3. Processes of Pulmonary Functions
Pulmonary ventilation – movement
of air into and out of the lungs.
External Ventilation – gas exchange
between the blood and lungs
Transport of gases – between the
lungs and cells
Internal Ventilation – between the
blood and body cells
4. Measuring Pulmonary Function
Used during the training of athletes
and in patients with pulmonary
disease:
Total Lung Capacity – volume of air
in the lungs after a maximum
inhalation.
5. Measuring Pulmonary Function
Vital Capacity – maximum volume of air
that can be exhaled after a maximum
inhalation
Tidal volume – volume of air that is taken
in or out with each inhalation or exhalation
Ventilation Rate – number of inhalations or
exhalations per minute
6. Ventilation Rate
Breathing Rate
– During exercise the rate of ACR
increases.
– Increases the amount of CO2 in the
blood
– Reduces the pH of the blood
– Reduction is detected by cells in the
walls of the arteries (chemosensors)
7. Ventilation Rate
Increased ventilation rate removes
excess CO2 from the body.
– Increases the rate of O2 uptake
– Allows more ACR to take place
– pH level of blood increases
When pH increases --- ventilation
rate decreases
8. Ventilation RATE
IT IS THE RISING
CONCENTRATION OF
CO2 IN THE BLOOD AND
NOT THE DECLINE OF
OXYGEN THAT
TRIGGERS THE NEED
FOR BREATHING.
9. Exercise and Ventilation
Results in increases in
ventilation rate and tidal volume.
Blood to lungs >>> higher CO2
concentration
High rate of gas exchange
– Large gradient
High rate Acr
ANcr >>> low supply of oxygen
>>> lower duration of exercise.
10. Effects of Training
Be able to discuss the effects of
Training on:
– Increase – ventilation rate during
exercise
– Decrease – resting ventilation rate
– Larger – vital capacity (muscle)
13. Measuring Heart Function:
Heart Rate
Heart Rate – number of contractions
per minute
Major Factors that affect Heart Rate:
– SEX – Male or Female
– Your overall health
– Physical Activity
– Emotion
– Posture
14. Measuring Heart Function
Heart Rate – number of contractions
per minute
Stroke volume – volume of blood
pumped with each contraction.
Cardiac output – volume of blood
pumped out by the heart each
minute.
Venous Return – amount of blood
returning to heart per minute
15. Exercise and the Heart
Can Cause:
Increase in thickness of heart muscle
Volume of ventricles
– LARGER STROKE VOLUME AT REST AND
DURING EXERCISE
Reduce cardiac output at rest – 50b/
min.
Greater Stroke Volume = greater
cardiac output as heart is trained
17. Exercise and the Heart
Controlling Cardiac Output:
Receptor cells – monitor blood pH
– Measure of CO2
Brain: Medulla – alters rate
Pacemaker – receives impulses to
alter rate
Reverses when CO2 levels lower.
18. Effects of Exercise on Circulatory
System
Venous Return
Increases during exercise
Contracting Muscles exert
pressure on veins >>> helps to
return blood
Allows cardiac output to increase
19. Effects of Exercise on Circulatory
System
DISTRIBUTION OF BLOOD:
More during exercise:
– Heart wall
– Muscles
– Skin
Less during exercise:
– Kidneys
– Stomach
– Intestines
Does not change:
– Brain
20. More Effects of Training and the
Circulatory System
Increases capillary networks in
skeletal muscles
Increase in diameter of blood vessels
Decrease in blood pressure
Increase in blood volume
Decrease in recovery time for
breathing and heart rate
21. Erythropoietin (EPO)
Natural hormone
produced by kidney to
maintain a health
percentage of blood
cells
Increases amount of
RBC in ratio volume of
blood ---
Packed Cell Volume(PCV)
More RBC = more O2 to
cells
22. Erythropoietin (EPO)
Benefits: Risks:
Increased blood
– Treatment for thickness
anemia Increased chance of
blood clotting
– Replacement of Can result in stroke
blood due to
injury Lower blood plasma
level
Body may produce
antibodies against EPO
24. Effects of Increasing Intensity of
Exercise
General: more exercise=more O2
VO2 – volume of O2 that is absorbed
by the body/minute that is supplied
to body tissue
VO2max – maximum rate at which O2
can be absorbed and supplied to
tissue
25. Effects of Increasing Intensity of
Exercise
AnCR – in intensity of exercise can
rise above VO2max.
As intensity of Exercise increases the
fat burned (ACR) decreases
– AnCR can only use Carbohydrates as a
respiration substrate
26. Muscle Fatigue
Muscle fibers contain a store of
carbohydrates --- GLYCOGEN
Glycogen is converted to glucose
– Intense or long duration exercise
When glycogen is used up…
muscle fatigue takes place
Accumulation of lactate. (AnCR)
27. Myoglobin
Myoglobin – oxymyo or deoxymyo-
– Globular protein
– Heme – prosthetic group
– Red pigment
– Contained in muscle
– Intracellular O2 storage
O2 is released when level in muscle is low
Allows for longer ACR – longer exercise
periods.
28. Other Source of ATP
Creatine Phosphate
– Used by muscles cells only!
– Created by excess ATP in pancreas, liver,
kidneys
– Direct phosphorylation of ATP from store
– Duration: exercise up to 10 seconds
Creatine Phosphate
– Dietary supplement
Absorbed by intestines
Can help athletes who have naturally low levels
Correlation: can improve maximum intensity over
short time
Can cause water retention –
Weight gain, HBP, cramps – dehydration
– Inhibit performance.
29. Muscles,ATP, and Intensity of
Exercise
Low Intensity Exercise
If O2 is available, ACR can produces ATP
continuously
– Walking, light jogging
High Intensity Exercise
If O2 is used faster, the body switches to
AnCR.
Lactate is produced – toxic
– Produces energy for 2 minutes maximum
30. AnCR and Oxygen “Debt”
If lactate is present = oxygen debt
Lactate produced is passed to the
liver (accessory organ)
If large amounts of lactate are
present, large amounts of O2 are
needed to “repay the debt.”
This is why it takes TIME for the
ventilation rate to return to “normal”
after high intensity exercise.
33. Training
Training = Exercises that are done to
change the physical conditioning of
the body.
Depends on:
– Frequency – how often a training session
occurs.
– Duration – length of session
– Intensity – vigorous
34. Speed and Stamina
Rate at which a movement is
performed.
– Sprinting, baseball, football, swimming,
skiing.
Ability to continue an exercise
for long periods of time
– Maximum duration.
– Rowing, long distance running
35. Fast Muscles
Fast muscle fibers
TWITCH
– These are the muscle fibers that are
responsible for short, explosive and
powerful movements.
– Fast twitch fibers are the ones that
grow!
– Release large amounts of energy for
short periods of time
36. Slow Muscles –
TONIC
– These are the muscle fibers that are
responsible for endurance.
– They do not really respond to
resistance training with any type of
growth or hypertrophy.
– Release energy for longer time periods.
37. Fast vs. Slow
. Fast Slow
Fast Oxidative/Glycolytic Slow Oxidative
Blood Moderate to Very good
supply low
Mitochondria Little present Much present
Glycogen Little present Much present
Myoglobin Little present Much present
Cell Anaerobic Aerobic
Respiration
Stamina Low High
Strength High Low
38. Fast vs. Slow: Types
Fast –
– extensive use of arms, hands
– sprinting, power lifting, body building
Slow –
– Use of large muscles: legs, thigh, hip,
lower back, neck,
– posture, swimmers, LD runners, cyclists
39. Physiology of the
“Warm-up and Cool Down”
Warm Cool
Gentle before Dispense lactic acid
Vigorous Allows Cardiovascular
Heats body -distributes system to adjust
Raises heart rate
Breathing rate returns
Warm muscles more to normal
flexible
Less likely to tear
Warm joints more
mobile
less strain
48. Dislocations
Abnormal movement of a joint.
Bones move out of alignment
If the dislocation is partial, it's called
subluxation. The joint is loose and
may slide partially out of place.
52. Separations
A separated shoulder: collarbone
(clavicle) and shoulder blade
(scapula) meet.
ligaments are torn.
Outer end of the collarbone slips out
of place.
Type II A Fibres These fibres, also called fast twitch or fast oxidative fibres, contain very large amounts of myoglobin, very many mitochondria and very many blood capillaries. Type II A fibres are red, have a very high capacity for generating ATP by oxidative metabolic processes, split ATP at a very rapid rate, have a fast contraction velocity and are resistant to fatigue. Such fibres are infrequently found in humans. Type II B Fibres These fibres, also called fast twitch or fast glycolytic fibres, contain a low content of myoglobin, relatively few mitochondria, relatively few blood capillaries and large amounts glycogen. Type II B fibres are white, geared to generate ATP by anaerobic metabolic processes, not able to supply skeletal muscle fibres continuously with sufficient ATP, fatigue easily, split ATP at a fast rate and have a fast contraction velocity. Such fibres are found in large numbers in the muscles of the arms.
Type I Fibres These fibres, also called slow twitch or slow oxidative fibres, contain large amounts of myoglobin, many mitochondria and many blood capillaries. Type I fibres are red, split ATP at a slow rate, have a slow contraction velocity, very resistant to fatigue and have a high capacity to generate ATP by oxidative metabolic processes. Such fibres are found in large numbers in the postural muscles of the neck
FAST – SPRINTER SLOW – MARATHON FAST – DOWNHILL SKIIER SLOW – CROSS COUNTRY SKIIER MIDDLE DISTANCE – About 50% Fast – speed, agility, quickness, power The average person has approximately 60% fast muscle fibre and 40% slow-twitch fibre (type I). There can be swings in fibre composition, but essentially, we all have three types of muscle fibre that need to trained
Anabolic steroids , or anabolic-androgenic steroids ( AAS ), are a class of steroid hormones related to the hormone testosterone . They increase protein synthesis within cells, which results in the buildup of cellular tissue ( anabolism ), especially in muscles . Anabolic steroids also have androgenic and virilizing properties, including the development and maintenance of masculine characteristics such as the growth of the vocal cords and body hair. The word anabolic comes from the Greek anabolein , "to build up", and the word androgenic from the Greek andros , "man" + genein , "to produce". Anabolic steroids were first isolated, identified and synthesized in the 1930s, and are now used therapeutically in medicine to stimulate bone growth and appetite, induce male puberty , and treat chronic wasting conditions, such as cancer and AIDS . The American College of Sports Medicine acknowledges that AAS, in the presence of adequate diet, can contribute to increases in body weight, often as lean mass increases, and that the gains in muscular strength achieved through high-intensity exercise and proper diet can be additionally increased by the use of AAS in some individuals. [2] Serious health risks can be produced by long-term use or excessive doses of anabolic steroids. These effects include harmful changes in cholesterol levels (increased low-density lipoprotein and decreased high-density lipoprotein ), acne , high blood pressure , liver damage , and dangerous changes in the structure of the left ventricle of the heart. LONG TERM HEALTH ISSUES: Anabolic steroid use has been implicated in early heart disease, including sudden death, the increase of bad cholesterol profiles (increased LDL, lower HDL), an increase in tendon injuries, liver tumors, testicular atrophy, gynecomastia (abnormal enlargement of breasts in males), male pattern baldness, severe acne, premature closure of growth plates in adolescents, emotional disturbances and other significant health risks.
When you have the misfortune of wrenching your shoulder upward and backward, you may dislocate it out of its socket. This condition is both painful and incapacitating. The force required is often that of a fall or a collision with another person (both of which can occur with many sports). Because of how your shoulder fits together, most shoulder dislocations happen at the lower front of the shoulder. The bones of the shoulder are the socket of the shoulder blade (scapula) and the ball at the upper end of the arm bone (humerus). The socket on the shoulder blade is fairly shallow, but a lip or rim of cartilage makes it deeper. The joint is supported on all sides by ligaments called the joint capsule, and then the whole thing is covered by the rotator cuff. The rotator cuff is made up of 4 tendons that are attached to muscles that start on the scapula and end on the upper humerus. They reinforce the shoulder joint from above, in front, and in back, which makes the weakest point in the rotator cuff in the lower front. Subluxation versus dislocation: A subluxation occurs when 2 joint (articular) surfaces have lost their usual contact. A 50% subluxation means the normally opposing articular surfaces have lost half their usual contact. A 100% subluxation means the articular surfaces have lost all of their contact. A dislocation is the same as a 100% subluxation.
When your shoulder is dislocated , your arm will look out of position. You will have severe pain, particularly if muscle spasms are present. If the dislocation is a partial dislocation (subluxation), you may have the sensation that your upper arm bone can slip out of its socket. Your doctor may order an x-ray to confirm the diagnosis and check for fractures. A shoulder separation will involve pain and tenderness. Sometimes a bump will appear in the mid top of your shoulder. Your doctor may order an x-ray to confirm the diagnosis and check for fractures. An MRI ( def. ) may be ordered to make sure there are no other injuries.
Rest the injured area. If moving the injured area causes pain, this is the body's way of saying stop. Rest the affected area. Do not use or bear weight (such as standing or walking) until evaluated by a healthcare provider. Sometimes resting an injured area means not participating in any physical activity or just the activity that caused the injury. For example, some walking may be allowed, but no running. If necessary, the provider may suggest using crutches or a cane so that less weight is put on the injured foot or leg. Ice applied to the injured area will help to prevent or reduce swelling. Swelling causes more pain and can slow healing. Apply a cloth-covered ice pack to the injured area for no more than 20 minutes at a time, 4 to 8 times a day. A one-pound package of frozen corn or peas makes a good ice pack. It is lightweight, conforms to the injured area, and is inexpensive and reusable. Applying ice more than 20 minutes may cause cold injury. When making an ice pack with a plastic bag, make sure all the air is out of the bag before closing it. Areas with little fat and muscle, such as fingers or toes, should only have ice on them for about 10 minutes. Frozen gel packs are colder than ice, so they should only be left on for 10 minutes. Compression (use of a pressure bandage) also helps to prevent or reduce swelling. Wrap the injured area with an elastic bandage, but not so tightly that the blood is cut off. It should not hurt or throb. Fingers or toes beyond the bandage should remain pink and not become "tingly." The elastic bandage should be taken off every 4 hours and reapplied. Elevation means raising the injured area above the level of the heart. The affected part should be elevated so it is 12 inches above the heart, to help reduce swelling. Prop up a leg or arm while resting it. It may be necessary to lie down to get the leg above the heart level. Elevation can be done with several pillows.
