineers
Section 1
Principles of Strength of Material
Deformation of Beams. Moment Area Method
Haward Technology Middle East 52
Structural Engineering for
Non-Structural Engineers
Section 1
Principles of Strength of Material
Deformation of Beams. Moment Area Method
Haward Technology Middle East 53
Structural Engineering for
Non-Structural Engineers
Section 1
Principles of Strength of Material
Combined Stresses, Bending and Compression
Haward Technology Middle East 54
Structural Engineering for
Non-Structural Engineers
Section 1
Principles of Strength of Material
Combined Stresses, Bending and Compression
 For topmost layer, the direct compressive stress shall neutralize
the value of the tensile flexure stress-assuming flexural one is
larger. The net tensile stress:
 For bottom most layer, the direct compressive stress shall add to
the value of the tensile flexure stress. The net compressive
stress at the bottommost layer:
Haward Technology Middle East 55
Structural Engineering for
Non-Structural Engineers
Section 1
Principles of Strength of Material
Combined Stresses in Columns (along x-x´(
Haward Technology Middle East 56
Structural Engineering for
Non-Structural Engineers
Section 1
Principles of Strength of Material
Combined Stresses in Columns (along x-x´(
 Due to combined effect of the moment a direct force,
the stresses on the outermost fibers will be:
 As W/A is the compressive stress, the use of positive
sign will give the value of maximum compressive
stress and the use of negative sign will give the value
of the maximum tensile stress.
Haward Technology Middle East 57
Structural Engineering for
Non-Structural Engineers
Section 1
Principles of Strength of Material
Lateral Deformation of Columns. Euler´s Formula.
 In long colums, the flexural stress - or buckling -
governs the failure
 The importance of direct compressive stress is
relatively low.
 It is not possible to determine the rate of change of
flexural stress with the change in the magnitude of the
direct stress.
Haward Technology Middle East 58
Structural Engineering for
Non-Structural Engineers
Section 1
Principles of Strength of Material
Lateral Deformation of Columns. Euler´s Formula.
Haward Technology Middle East 59
Structural Engineering for
Non-Structural Engineers
Section 1
Principles of Strength of Material
Lateral Deformation of Columns. Euler´s Formula.
(hinged ends(
Haward Technology Middle East 60
Structural Engineering for
Non-Structural Engineers
Section 1
Principles of Strength of Material.
Lateral Deformation of Columns. Euler´s Formula.
End Conditions and Critical Loads
Haward Technology Middle East 61
Structural Engineering for
Non-Structural Engineers
Section 1
Principles of Strength of Material
Conclusions
 Exposed principles of strength of materials give us and
idea about the behavior of materials under stress.
 We can appreciate the reason of behaviors, that are
important from the point of view of structural
engineering in relation to material properties.
 Internal stresses develop depending on load conditions
and stress function like bending and shear originates
from similar loading.
 The deformation of structures depends on stress and
several factors different from material. Column
members have special analysis for deformations
Haward Technology Middle East 62
Structural Engineering for
Non-Structural Engineers
Section 1
Structural Analysis
Principle of Mechanics
Objectives:
 Understand the types of structures and their
components
 Understand the different types of stresses and the way
strutural arrangements offer resistance to them
 Gain knowledge about the types of load and nature of
stresses and deformation that they can induce.
 Understand the principles of mechanics and their
applications in structura analysis
 Use the analytical tools to analyze the statically
determinate structures
Haward Technology Middle East 63
Structural Engineering for
Non-Structural Engineers
Section 1
Structural Analysis
Principle of Mechanics
 The function of structures has been to withstand
stresses due to self-loads, direct loads and restrains
imposed on phisycal characteristics –like changes in
dimensions with temperature.
 Steps in typical design are:
• Study the loads and constrains under the situations
• Propose a suitable strutural system
• Examine the overall stability of the same
• Calculate internal forces and deformation of the
members
• Modify and fine tune overall dimensions and sections
of the members.
Haward Technology Middle East 64
Structural Engineering for
Non-Structural Engineers
Section 1
Structural Analysis
Principle of Mechanics
 Clasification of structures may be by:
• Purposes (buildings for habitation, sheds for
factory, bridges for transportation, dams for water
retention, chimneys, aeroports, ports
telecomunications towers…)
• Shape and forms (beams, columns, slabs, walls,
footings, frames, trusses)
• Analytical procedure ( determinate and
indeterminate structures, two-dimensional, tri-
dimensional
Haward Technology Middle East 65
Structural Engineering for
Non-Structural Engineers
Section 1
Structural Analysis
Principle of Mechanics
 Types of loads:
• Dead loads
• Live loads
• Lateral loads
• Snow loads
• Thermal loads
• Other
Haward Technology Middle East 66
Structural Engineering for
Non-Structural Engineers
Section 1
Structural Analysis
Principle of Mechanics
Loads
Haward Technology Middle East 67
Structural Engineering for
Non-Structural Engineers
Section 1
Structural Analysis
Principle of Mechanics. Loads
Live Load
Haward Technology Middle East 68
Structural Engineering for
Non-Structural Engineers
Section 1
Structural Analysis
Principle of Mechanics
Loads
Haward Technology Middle East 69
Structural Engineering for
Non-Structural Engineers
Section 1
Structural Analysis
Principle of Mechanics. Loads
Haward Technology Middle East 70
Structural Engineering for
Non-Structural Engineers
Section 1
Structural Analysis
Principle of Mechanics
Loads
Haward Technology Middle East 71
Structural Engineering for
Non-Structural Engineers
Section 1
Structural Analysis
Principle of Mechanics
Loads
Haward Technology Middle East 72
Structural Engineering for
Non-Structural Engineers
Section 1
Structural Analysis
Principle of Mechanics. Loads
Haward Technology Middle East 73
Structural Engineering for
Non-Structural Engineers
Section 1
Structural Analysis
Principle of Mechanics. Loads
Haward Technology Middle East 74
Structural Engineering for
Non-Structural Engineers
Section 1
Structural Analysis
Principle of Mechanics. Loads
Haward Technology Middle East 75
Structural Engineering for
Non-Structural Engineers
Section 1
Structural Analysis
Principle of Mechanics. Loads
http://youtu.be/j-zczJXSxnw
Haward Technology Middle East 76
Structural Engineering for
Non-Structural Engineers
Section 1
Structural Analysis
Principle of Mechanics. Loads
Haward Technology Middle East 77
Structural Engineering for
Non-Structural Engineers
Section 1
Structural Analysis
Principle of Mechanics. Loads
 Unexpected Extreme Loads: Sendai, Japan 8.9 Earthquake and 7.0
m. Tsunami wave
Haward Technology Middle East 78
Structural Engineering for
Non-Structural Engineers
Section 1
Structural Analysis
Principle of Mechanics. Loads
 Unexpected Extreme Loads: Sendai, Japan 8.9 Earthquake and 7.0
m. Tsunami wave
Haward Technology Middle East 79
Structural Engineering for
Non-Structural Engineers
Section 1
Structural Analysis
Principle of Mechanics. Loads
 Unexpected Extreme Loads: Sendai, Japan 8.9
Earthquake and 7.0 m. Tsunami wave
http://vimeo.com/21769477
Haward Technology Middle East 80
Structural Engineering for
Non-Structural Engineers
Section 1
Structural Analysis
Principle of Mechanics. Loads
 Structures falling
• http://youtu.be/uKeENdyIluI
• http://youtu.be/GtIjUn7_erY
• http://youtu.be/INmYGiJHgTs
Haward Technology Middle East 81
Structural Engineering for
Non-Structural Engineers
Section 1
Structural Analysis
Principle of Mechanics. Loads
Haward Technology Middle East 82
Structural Engineering for
Non-Structural Engineers
Section 1
Structural Analysis
Principle of Mechanics. Loads

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Intro to Structural Engineering

  • 1. ©2011 Haward Technology Middle East. This document is the property of the course instructor and/or Haward Technology Middle East. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior written permission of Haward Technology Middle East Haward Technology Middle East PIONEERS IN TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER Mr. Jorge Palma Structural Engineering for Non-Structural Engineers
  • 2. Haward Technology Middle East 2 Structural Engineering for Non-Structural Engineers Section 1 Section 1 Introduction to Structural Engineering The Structural Engineer Role Governing Principles Overall Course Objective
  • 3. Haward Technology Middle East 3 Structural Engineering for Non-Structural Engineers Section 1 The Structural Engineer Role  Structural Engineering deals with the analysis and design of structures.  Structure can be defined as an assembly of various components that act together under “stress” conditions.  Bridges, highways, buildings, transmission towers, trusses, water tanks, offshore structrures, are common today.
  • 4. Haward Technology Middle East 4 Structural Engineering for Non-Structural Engineers Section 1 The Structural Engineer Role  The basic purpose of designing a structure is to ensure its safety, functionality and economy under the most severe condition of using, during its lifespan. • Information flows of studies and research increasing • Improvements of manufacturing process and materials • Fast upgrade of design tools (including CAD software) • Engineering applications are interdisciplinary (Architecture, Construction, Maintenance, Repairing, Financing, Environmental…)
  • 5. Haward Technology Middle East 5 Structural Engineering for Non-Structural Engineers Section 1 The Structural Engineer Role: The Design  Optimal structural design shall achieve balance between the following requirements:
  • 6. Haward Technology Middle East 6 Structural Engineering for Non-Structural Engineers Section 1 Governing Principles Of Engineering Design  Application of basic scientific principles for safe, practical and cost effective solutions.  Strutuctural design is based on: • Mechanics (analyzes structural components as rigid bodies under external actions) • Strengh of materials (analyses structural components as deformable bodies under external action depending of material properties)
  • 7. Haward Technology Middle East 7 Structural Engineering for Non-Structural Engineers Section 1 Overall Course Objective  Identify the role of structural engineer  Explain the behavior of structural members under loading  Apply the concept of stress functions like tension, compression, shear and bending  Use the basic concepts for analysis of statically determinate and indeterminate structures  Analyze deformation of members under loading  Discuss the significance of material properties in design  Perform basic design of reinforced cement concrete structures, steel structures and masonry & timber structural members
  • 8. Haward Technology Middle East 8 Structural Engineering for Non-Structural Engineers Section 1 Principles of Strength of Material  Theory of Elasticity Objectives: • Understand the mechanical properties of the material • Undesrtand the behavior of the material under stress. • Understand the mechanism of deformation of material and evaluate the magnitudes
  • 9. Haward Technology Middle East 9 Structural Engineering for Non-Structural Engineers Section 1 Principles of Strength of Material  Mechanical properties • Properties related to strees and deformations are important for structural engineering and construction • They are determined in laboratory conditions to establish permissible limits.
  • 10. Haward Technology Middle East 10 Structural Engineering for Non-Structural Engineers Section 1 Principles of Strength of Material  Elasticity of materials • All material bodies undergo deformations when loads are applied on them. • When the applied load is removed, body does overcome this deformation and recovers original shape. • This property is know as elasticity
  • 11. Haward Technology Middle East 11 Structural Engineering for Non-Structural Engineers Section 1 Principles of Strength of Material Elasticity of Materials Stress and Strain  When a prismatic member is applied on a load along its axis, the load is uniformly distributed along its entire cross sectional area (tension)
  • 12. Haward Technology Middle East 12 Structural Engineering for Non-Structural Engineers Section 1 Principles of Strength of Material Elasticity of materials  Force per unit area = F/A= σ  Stress (kgf /cm2 , or N/mm2 )  Elongation per unit area: ∆l/l= ε  Strain (unitless quantity)
  • 13. Haward Technology Middle East 13 Structural Engineering for Non-Structural Engineers Section 1 Principles of Strength of Material Hooke’s Law:  “Within elastic limits, strain is proportional to stress” σ= ε x E  Where E is the modulus of Elasticity or Young´s Modulus
  • 14. Haward Technology Middle East 14 Structural Engineering for Non-Structural Engineers Section 1 Principles of Strength of Material Hooke´s Law
  • 15. Haward Technology Middle East 15 Structural Engineering for Non-Structural Engineers Section 1 Principles of Strength of Material Poisson´s Ratio:  Lateral strain /axial strain = µ (constant)  For isotropic materials its value is 0,25  Change in volume per unit of volume ∆V/V= ε(1-2µ)  Limit value of µ can be: µ= 0.5  For metals: µ= 0.25-0.35
  • 16. Haward Technology Middle East 16 Structural Engineering for Non-Structural Engineers Section 1 Principles of Strength of Material  Young´s Modulus helps to evaluate deformation of material under stress and Poisson´s ratio allows to understand the ofailure mechanism of various strutural materials.
  • 17. Haward Technology Middle East 17 Structural Engineering for Non-Structural Engineers Section 1 Principles of Strength of Material Oblique Section
  • 18. Haward Technology Middle East 18 Structural Engineering for Non-Structural Engineers Section 1 Principles of Strength of Material Oblique Section. Normal Stress
  • 19. Haward Technology Middle East 19 Structural Engineering for Non-Structural Engineers Section 1 Principles of Strength of Material Oblique Section. Tangential Stress  Many materials have lower resistance to shear than to axial forces.
  • 20. Haward Technology Middle East 20 Structural Engineering for Non-Structural Engineers Section 1 Principles of Strength of Material Flexural Stresses in Beams
  • 21. Haward Technology Middle East 21 Structural Engineering for Non-Structural Engineers Section 1 Principles of Strength of Material Flexural Stresses in Beams
  • 22. Haward Technology Middle East 22 Structural Engineering for Non-Structural Engineers Section 1 Principles of Strength of Material Flexural Stresses in Beams (Pure Bending(
  • 23. Haward Technology Middle East 23 Structural Engineering for Non-Structural Engineers Section 1 Principles of Strength of Material Flexural Stresses in Beams (Pure Bending( Stress, σmax=(M/z)  This expression of relationship between maximum bending stress, moment at the section and the sectional property Z ,called section Modulus.  (Section Modulus depends to the Moment Inertia I and the farthermost layer from the centroidal axis.)
  • 24. Haward Technology Middle East 24 Structural Engineering for Non-Structural Engineers Section 1 Principles of Strength of Material Flexural Stresses in Beams. Moment Inertias.
  • 25. Haward Technology Middle East 25 Structural Engineering for Non-Structural Engineers Section 1 Principles of Strengh of Material Principles of Bending Stress Applied
  • 26. Haward Technology Middle East 26 Structural Engineering for Non-Structural Engineers Section 1 Principles of Strengh of Material Principles of Bending Stress Applied
  • 27. Haward Technology Middle East 27 Structural Engineering for Non-Structural Engineers Section 1 Principles of Strengh of Material Principles of Bending Stress Applied
  • 28. Haward Technology Middle East 28 Structural Engineering for Non-Structural Engineers Section 1 Principles of Strength of Material Principles of Bending Stress Applied
  • 29. Haward Technology Middle East 29 Structural Engineering for Non-Structural Engineers Section 1 Principles of Strength of Material Principles of Bending Stress Applied
  • 30. Haward Technology Middle East 30 Structural Engineering for Non-Structural Engineers Section 1 Principles of Strength of Material Principles of Bending Stress Applied
  • 31. Haward Technology Middle East 31 Structural Engineering for Non-Structural Engineers Section 1 Principles of Strength of Material Principles of Bending Stress Applied
  • 32. Haward Technology Middle East 32 Structural Engineering for Non-Structural Engineers Section 1 Principles of Strengh of Material Shear Forces and Bending Moment
  • 33. Haward Technology Middle East 33 Structural Engineering for Non-Structural Engineers Section 1 Principles of Strengh of Material Shear Forces and Bending Moment  For first and second cases i and ii, (without UDL=w), the rate of change of the bending moment will be:  For second case ii (considering all vertical forces), the rate of change of shear forces is:
  • 34. Haward Technology Middle East 34 Structural Engineering for Non-Structural Engineers Section 1 Principles of Strength of Material Principles of Bending Stress Applied  For case iii (only concentrated load W), the rate of change of the shear force will be sudden , then dM/dx would become discountinuos at the section of application of the load.
  • 35. Haward Technology Middle East 35 Structural Engineering for Non-Structural Engineers Section 1 Principles of Strength of Material  Bending Shear Stress in sections reach maximum along neutral axis interfaces
  • 36. Haward Technology Middle East 36 Structural Engineering for Non-Structural Engineers Section 1 Principles of Strength of Material Bending Shear Stress  Horizontal and vertical shear stress. Relationships: τ (h) = τ (v)
  • 37. Haward Technology Middle East 37 Structural Engineering for Non-Structural Engineers Section 1 Principles of Strength of Material Bending Shear Stress
  • 38. Haward Technology Middle East 38 Structural Engineering for Non-Structural Engineers Section 1 Principles of Strength of Material Principles of Bending Stress Applied
  • 39. Haward Technology Middle East 39 Structural Engineering for Non-Structural Engineers Section 1 Principles of Strength of Material Bending Shear Stress. Determination. Distribution of Flexural Stress
  • 40. Haward Technology Middle East 40 Structural Engineering for Non-Structural Engineers Section 1 Principles of Strength of Material Bending Shear Stress. Determination. Distribution of Flexural Stress  Static Moment of beam Area respect to the neutral axis. For rectangular beam the static moment area is:
  • 41. Haward Technology Middle East 41 Structural Engineering for Non-Structural Engineers Section 1 Principles of Strength of Material Bending Shear Stress. Determination. Distribution of Flexural Stress
  • 42. Haward Technology Middle East 42 Structural Engineering for Non-Structural Engineers Section 1 Principles of Strength of Material Bending Shear Stress. Determination. Distribution of Flexural Stress Determination of maximum value of W
  • 43. Haward Technology Middle East 43 Structural Engineering for Non-Structural Engineers Section 1 Principles of Strength of Material Bending Shear Stress. Determination. Distribution of Flexural Stress
  • 44. Haward Technology Middle East 44 Structural Engineering for Non-Structural Engineers Section 1 Principles of Strength of Material Bending Shear Stress. Determination. Distribution of Flexural Stress  Determination of maximum value of W
  • 45. Haward Technology Middle East 45 Structural Engineering for Non-Structural Engineers Section 1 Principles of Strength of Material Bending Shear Stress. Determination. Distribution of Flexural Stress  Determination of maximum value of W The permissible value of the load derived from the criteria of bending stresses in much smaller compared to a smilar value derived from the criteria of shear stress. Therefore it is clear that maximum bending stress shall goven the design in the case and the maximum permissible value of W shell be 18,000 N.
  • 46. Haward Technology Middle East 46 Structural Engineering for Non-Structural Engineers Section 1 Principles of Strength of Material Deformation of Beams  The design of beams also may be determined by its resistance to deformation, a property termed as rigidity.  Deformation should be within acceptable limits.  Deflection is one of the most critical measurements of deformation.  Due to loads on beam and the moment generation at the section the beam adopts a new profile know as: deflected shape of the beam.  We are limited to elastic deformation only and consider that stress is proportional to straim ( Hook´s law).
  • 47. Haward Technology Middle East 47 Structural Engineering for Non-Structural Engineers Section 1 Principles of Strengh of Material Deformation of Beams. Elastic Curve
  • 48. Haward Technology Middle East 48 Structural Engineering for Non-Structural Engineers Section 1 Principles of Strengh of Material Deformation of Beams. Elastic Curve Maximum deflection
  • 49. Haward Technology Middle East 49 Structural Engineering for Non-Structural Engineers Section 1 Principles of Strengh of Material Deformation of Beams. Elastic Curve. Moment Area Method
  • 50. Haward Technology Middle East 50 Structural Engineering for Non-Structural Engineers Section 1 Principles of Strength of Material Deformation of Beams. Moment Area Method  Theorem –I: For an elastic curve, the angle between tangents at any two points on the curve is equivalent to the total area of the bending moment diagram between these two points, divided by EI.  Theorem –II: for an elastic curve, the deviation of any point prependicular to the original beam axis, relative to the tangent drawn on the curve at any other point, is equivalent to the moment of the area of the bending moment about the first point, divided by EI.
  • 51. Haward Technology Middle East 51 Structural Engineering for Non-Structural Engineers Section 1 Principles of Strength of Material Deformation of Beams. Moment Area Method
  • 52. Haward Technology Middle East 52 Structural Engineering for Non-Structural Engineers Section 1 Principles of Strength of Material Deformation of Beams. Moment Area Method
  • 53. Haward Technology Middle East 53 Structural Engineering for Non-Structural Engineers Section 1 Principles of Strength of Material Combined Stresses, Bending and Compression
  • 54. Haward Technology Middle East 54 Structural Engineering for Non-Structural Engineers Section 1 Principles of Strength of Material Combined Stresses, Bending and Compression  For topmost layer, the direct compressive stress shall neutralize the value of the tensile flexure stress-assuming flexural one is larger. The net tensile stress:  For bottom most layer, the direct compressive stress shall add to the value of the tensile flexure stress. The net compressive stress at the bottommost layer:
  • 55. Haward Technology Middle East 55 Structural Engineering for Non-Structural Engineers Section 1 Principles of Strength of Material Combined Stresses in Columns (along x-x´(
  • 56. Haward Technology Middle East 56 Structural Engineering for Non-Structural Engineers Section 1 Principles of Strength of Material Combined Stresses in Columns (along x-x´(  Due to combined effect of the moment a direct force, the stresses on the outermost fibers will be:  As W/A is the compressive stress, the use of positive sign will give the value of maximum compressive stress and the use of negative sign will give the value of the maximum tensile stress.
  • 57. Haward Technology Middle East 57 Structural Engineering for Non-Structural Engineers Section 1 Principles of Strength of Material Lateral Deformation of Columns. Euler´s Formula.  In long colums, the flexural stress - or buckling - governs the failure  The importance of direct compressive stress is relatively low.  It is not possible to determine the rate of change of flexural stress with the change in the magnitude of the direct stress.
  • 58. Haward Technology Middle East 58 Structural Engineering for Non-Structural Engineers Section 1 Principles of Strength of Material Lateral Deformation of Columns. Euler´s Formula.
  • 59. Haward Technology Middle East 59 Structural Engineering for Non-Structural Engineers Section 1 Principles of Strength of Material Lateral Deformation of Columns. Euler´s Formula. (hinged ends(
  • 60. Haward Technology Middle East 60 Structural Engineering for Non-Structural Engineers Section 1 Principles of Strength of Material. Lateral Deformation of Columns. Euler´s Formula. End Conditions and Critical Loads
  • 61. Haward Technology Middle East 61 Structural Engineering for Non-Structural Engineers Section 1 Principles of Strength of Material Conclusions  Exposed principles of strength of materials give us and idea about the behavior of materials under stress.  We can appreciate the reason of behaviors, that are important from the point of view of structural engineering in relation to material properties.  Internal stresses develop depending on load conditions and stress function like bending and shear originates from similar loading.  The deformation of structures depends on stress and several factors different from material. Column members have special analysis for deformations
  • 62. Haward Technology Middle East 62 Structural Engineering for Non-Structural Engineers Section 1 Structural Analysis Principle of Mechanics Objectives:  Understand the types of structures and their components  Understand the different types of stresses and the way strutural arrangements offer resistance to them  Gain knowledge about the types of load and nature of stresses and deformation that they can induce.  Understand the principles of mechanics and their applications in structura analysis  Use the analytical tools to analyze the statically determinate structures
  • 63. Haward Technology Middle East 63 Structural Engineering for Non-Structural Engineers Section 1 Structural Analysis Principle of Mechanics  The function of structures has been to withstand stresses due to self-loads, direct loads and restrains imposed on phisycal characteristics –like changes in dimensions with temperature.  Steps in typical design are: • Study the loads and constrains under the situations • Propose a suitable strutural system • Examine the overall stability of the same • Calculate internal forces and deformation of the members • Modify and fine tune overall dimensions and sections of the members.
  • 64. Haward Technology Middle East 64 Structural Engineering for Non-Structural Engineers Section 1 Structural Analysis Principle of Mechanics  Clasification of structures may be by: • Purposes (buildings for habitation, sheds for factory, bridges for transportation, dams for water retention, chimneys, aeroports, ports telecomunications towers…) • Shape and forms (beams, columns, slabs, walls, footings, frames, trusses) • Analytical procedure ( determinate and indeterminate structures, two-dimensional, tri- dimensional
  • 65. Haward Technology Middle East 65 Structural Engineering for Non-Structural Engineers Section 1 Structural Analysis Principle of Mechanics  Types of loads: • Dead loads • Live loads • Lateral loads • Snow loads • Thermal loads • Other
  • 66. Haward Technology Middle East 66 Structural Engineering for Non-Structural Engineers Section 1 Structural Analysis Principle of Mechanics Loads
  • 67. Haward Technology Middle East 67 Structural Engineering for Non-Structural Engineers Section 1 Structural Analysis Principle of Mechanics. Loads Live Load
  • 68. Haward Technology Middle East 68 Structural Engineering for Non-Structural Engineers Section 1 Structural Analysis Principle of Mechanics Loads
  • 69. Haward Technology Middle East 69 Structural Engineering for Non-Structural Engineers Section 1 Structural Analysis Principle of Mechanics. Loads
  • 70. Haward Technology Middle East 70 Structural Engineering for Non-Structural Engineers Section 1 Structural Analysis Principle of Mechanics Loads
  • 71. Haward Technology Middle East 71 Structural Engineering for Non-Structural Engineers Section 1 Structural Analysis Principle of Mechanics Loads
  • 72. Haward Technology Middle East 72 Structural Engineering for Non-Structural Engineers Section 1 Structural Analysis Principle of Mechanics. Loads
  • 73. Haward Technology Middle East 73 Structural Engineering for Non-Structural Engineers Section 1 Structural Analysis Principle of Mechanics. Loads
  • 74. Haward Technology Middle East 74 Structural Engineering for Non-Structural Engineers Section 1 Structural Analysis Principle of Mechanics. Loads
  • 75. Haward Technology Middle East 75 Structural Engineering for Non-Structural Engineers Section 1 Structural Analysis Principle of Mechanics. Loads http://youtu.be/j-zczJXSxnw
  • 76. Haward Technology Middle East 76 Structural Engineering for Non-Structural Engineers Section 1 Structural Analysis Principle of Mechanics. Loads
  • 77. Haward Technology Middle East 77 Structural Engineering for Non-Structural Engineers Section 1 Structural Analysis Principle of Mechanics. Loads  Unexpected Extreme Loads: Sendai, Japan 8.9 Earthquake and 7.0 m. Tsunami wave
  • 78. Haward Technology Middle East 78 Structural Engineering for Non-Structural Engineers Section 1 Structural Analysis Principle of Mechanics. Loads  Unexpected Extreme Loads: Sendai, Japan 8.9 Earthquake and 7.0 m. Tsunami wave
  • 79. Haward Technology Middle East 79 Structural Engineering for Non-Structural Engineers Section 1 Structural Analysis Principle of Mechanics. Loads  Unexpected Extreme Loads: Sendai, Japan 8.9 Earthquake and 7.0 m. Tsunami wave http://vimeo.com/21769477
  • 80. Haward Technology Middle East 80 Structural Engineering for Non-Structural Engineers Section 1 Structural Analysis Principle of Mechanics. Loads  Structures falling • http://youtu.be/uKeENdyIluI • http://youtu.be/GtIjUn7_erY • http://youtu.be/INmYGiJHgTs
  • 81. Haward Technology Middle East 81 Structural Engineering for Non-Structural Engineers Section 1 Structural Analysis Principle of Mechanics. Loads
  • 82. Haward Technology Middle East 82 Structural Engineering for Non-Structural Engineers Section 1 Structural Analysis Principle of Mechanics. Loads