HVAC
Handout

Design Of A HVAC System For A Entire
Commercial building.
By
PRATHAMESH BRID,
JAYESH MAHAJAN,
SHEFALI MORE,
VIKAS PATIL.
Project guide:
Prof. SUNIL JANKAR
Mr. ATUL C KOCHREKAR.
(VOLTAS MANAGER-DESIGN).
Department of Mechanical Engineering
Saraswati College of Engineering, Kharghar
University of Mumbai

SR.
NO.
Index Page no.
1. Design condition 6 - 7
2. Daylight condition 8 - 9
3. Selection of glass 10 - 12
4. Wall Design
4.1 U value of selected composite wall
4.2 Outer and inner wall
4.3 Autoclaved Aerated Concrete (AAC) block
4.4 Extruded polystyrene
4.5 Terracotta cladding
13 – 15
16 - 17
18- 19
20 - 21
22- 27
5. Assumptions of offices 28 - 30
6. Heat load
7.1 Heat load calculation ( Second floor office 1)
7.2 Summary total heat load of building
31 – 39
40 - 44
7. System selection
7.1 What is Hybrid VRF system
7.2 R-32 refrigerant
7.3 Advantages of Hybrid VRF system
7.4 Key features of Hybrid VRF system
7.5 Hybrid Branch Control
7.6 Indoor units of system, Outlets
7.7 Cooling Tower
7.8 Water Softening Plant & AHU
7.9 Duct Selection
7.10 Selection of proper Piping Material
45– 48
49
50 – 51
52 - 54
55
56 - 57
58
59
60 – 64
65

8. Value Engineering 66
9. Different water sources 67 - 68
10. Indoor air quality
10.1 Green roof and garden
10.2 Indoor plantation
10.3 Air purifier unit
10.4 Air quality monitor
69 - 70
71
71
72
11. Measures for COVID-19 73 - 74
11.1 Waterless urines
11.2 Sensor based taps
11.2 Air purifier gel
11.3 Sanitization room at main entrance
11.4 Automatic door at entrance
11.5 UV case
11.6 MERV-15 filter
75
76
76
77
77
78
78
12. Air curtain 79
13. Fan selection
13.1 Comparison of Centrifugal fan and axial fan
13.2 Electronically Commuted motor fan i.e. EC fan
80 - 82
82 - 84
14. Basement design
14.1 Jet fan system
14.2 Vane axial fan
86
87
SR.
NO
.
Index Page no.

SR.
NO
.
Index Page no.
13. Fire fighting system
12.1 Alarm system
12.1.1 Addressable alarm system
12.1.2 Smoke detectors
12.1.3 Sounder and emergency lights
12.2 Sprinkler system
12.3. Kitchen fire suppression system
12.4 Electric panel protection system
12.5 Fire extinguisher
12.6 Hydrant system
12.7 Systems for safe evacuation
12.7.1 Liftvell pressurisation
12.7.2 Corridor pressurisation
12.7.3 Staircase Louvre
12.8 Passive Protection
88
89
89
89
90
90
91
91
92
92
92
92
93
14. Automation system 94 - 96
15. Costing 98
16. Certification & its benefits 99 - 101
17. Innovative idea
Sustainable Approach for Interior designing
Solar plant
Electric charging spot in basement
Sole tube
103
104 – 105
106
107 - 109
18. Reference 110

DESIGN
CONDITIONS
6

7
Indoor design condition
As per ISHRAE handbook one feel comfortable between temperatures of
22°C to 27°C and a relative humidity of 40% to 60% .
So, we have considered 75.2°F i.e. 24°C temperature and 55% relative
humidity for better comfort and efficiency in the building.

DAYLIGHT
CONDITIONS
8

9
As per India’s
meteorological
website path of the
sun is shifted towards
south direction
because of this and
our building
orientation we will
get diffused light on
north side which will
help to increase
window wall ratio on
north direction.
To get min heat
load and maximum
natural sunlight we
have
considered different
WWR (Window Wall
Ration) for diff
direction.
 longer lifespan.
 Energy Efficient.
 Operate on Very Low
Voltage.
 Great Colour
Rendering Index.
 Tremendous Design
Flexibility.
 Dimming Capability.
 Environmentally
Safe.
Artificial
lighting
WWR
Sun path

SELECTION
OF GLASS
10

Considering the overall factor for DOUBLE PANE GLASS(48 to 56% absorbing
outside) as per ISHRAE standard table:
U Factor for light colour: 0.36
11
Double Pane Glass
3-4 years ROI
More natural light
which increases
productivity of
occupants.
Low U-Value
reduces heat load in
room.
Air gap in two
panes works as
heat barrier.
35-40% energy
saving as
compared to
normal glass.

What are the advantages of double glazed
windows?
 Warmer in the winter – Double glazing is great for insulation, it
can also help capture natural heat and store it in the winter. This is
a great way of keeping your home insulated in the winter months.
 Energy cost savings – Less energy is used up to heat or cool a
room when double glazed windows are installed, this results in
lower energy bills and money being saved. Adding more layers of
glazing will increase the insulation levels and save more money.
 Cooler in the summer – Double glazed windows can trap some of
the rays coming through the windows on a hot summer’s’ day
causing your room to be cooler. This means less air-conditioning is
required.
 Safety – With more units being on double glazed windows, the
safety of your home increases. They are harder to break and are
sealed tighter than other windows.
 Less condensation – Double glazed windows reduce the amount
of moisture on your window panes, as the airtight seal prevents the
condensation from building up. Other windows often allow
condensation to build up which causes window panes to have
mould in.
 Less noise – With more units comes less noise and a quieter
home. If you live by busy roads or in a generally noisy area then
double glazed windows are crucial to you.
12

WALL
DESIGN
13

A) FIRST ATTEMPT
B) SECOND ATTEMPT
14

C) THIRD ATTEMPT
D) FOURTH ATTEMPT
Out of four combination of wall the “Fourth combination of wall is
suitable for our building”.
The overall heat transfer coefficient of wall is
0.056 U -Btu/(hr)(oF)(ft2) 15

Inside Outside
Heat
1 2 3 4 5
CROSS SECTION OF OUTER WALL :-
1
2
3
4
5 Terracotta cladding
Still air, horizontal
Extruded Polystyrene
AAC Block
Cement plaster, sand
aggregate
16

The interior and partition walls of building made up of
Autoclaved Aerated Concrete block , cement plaster, and sand
aggregate .
17
INNER WALL :-

 AAC is lightweight, precast building material that simultaneously provide
structure, insulation and fire & mould resistance.
 AAC block is a unique and excellent type of building material due to its heat ,
fire and sound resistance , AAC block is lightweight and offers ultimate
workability , flexibility and durability .
 AAC has excellent thermal insulation and acoustic absorption properties.
 AAC block is fire and pest resistant and is economically superior to the more
traditional structural building material .
18
A) Autoclaved Aerated Concrete block :-

 It is environment-friendly and also saves water. Hence it is popularly used
as a green product.
 AAC blocks are made from an inorganic material which helps to avoid
termites, damages or losses hence minimal wastage of AAC blocks.
 Earthquake forces are proportional to the weight of the building and it
ultimately reduces the load on buildings and hence less steel in case of
RCC structure.
 AAC blocks are available in large sizes and hence less no of joints hence
very easy to handle and ordinary tools are used for cutting.
 One AAC block of size (600 x 200 x 100 mm) is equivalent to 6 bricks hence
it reduces 50% of joints resulting in saving of mortar up to 48%.
 This ultimately results in faster construction on site and less consumption
of cement.
 Increase in floor area due to a reduction in the size of columns and
thickness of the wall hence time-saving in construction.
19
Advantages of Autoclave Aerated block (AAC) :-
Thickness Height Length Density Compressive
strength
100 mm 200 mm 600 mm 550-700 kg/m3 30 – 50 kg/cm2
150 mm 200 mm 600 mm 550-700 kg/m3 30 – 50 kg/cm2
200 mm 200 mm 600 mm 550-700 kg/m3 30 – 50 kg/cm2
250 mm 200 mm 600 mm 550-700 kg/m3 30 – 50 kg/cm2

 Extruded polystyrene boards have closed cells with common sides and is
produced with fully automated extrusion process in accordance with
international specifications and standards.
 Extruded polystyrene has a high resistance to water absorption and sound
absorption.
 The manufacturing process, combined with intrinsic qualities of the static
component thermoplastic material gives it predictable performance and high
insulating value.
 Extruded Polystyrene boards are efficient due to their high compressive
strength, high resistance to water absorption, moisture penetration and low
thermal conductivity.
 The extruded polystyrene has a thermal conductivity of 0.033 W/mK . Thus it
is capable to reduce heat transfer through building envelope.
 Extruded polystyrene represents no known threat to the environment and has
Zero Ozone Depletion Potential (ODP) and uses a blowing agent with a low
Global Warming Potential (GWP).
 The XPS is non bio-degradable and 100% recyclable.
 Extruded polystyrene can be used at continuous service temperature of 70°C
and above .
 When using XPS insulation in wall assemblies, the perm rating drops from 1.1
to 0.7 to 0.6, as the thickness goes from 25 to 50 to 75 mm (1 to 2 to 3 in.).
 “A material with a lower perm rating is better at retarding movement of
water vapour”. If the perm rating is low, the material is considered a vapour
retarder. If it has a very low perm rating, it is labelled a ‘vapour barrier.’ It all
ties in with substrate longevity.
20
B) Extruded Polystyrene (XPS) :-

 Very good mechanical strength
 Long-term high insulation, performance efficiency
 High resistance to temperature cycling
 Very high resistance to water absorption.
 Does not require a vapour barrier.
 High long-term insulation value.
 Protects the inner walls from condensation.
 Easy to handle, cut and install.
 The boards are specially long to help cover more areas and
therefore reduce installation time and cost.
 It does not rot or settle.
 It is extremely cost-effective in wall applications.
 Strong rigid board, not easily damaged
21
Advantages of Extruded Polystyrene (XPS) are :-

22
 Terracotta cladding is made from 100% natural material, mainly
composed of natural clay mixed with natural water, and with high
temperature firing work.
 It is widely used for the exterior of the building as an alternate to
exposed brick masonry, which is rugged and untidy.
 The raw materials are natural clay, which do not contain any
radioactive elements.
C) Terracotta cladding :-
Terracotta cladding
Rain-screen Cladding Sun-screen Cladding
Terracotta
Cladding
Can be Recycled
Low energy
consumption
Modern/Aesthetic
look
Simple and fast
fixing
Cost Effective

 Terracotta cladding is available in wide variety of colours ,which
allows architect to give aesthetic look as per there imagination.
23

Terracotta Wall Cladding Rain-screen Function :-
 Traditionally, the most common technique used in construction to
avoid water infiltrations inside the building consists of eliminating
the openings through the use of sealing materials.
 The difficulty of a workmanlike application of these materials and
the solicitations caused by thermal expansion and direct exposure
to solar rays often causes a deterioration of the system which can
only be contained through intensive maintenance.
 The rain screen technique, on the other hand aims at removing the
factors that allow water penetration.
 In fact, the combined presence of the external cladding consisting
of a dry installation of panels and an air chamber, connected to the
external environment through the open joints between the panels,
allows to:
 Intercept most of the rain water (mechanical screening with
gravity elimination and kinetic energy)
 Avoid phenomena of infiltrations for capillarity
 Avoid phenomena of water passage due to the difference of
pressure
24
 Ventilated facade with help of terracotta Rain-screen cladding :-

 Saving energy through the chimney effect :-
In summer the ventilated façade constitutes a shield against solar
radiation: the heat accumulated on the surface of the wall is not
transmitted to the underlying layers and it is dissipated thanks to
the chimney effect: a direct air flow from the bottom upwards
between the external cladding and the inside wall allows the
evacuation of heat through the open joints and the top of the
façade.
 Acoustic comfort :-
Ventilated façades create a constant thermal and acoustic
insulation: the joints between the panels, the air gap and the
thermal insulation, its compositions in layers of different specific
weight, ensure a strong reduction of noise pollution.
The use of terracotta increases the acoustic performances,
granting an excellent behaviour with regard to rain and hail as
well as closing off external noises.
 Comfort conditions :-
A natural control of humidity and temperature, allowing a
reduced use of mechanic interventions in environments with
moderate climate, grants high comfort to the user.
25

 Terracotta sunscreen cladding is used to provide shading to glass facade . It
has significantly helped to reduce heat gain through glass .
 As we know benefits of terracotta material, so the sunscreen used will be
durable , eco-friendly and sustainable . There are wide variety of colours
available to have an aesthetic appeal .
 Considering the 20degree latitude and sun path , if sunscreen claddings
are installed horizontally inside for North and East direction and
horizontally outside for west direction ; the total Tonnage of building
reduces by 3TR.
 The shading provided on inner side of building reduces heat load of room
and shading provided on outer side of building gives shading to glass ,
which helps to reduce solar heat gain through glass . The solar heat gain
through glass is more on west side of the building compare to north and
east side of the building .
 So we suggest to have shading by sunscreen cladding on inner side for
North and East direction of the building and on outer side for West
direction of building.
Terracotta sunscreen cladding :-
26

27
Advantages of Terracotta Panel , comparing with Stone and Glass
NO
.
Contents Terracotta Panel Nature Stone Glass
1 Material Natural Clay, 100% green material
Granite, marble,
sandstone
Quartz alkaline
colloid
2 Dry Weight
Hollow structure, 30-32kg/m2,
70% weight of the Nature Stone
2.4-2.7kg/m³ 2.5kg/m³
3
Dry-hanging
System
With its own groove for dry-
hanging, standard, safe and easy
handle.
On-site processing,
fragile, security risk
On-site fixing
4 Colour
Never fading, colour inherent,
stable colour for each production.
Natural colour, but it is
greatly affected by mine
or location
Heavy-metal
oxide
5 Durability
Not new in ten years, not old in
one hundred years.
Easy to be second
weathering
Easy to be
erosion
6
Acid and
alkaline
resistance
High Middle Low
7 Radioactivity None
With radioactive
elements
With
radioactive
elements for
bright colour
glass
8
Low-carbon
ability
Hollow structure, good heat and
sound insulation, light-weight,
greatly saving steel, half of
stone's heat-conducting,
recycling.
Low heat and noise
insulation, heavy,
needing to be
reinforced.
High light-
transmission,
no heat-
insulation
9
Environmental
protection of
the processing
Using shale and terracotta, or
coal waste, easy for exploration,
no need to process too much,
little waste
Much wasting water,
stone material is limited,
causing great damage to
environment.
Limited good
silicon
10 Light pollutionNo, matte surface No High, dazzling

ASSUMPTIONS
OF OFFICES
28

ASSUMPTION-1 ASSUMPTION-2
ASSUMPTION-3
Complete Office
as Building
Complete Bank
as Building
TERRACE (GREEN ROOF)
SIXTH FLOOR (OFFICE)
FIFTH FLOOR (GYM)
FOURTH FLOOR (SUPERMARKET)
THIRD FLOOR (CLINIC)
SECOND FLOOR (BANK)
FIRST FLOOR (CAFETARIA)
GROUND FLOOR (WAITING AREA)
GARDEN
GARDEN
29

30
Possible offices for commercial building are as follows:-
1) Commercial retail :- Bank , Building material, garden & farm supplies,
Gym, Supermarket, Office supplies and equipment, Home furnishings
and appliances.
2) Commercial services:- Delivery services, Radio and TV studios,
Service and repair.
3) Industrial:- Cryptocurrency mining, Data centre.
4) Medical:- Clinic, Veterinary offices/clinic, Meditation classes
5) Offices:- Business offices, Personal services
 As architects backed out, we listed the different purpose of the
building and selected to one who have highest total heat load and
placed them on diff floor by talking with owners of respective sectors as
shown in below picture ;

HEAT LOAD
31

Dry bulb
temperature (DB )
(Deg F)
Wet bulb
temperature (WB)
(Deg F)
Relative
humidity(%)
Gr/l
b
Outdoor 102.2 78.8 39.2 116
Indoor 75.2 64 55 71.5
Difference 27 44.5
Example of heat load of one office is as follows:-
Surface area of office =5310.375 sq.ft
Volume of office =52264.71 cu.ft
Considering office is used as bank
Occupancy = 80
CFM/person = 7.5
CFM /sq.ft = 0.06
……..(Data taken from ISHRAE handbook table no. 1.53)
Fresh air CFM = ( Air quantity for people ) + ( Air quantity for space )
= 600 + 318.623
= 918.623 cfm
32

 Sensible Heat Gain :-
Direction
Area of glass
(sq.ft)
SHGF U value
Heat gain
(Btu/hr)
North 406.48 23 0.252 2355.95
East 214.74 12 0.252 649.37
NOTE :
 The data of Solar Heat Gain Factor (SHGF) is taken from ISHRAE
handbook table no. 1.11.
 As shading is provided to glass , the u value consider is product of u value
of double pane glass i.e. 0.36 and shading coefficient 0.7 .
(0.36*0.7=0.252)
 Correction factor according to location and outdoor condition is 11 , data
taken from ISHRAE handbook table no. 1.23 .
Direction Area of wall
(sq.ft)
ELTD for wall U value Heat gain
(Btu/hr)
North 249.14 21 0.045 235.43
East 398.80 21 0.045 376.86
NOTE : The data of Equivalent Temperature Difference (ELTD) is taken from
ISHRAE handbook table no. 1.21 .
1 . Solar heat gain through glass :-
2 . Heat gain through walls :-
26

NOTE :
According to Indian Green Building Council (IGBC) the suggested window
wall ratio (WWR) for lower energy consumption and to satisfy green
building norms is as shown in table.
Direction Window Wall
Ratio (WWR)
North 62%
East 35%
West 55%
South 25%
27
 Due to presence of shading provided by sunscreen cladding , the ELTD
for all direction is same as that is for North direction .
3 . Sensible heat gain through glass :-
= (Total glass area) *(temperature difference)* (U value of glass)
=621.22 * 27 * 0.252
= 4226.78 Btu/hr
4 . Sensible heat gain through partition wall :-
= (Total area of partition wall) * (temperature difference) * ( U value of
inner wall)
= 342.292 * 22 * 0.077
= 579.84 Btu/hr
NOTE : The temperature difference for partition wall is considered 5 Deg
Fahrenheit less than temperature difference between outside and
inside of building .

5 . Sensible heat gain through celling :-
= ( Total surface area of celling )* (temperature difference) * ( U value
of celling)
= 1781.029 * 18 * 0.029
= 929.70 Btu/hr
NOTE :
The temperature difference for celling is taken with help of table no.1.22
and table no. 1.23 ( correction factor) of ISHRAE handbook .
35
6 . Sensible heat gain through occupants :-
= ( Number of occupants ) *( heat gain from people)
= 80 * 255
= 20400 Btu/hr
NOTE :
The data of heat gain from occupants is taken from ISHRAE handbook
table no. 1.24 [ Activity – standing , walking slowly ; Application – bank ;
at 75 Deg F ]
7 . Sensible heat gain through lighting :-
= ( Total surface area of office ) * ( lighting pier density ) * 3.415
= 5310.375 * 1.38 * 3.415
= 25026.20 BTU/hr
NOTE :
The data of light density is taken from ISHRAE handbook table no. 1.38.

8 . Sensible heat gain through electric equipment :-
= ( Wattage of electric equipment ) * 3.415
= 2131 *3.415
= 7277.37 BTU/hr
NOTE :
The data of electric equipment is taken from ISHRAE handbook
table no.1.30, table no. 1.31 and table no. 1.32.
36
Total sensible heat load = 67259.01 BTU/hr
Safety factor of 5% of total sensible heat is considered, to minimise error.
1 . Latent heat gain through outside air :-
= ( Fresh air CFM ) * (Gr/lb) * 0.68 * ( by pass factor)
= 918.62 * 44.5* 0.68 * 0.15
= 4169.63 BTU/Hr
NOTE:
# Bypass factor is the percentage of air that travels through a tube and
fin coil without touching any coil surface . In other words it is the
percentage or amount of air which does not touch or bypass cooling or
heating coil in its way.
The data of bypass factor is taken from ISHRAE handbook table no. 1.26
Effective Room Sensible Heat (ERSH) = 70621.96 BTU/hr
 Latent heat gain :-

37
2 . Latent heat gain through people :-
= (Number of people ) * ( Latent heat gain from people )
= 80 * 245
= 19600 BTU/hr
NOTE :
The data for latent heat gain from people is taken from ISHRAE
handbook table no. 1.24 [ Activity – standing, walking slowly;
Application – Bank; at 75 Deg F ]
Total latent heat load = 23769.63 BTU/hr
Safety factor of 5% of total sensible heat is considered , to minimise error.
= Effective Room Sensible Heat + Effective Room Latent Heat
= 95580.07 BTU/hr
Effective Room Latent Heat (ERLH) = 24958.11 BTU/hr
 Effective Room Total Heat :-
 Outside total heat :-
1 . Outside air sensible heat :-
= ( Fresh air CFM ) * ( change in dry bulb temperature) *
1.08 * (contact factor)
= 918.62 * 27 * 1.08 * 0.85
= 22768.98 BTU/hr

Outside air total heat = 22768.98 + 23627.89
= 46396.87 BTU/hr
38
2 . Outside air latent heat :-
= ( Fresh air CFM ) * ( change in Gr/lb) * 0.68 *( contact factor )
= 918.62 * 44.5 * 0.68 * 0.85
= 23627.89 BTU/hr
NOTE :
Contact factor = ( 1 – Bypass factor )
The Grand Total Heat = Effective Room Total Heat + Outside air total heat
= 141976.93 BTU/hr
Total Tonnage = ( Grand total heat )/ 12000
= 11.831 TR
 TONNAGE :-

39
Effective Room Sensible Heat Factor = Effective room sensible heat
Effective room total heat
= 0.747
 Supply air cfm:-
Dehumidified air quantity = ( Effective room sensible heat ) / {
(Dehumidified Rise) * ADP}
= 3726.52 CFM
Apparatus Due Point temperature (ADP) = 54
NOTE :
The data of ADP is taken from ISHRAE handbook book
table no. 1.40.
 Dehumidified Rise :-
Dehumidified rise = ( Room DB – ADP ) * contact factor
= 18.020

40
GROUND FLOOR
FIRST FLOOR

41
SECOND FLOOR
THIRD FLOOR

42
FOURTH FLOOR
FIFTH FLOOR
SIXTH FLOOR

43
RESULTS OF ASSUMTIONS
ASSUMPTION-1
Complete Office as Building
Equipment and lightening loads

44
ASSUMPTION-2
ASSUMPTION-3
As
Total
HEATLOAD
of
all
3
assumptions
comes
out
approx.
same
we
can
say
our
systems
design
is
flexible.

SYSTEM
SELECTION
45

Building owners, facility managers and the construction industry
have been looking for HVAC systems that deliver high operational
efficiency whilst minimising the global warming potential of the
refrigerants used within these systems.
VRF Now with R32 Refrigerant
46

 The Future-Proof VRF Solution Offering
Simultaneous Heating and Cooling with Minimal
Environmental Impact
 With the environmental pressure on R410A
refrigerant increasing, Mitsubishi Electric’s
commitment to reducing the environmental impact
of air conditioning has seen the introduction of
New Zealand’s first VRF (Variable Refrigerant Flow)
solution that has utilised R32 refrigerant.
 Mitsubishi Electric has long been a pioneer in the
world of air conditioning and the world’s first R32
Hybrid VRF product range puts the company at the
forefront of the industry.
 The system utilises the low GWP refrigerant R32,
providing a real solution that delivers high
operational efficiency whilst minimising the Global
Warming Potential of the refrigerants used within
these systems.
 R32 Hybrid VRF Is the World’s Only Low GWP 2-
Pipe Hydronic Heat Recovery System
 R32 VRF solution is an evolution of Mitsubishi
Electric’s Hybrid VRF System.
 First introduced in 2014, this unique 2-pipe Hybrid
VRF System combines VRF and chiller technologies
using water throughout the majority of the
pipework to efficiently transfer simultaneous
heating and cooling to different spaces. By using
water as the heat transfer fluid for the majority of
the air conditioning system, Hybrid VRF minimises
the overall amount of refrigerant charge in the
system.
 Furthermore, with only water circuits connecting
to the indoor units, Hybrid VRF minimises the
need for leak detection leading to significant
reductions in on-going maintenance and
installation costs in the controlled space that
would be needed to comply with AS/NZS 5149. (1-
4) 2016. 47

 All the Benefits of VRF with Significantly Lower
GWP
 The 2-pipe Hybrid VRF System offers the same
comfort levels normally associated with 4-pipe fan
coil systems. In addition, the system also features
the same design flexibility, operational efficiency
and advanced control that Mitsubishi Electric
traditional VRF is renowned for.
 Because Hybrid VRF now also incorporates R32
refrigerant, it delivers a VRF system with a
significantly lower Global Warming Potential
(GWP) than existing solutions.
 In fact, the shift from R410A to R32 refrigerant
realises a massive 66% reduction in Global
Warming Potential.
 R32 Hybrid VRF is the New VRF Standard
 Over the last 4 years Hybrid VRF applications have
already enjoyed significant growth in New
Zealand, successfully incorporated in a variety of
designs ranging from offices, hotels, retirement
villages, education facilities, medical centres and
much more.
 The introduction of the new R32 Hybrid VRF
Range now provides the obvious answer for those
customers looking for a future-proof heating and
cooling solution that delivers advanced efficiency
with improved corporate social responsibility and
minimises environment impact.
48

 The global community is in a race to lower its carbon footprint and decrease the rate of global warming
before it is too late.
 As part of this drive, the Kigali Amendment to the Montreal Protocol ratified on the 3rd of October 2019,
dictates the rate of phase down of HFC refrigerants for New Zealand as part of this strategy and will
commence on the 1st of January 2020.
 It is estimated that this directive has the potential to avoid aggregate emissions of more than 90
gigatonnes CO2 e by 2050 – equivalent to two years of total global greenhouse gas emissions (US EPA
2016)!
 The key to achieving this goal is the shift away from traditional refrigerants such as R410A.
 Replacing traditional refrigerants to those with a much lower GWP, will be a big step towards significantly
reducing the future potential rate of rise in the earth’s temperature and the catastrophic effects that
would have on our planet.
R32 – The Greener Solution
The new HVRF R32 Air Source Range combines all the benefits of the current R410A range
with 33% of the Global Warming Potential. That's the lowest GWP in the VRF market!
 GWP is a measure of the warming potential as
compared to CO2 which has a unitary GWP of
1. R32 refrigerant is zero ozone depleting and
has a GWP 66% less than R410A.
 For example R410A will hold 2,088 times more
heat when released in the upper atmosphere
than the equivalent amount of CO2 would.
 R32 refrigerant is being adopted by Mitsubishi
Electric as an important step in the process
towards the ultimate goal of a zero ODP, zero
GWP, efficient, safe, and non-toxic refrigerant.
The Shift Away from R410A Refrigerant to Low GWP Alternatives like R32
49

What is Hybrid VRF?
Next Generation 2-Pipe Water Based VRF Technology
 Hybrid VRF is a unique 2-Pipe
Heat Recovery VRF System that
replaces refrigerant with water
between the Hybrid Branch
Circuit Controller and the indoor
units.
 This revolutionary design
minimises the need for expensive
and on-going leak detection
servicing and is specifically
designed for occupied spaces
where quiet, energy efficient,
simultaneous heating and cooling
is valued.
 Hybrid VRF is quick, easy and flexible to
design and install using the same
control and network as traditional VRF
systems. Furthermore, the
decentralised system means phased
installation is possible with similar high
levels of seasonal efficiency expected
with VRF.
 With water at the indoor units, Hybrid
VRF provides comfortable, stable air
temperature control with no
refrigerant in occupied spaces,
minimising the need for leak detection
to comply with AS/NZS 5149. (1-4)
2016.
 Hybrid VRF is a truly integrated
modern heating and cooling
solution for office buildings,
hotels, hospitals, medical
centres, schools, high-rise
buildings, shopping centres and
other commercial premises,
where occupant comfort is
paramount.
OR
50

Advantage of Hybrid VRF:-
 VRF Performance with Hydronic Levels of Comfort
Building owners, facility managers and the construction industry have been looking for HVAC
systems that deliver high operational efficiency whilst minimising the Global Warming Potential
of the refrigerants used within these systems.
Mitsubishi Electric’s R32 Hybrid VRF Systems provide a commercially viable alternative solution
to traditional R410A systems and addresses one of the most pressing challenges in the New
Zealand air conditioning industry on how to tackle high charge volumes and lower GWP
refrigerants in large systems. It offers customers a future-proof solution that delivers advanced
costs efficiencies with improved corporate social responsibility.
 Water Is at the Heart of the Indoor Units
Water, rather than traditional refrigerant, is at the heart of the indoor units. This means there is
no risk of refrigerant leaking into small confined occupied spaces. Hybrid VRF minimises the need
for leak detection, reducing the total cost of the system and ongoing maintenance of the leak
detection system itself.
 Minimise the Need for Leak Detection Systems
In commercial buildings, additional leak detection systems specific to air conditioning are often
installed to safeguard occupants due to increasing safety regulations. This affects hotels in
particular, where air conditioners are installed in the room space and occupant safety is critical.
A leak detection system is designed to trigger an alarm if refrigerant was to leak into the room
space and initiate an evacuation of the space to try and prevent harm to the occupants. These
systems can be expensive and add to the cost of design, build and maintenance.
 Realise Significant Maintenance Cost Reductions
Throughout a system’s lifetime, annual testing and the recalibration of leak detection sensors
adds significant cost to a VRF system. Using Hybrid VRF instead, removes this need and could
provide as much as 30% in maintenance savings over 15 years 51

 Provides Simultaneous Heating and Cooling with Full Heat Recovery
R32 Hybrid VRF is an advanced simultaneous heating and cooling system with heat recovery and
delivers a proven alternative solution to traditional R410A VRF systems.
 High Sensible Cooling and Stable Room Temperatures
Occupant comfort is paramount. Hybrid VRF Systems deliver milder off coil temperatures and
are specifically designed to provide a gradual rate of change of temperature within the air
conditioned space delivering a comfortable and stable environment.
Furthermore Hybrid VRF offers on average a 10% increase in sensible cooling at terminal
compared to traditional VRF systems.
 Energy Saving
Save more energy by Heat Recovery Operation if heating and cooling operations are required at
the same time.
The more frequently heating and cooling simultaneous operation occurs, the higher the energy
saving effect becomes. Even higher efficiency operation is possible by utilising the Centralised
Control and scheduled operation.
 Use Less Material and Equipment
Mitsubishi Electric’s unique 2-Pipe Heat Recovery System requires less piping than a 4-Pipe
Chiller System.
The system does not require an external pump, valves, sensors, actuators, or other ancilliary
controls associated with conventional 4-Pipe Chiller Systems.
 Flexible Design and Modularity Allow for a Manageable Phased Installation
The small footprint and modular design means building owners can now take advantage of a
manageable phased installation.
Hybrid VRF Key Features and Benefits
52

 Water Instead of Refrigerant Is at the Heart of the Indoor Units
It is based on a 2 Pipe Heat Recovery VRF System but uses water as a heat exchange medium
between the Hybrid Branch Controller and the indoor units.
As such, the system combines the comfort of a traditional hydronic system with the efficiency and
ease of modern VRF air conditioning – giving you the best of both worlds.
 Reduce Maintenance Costs and Maximise Safety by Minimising the Need for Leak Detection
Legislation is now demanding that leak detection equipment is installed alongside VRF air
conditioning when it is used in small occupied spaces in accordance with AS/NZS 5149. (1-4) 2016.
The Hybrid VRF architecture minimises the need for leak detection in these confined areas. This is
because water instead of refrigerant is piped between the branch box and the indoor units mounted
in each room. As a result there is no risk of refrigerant escaping into the room space.
In addition to maximising occupant safety, significant up front equipment and on-going maintenance
cost savings are able to be realised because expensive leak detection systems are not required to be
installed and maintained within occupied rooms.
 Quieter Operation Through Water Based Fan Coils
Because water instead of refrigerant is circulated through the terminal fan coils, quiet operation and
silent off cycle operation is assured.
 Combat the Rising Costs of R410A Refrigerant
The rapid and continuing price rises of R410A refrigerant is placing a strain on the viability of
traditional VRF systems.
As a result Mitsubishi Electric have developed R32 Hybrid VRF to ensure that both customers and
installers not only have an alternative, but also get the added benefits of lower refrigerant costs,
efficient performance and advanced controls.
 R32 Minimal Global Warming Impact with 66% Less GWP Than R410A
Existing VRF units use R410A which has a GWP of 2,088, the newly adopted R32 refrigerant has a
reduced GWP of 675 – that’s 66% less than R410A.
53

OR
54

55

56
INDOOR
UNITS
Ceiling
Mounted
Cassette
(Double
Flow
Type)
Ceiling
Mounted
Cassette
(Compact
Flow)
Ceiling
Mounted
Cassette
Corner
Type
Floor
Standing
Duct
Type
Slim
Ceiling
Mounted
duct
type
4
way
flow
ceiling
suspended
type
Ceiling
mounted
duct
type
Wall
mounted
type
Ceiling
suspended
Type
Floor
standing
Type
Concealed
floor
standing
type
Ceiling
mounted
cassette
(Round
flow
with
sensing)
Fan
Coil
Unit
Ceiling
Mounted
Cassette
(Compact
Multi
Flow)

57
TYPES OF OUTLET
 Jet Nozzle
 Diffuser
 Jet Nozzle Diffuser is suitable
for supplying cooled and
heated air in large areas.
 The air flow pattern can be
adjusted in any direction and
is suitable for long distance air
supply whilst maintaining low
noise levels.
 Used in all corridors, offices,
cafeteria, waiting area
Jet nozzle gives
controlled air
distribution, flow
equalization, sound
attenuation,
architectural appearance
and solid construction
are all reasonable.
Used in foyer area.

58
COOLING TOWERS:-
A cooling tower is a heat rejection device, which extracts waste heat
to the atmosphere though the cooling of a water stream to a lower
temperature.
Calculation:-
Heat Load(BTU/hr) = GPM * 500 * Temp Diff.
= (240*2.5)*500*Temp Diff
Hence, Temp Diff = 8
Nominal Load = GPM *500*Range Of Cooling
1 Cooling Tower Ton = 15000 BTU/Hr/Ton
Nominal Load = {(240*2.5)*500*8}/ 15000
= 160 Ton

59
There is need of water softening plant to fulfill the require pH of
water in HVRF system.
WATER SOFTENING PLANT :-

 Selecting proper ducting material :-
60

61

62

63

64

 Selecting proper piping material :-
65
CPVC
pipe
Easy to Install
Modern look
Greater rang of
service
temperature
Simple and fast
fixing
Corrosion
Resistance

66
 This image shows actual connection of HVRF system.
 Basically, we have 3 loops of pipe out of which 2 have water
and 1 have ref.
 Indoor heat is absorbed by IU and carried towards HBC
through water piping. In HBC this heat is exchanged with ref
from OU.
 Now this hot ref exchange heat with water which is coming
from cooling tower. After exchanging heat, water moves
towards softening plant and this cycle continues.

DIFFERENT
WATER
SOURCES
67

68

INDOOR
AIR
QUALITY
69

70
 A green roof has many benefits at economic,
ecological and societal levels.
 A green roof provides a rainwater buffer, purifies
the air, reduces the ambient temperature,
regulates the indoor temperature, saves energy
and encourages biodiversity in the city.
 Green roofs are part of climate-proof
construction.
 What's more, people are happier in a green
environment than in grey surroundings. Below
we explain the benefits one by one.
GREEN ROOF :-
Green
Roof
Provides A Rain
water buffer
Increases Solar
power
Efficiency
Reduces
Ambient Noise
Extends Life-
Span of Roof
Saves Time and
Money
Less
Maintenance
Reduces
Ambient
temperature
Purifies the
Air

71
Air Purifier Unit :-
Indoor Plantation:-
Indoor
plantation
Reduces Stress
Level Real plants may
sharpen your
attention
Plants help you
recover from
illness faster
Increase O2 level
and increase
humidity
Plants boost
your
productivity
Working with
plants can be
therapeutic
Purifies the Air
 Air purifiers unit use a system of internal
fans to pull the air in your office through
a series of filters that remove harmful
airborne particles like dust, pollen and
bacteria.
 The air purifier then circulate the purified
air back into the room.
 This process repeats itself several times
an hour, keeping your environment
healthy.

72
 Indoor Air Quality (IAQ) is an important parameter that
determines the functioning of a building.
 Proper IAQ provides comfortable and healthy working conditions
to building occupants. In addition, it creates a positive
impression on customers and visitors to the building.
 Achieving good IAQ involves proper system design, building
pressure control, filtration and treatment of air for pollution
control and controlling the temperature and humidity of air to
ensure the required comfort levels.
Indoor Air Quality monitor :-
 The data collected from air quality monitoring helps us assess
impacts caused by poor air quality on public health.
 Air quality data helps us determine if an area is meeting the air quality
standards devised by CPCB, WHO or OSHA.
 The data collected from air quality monitoring would primarily help us
identify polluted areas, the level of pollution and air quality level.
 Air quality monitoring would assist in determining if air pollution
control programmes devised in a locality are working efficiently or not.
 Air quality data helps us understand the mortality rate of any location
due to air pollution. We can also assess and compare the short term
and long term diseases/disorders which are a result of air pollution.
 Based upon the data collected control measures can be devised for
protection of environment and health of all living organisms.
Why we should think about IAQ :-

SAFETY
MEASURES
FOR COVID-19
73

Above methods are effective but it will cost lots of money,
so how to disinfect without spending more money?
74

 There is no plume with waterless urinals, and they are less costly to
purchase and install, which can help offset some of the increased
construction costs of post-COVID-19 restrooms.
 Further, there tends to be less splash-back with waterless urinals,
so that traces of the virus, which can be found in urine, are not
splashed back onto clothing, hands or surrounding surfaces.
Advantages of waterless urinals are :
 Save enormous quantities of freshwater.
 Enhance efficiencies of sewer lines and wastewater treatment
plants.
 Optimize cost of plumbing accessories at supply & consumption
ends.
 Conserve electricity used for pumping water & treating wastewater
 Replace chemical fertilizers with urine to grow crops.
 Produce fertiliser & other chemicals from urine (industrial feeds
tock)
 Recover hydrogen for producing energy and fuel.
 Reduce emission of green house gases and pollution of water
bodies.
75
A) Waterless urines :-

 During COVID-19 situation , as we were suggested to properly sanitize
metal surface before touching or having contact with it , by WHO; so
considering that we sensor based taps , where ever possible.
 By doing so we are able to avoid contact with metal surfaces ; as
there is possibility of presence of covid-19 virus on metal surface .
 In this air gel purifier, the gel which is been used is volatile in nature .
The compound of the gel is capable to sanitize and disinfect bacteria .
 When air comes in contact of gel , the gel being volatile gets carried
away by air and circulate in space .
 By this the vapours of gel settles on different surfaces of room and
sanitizes it .
 This ensures that the space or room is sanitizes after a regular interval
in a day and reducing possibility of presence covid-19 virus .
76
B) Sensor based taps :-
C) Air gel purifier :-

 It is a small room near main entrance , where people coming in
building from outside gets sanitize before going to any floor or office.
 In this there is a light spray of sanitizer on people entering , which
ensures hygiene and there is no presence of virus.
 Also there is thermal scanner , which checks the body temperature of
people entering in building .
 The handle of normal entrance is touched by everyone coming in or
going out of building .
 Due to this there is a chance that there is presence of virus . To avoid
this people are required to wear hand gloves for protection from virus
.But here as main entrance is automated , if some people haven’t
wear hand gloves , there will be no contact with virus which could
have been present on handle of door .
 Whenever a person comes near to main entrance , the sensor detects
his/her presence and gets open automatically .
77
D) Sanitization room at main entrance :-
E) Automated door at entrance :-

 The surfaces of accessories which people carry with them , may
have covid-19 virus on it .
 To ensure safety of people within building , there are UV cases at
entrance of offices . The UV case is like a box , in which there is
source of ultraviolet light which is capable to kill the virus on the
surface of object been kept .
 People just have to wait for few seconds , after keeping their
accessories like watch or mobile phone in the UV case .
78
F) UV case :-
G) MERV-15 filters :-

An air door or air curtain is a device used to prevent air or
contaminants from moving from one open space to another.
Air curtains help to contain heated or air conditioned air, and are
essential in stopping the infiltration of flying insects, dust and dirt.
Benefits of air curtains:
 Energy savings
 Hygienic and healthy atmosphere
 AIR CURTAINS :-
79

FAN
SELECTION
80

 Axial fans are named for the direction of the airflow they create. Blades
rotating around an axis draw air in parallel to that axis and force air out
in the same direction.
 Axial fans create airflow with a high flow rate, meaning they create a
large volume of airflow. However, the airflows they create are of low
pressure. They require a low power input for operation.
 Because of the low-pressure high-volume airflows they create, axial fans
are best suited for general purpose applications. For example, they excel
at moving air from one place to another, cooling confined spaces such
as computers, and cooling larger spaces such as work spaces.
 Centrifugal fans vary differently from axial fans. The pressure of an
incoming airstream is increased by a fan wheel, a series of blades
mounted on a circular hub.
 Centrifugal fans move air radially — the direction of the outward
flowing air is changed, usually by 90°, from the direction of the
incoming air.
 This helps create a higher pressure airflow than axial fans. Despite a
lower flow rate, centrifugal fans create a steadier flow of air than
axial fans. Centrifugal fans also require a higher power input.
 Because of the high pressure they create, centrifugal fans are ideal for
high pressure applications such as drying and air conditioning
systems.
81
 Centrifugal Fans :-
 Axial Fans :-

From above points we suggest centrifugal fans for supply and exhaust of air
in kitchen for ventilation. Also for exhaust of air in toilets of building . The
air movement is done through ducting making centrifugal fans a better
choice.
But this system can better in terms of efficiency and cost saving ; by
upgrading to EC motor i.e. Electronic Commuted motor
EC Motor :-
 EC motors use permanent magnets and electrical windings to
generate their magnetic fields, in a similar fashion to brushed DC
motors. However, as their name suggests, they achieve
commutation electronically rather than mechanically. This is only
possible by incorporating on-board electronics within the housing
of an electronically commutated EC motor.
 The on-board electronics include a rectifier that converts the AC
supply to DC. An integrated controller then directs the right
amount of current, in the right direction, at the right time,
through each of the windings. This develops magnetic poles in the
stator, which interact with the permanent magnets in the rotor.
 The position of each magnet is determined by using Hall effect
sensors. The appropriate magnets are attracted, in sequence, to
the magnetic poles in the stator. Simultaneously, the rest of the
stator windings are charged with the reverse polarity. These
attraction and repulsion forces combine to achieve rotation and
produce the optimal torque. Since this is all done electronically,
precise motor monitoring and control is possible.
82
 Electronically commuted Fans :-

 How EC motor is better than AC motor and DC motor
 AC motors have a fixed frequency line , so they operate at
peak efficiency speed . In order to increase or decrease speed
according to requirement there is need of variable frequency
drive (VFD) .This makes it bulky and expensive.
 In case of DC motor , speed is control by changing power
supply voltage , thus changing of speed is easier in DC motor
than AC motor. But due to presence of brushes , commuter
ring to switch direction of current , there are problems like
,wear and tear of mechanical components, more operational
noise, shorter life expectancy . Also the need of rectifier for
conversion of AC current to DC current , increase cost and
complexity of DC motor.
83

84
 EC motors are brushless , so they avoid problems which are there
in DC motor . There are more benefits of EC motor :
 EC motors highly efficient , it is often above 90% .
 Due to high efficiency , there is low power consumption. EC
motor allow us to consume 70% less energy compared to
conventional motor .
 Energy losses in environment is much less from EC motor. Since
EC motors produce less heat, their windings and bearings
undergo less stress, which extends the life of the motor.
 By continuously monitoring motor functions and automatically
adjusting the control input, high efficiency is maintained
throughout the operable speed range.
 Sensors that produce a 0-10 V, PWM, or 4-20 mA signal can be
connected directly to most EC motors. This provides speed
control without the need for a complex variable frequency drive
(VFD).
EC motors are capable of exceeding rated speeds. This allows fans
with EC motors to achieve higher capacity within a smaller fan
packages
Considering above points , we suggest centrifugal fan with EC motor
i.e. EC Centrifugal fan for supply and exhaust of air in kitchen and
toilet areas , for ventilation purpose. The movement of air is in
ducted system passing kitchen and toilet areas.

FIRE
FIGHTING
SYSTEM
85

86
Basement design :-
Fire fighting system for Basement
Jet Fans Vane-Axial EC Fan VFD Supply Air ducts
Jet fan system :-
 Jet Fans are used for Basement ventilation. The ventilation of enclosed or
underground car parks fulfils two key requirements - remove the
pollutants emitted by the cars and, in the event of a fire control the hot
fumes and gases produced by the fire, protecting the escape routes and
easing access for the emergency teams .
 Jet Fans provide the ability to ventilate and extract smoke without using
any ducts resulting in tremendous cost savings, power savings and
increased installation efficiency. Jet Fans can be used for normal
ventilation and also for smoke extract in case of emergencies, or a
combination of both.
The advantages of Jet fan system over ducted system are :-
 Compared to ducted system, the jet fan system ensures low cost,
efficiency associated with design , operation and usage .
 Complex ducted or grill system can be avoided there by saving valuable
space and also helps in avoiding hindrance to other services like sprinkler
system , lighting arrangements etc.
 Low maintenance costs and saving on man hours .
 Being non ducted system there will be very little pressure drops there by
requiring less total power requirements and helping in cost saving .

 A Vane Axial fan is a type of fan that causes gas to flow through it in an
axial direction, parallel to the shaft about which the blade rotate.
 The fan is designed to produce a pressure difference and hence force, to
cause a flow through the fan. .

 It has a higher efficiency that any other type of axial flow fans.
 Vane axial fans are designed for commercial and industrial
applications where large volumes of air are required at moderate to high
pressures. Vane axial fans are typically the most energy-efficient fans
available .
87
Vane axial EC fan :-

The fire safety system of our building has Addressable Alarm
System. The main purpose of this system is detection of . Alarm link
devices (such as call points and smoke detectors) to a main control panel .
Addressable Alarm System
 Every device connected to the addressable system has its own unique
address. When a fire is detected, the device’s address shows up on the
main control panel, telling us exactly which device has been activated.
This will enable us to find the exact location of a fire and extinguish
them quickly.
 Addressable alarm systems connect devices using a loop. This is where
one wire connects all devices to the control panel. Both ends of the wire
loop connect to the control panel.
 The installation cost is much less because , one wire connects several
devices to control panel. Although the initial cost of system is not
expensive.
 Also , addressable alarm panels monitor the air flow through smoke
detectors to prevent the occurrence of false alarms .
 The addressable alarm system is reliable , because the wire connects
to the control panel at both ends (see the diagram above). If one end of
the loop becomes severed, signals can still be sent to the control panel
via the other end of the loop.
 Loop isolation modules are also used to separate devices on the loop.
This means that if one device becomes disconnected, it won’t disable
the circuit.
The devices that are included in system , for fire detection are smoke
detectors , call points or manual alarm , emergency lights and sounders .
88
Alarm System :-

Sounder and emergency lights :-
89
Smoke detectors :-
 Smoke detector is a device used to warn
occupants of a building of the presence of a
fire before it reaches a rapidly spreading
stage and inhibits escape or attempts to
extinguish it.
 On sensing smoke the detectors emit a loud,
high-pitched alarm tone, usually warbling
or intermittent, and usually accompanied by
a flashing lights.
 These devices are connected to smoke
detectors or control panel and perform their
function, when they receive signal from
smoke detector .
 The main function of these is to warn
occupants in fire event or in other words
assist smoke detectors or alarm system .
Sprinkler system:-
 A fire sprinkler system is an active
fire protection measure, consisting
of a water supply system, providing
adequate pressure and flow rate to
a water distribution piping system,
onto which fire sprinklers are
connected.
 Each sprinkler activates
independently when the
predetermined heat level is reached.

 Electric panel protection system is designed to protect electric panels
from fire. The fire can be due to short circuit or any other reason.
 In this system the panel is surrounded by a polymer tube containing fluid
,which can extinguish such fire.
 During fire, the tube gets rupture due high fire temperature and fire gets
extinguish.
90
Electric Panel protection :-
 Kitchen fire suppression system is design to protect kitchen
appliances and occupants in kitchen (i.e. chef) from uncontrolled fire .
 The system have nozzles installed in kitchen hood exhaust , in such a way
that the wet chemical is discharged directly over fire .
 When system detects fire , the discharge of wet chemical put out fire
by covering flames and starving them of oxygen . At the same time
fuel or gas supply is cut off .
kitchen hood protection system :-

91
 Hydrant system of building is used by fire brigade , to extinguish fire
within building or surrounding area of building .
 Water in hydrant system is supplied via centrifugal pump. There are two
centrifugal pumps powered by different grids are dedicated to hydrant
system.
Fire Extinguisher :-
Hydrant system and Pumping system :-

 During fire event , the control panel cut off all electric supply of building
except for supply of fire safety system . In order to have safe evacuation
of occupants in lift and to avoid any use of lift in panic situation , there is
lift Vel Pressurisation .
 In lift Vel pressurisation , when control panel generates signal of fire
detection, the lift is halt at nearer floor with doors open , so that lift
occupants can get out of lift without any difficulty and escape through
building .
92
Systems for safe evacuation in fire event :-
Lift Vel Pressurisation :-
 In corridor pressurisation system , a positive pressure is maintained in
corridor. Because of this there is resistance to flow of smoke in corridor.
 As s result there is better and safe evacuation , also increase in visibility.
Corridor Pressurisation and stair case pressurisation :-
 There are Louvres in staircase , which plays important role in smoke
evacuation from staircase area . As staircase of our building are at
corners, the smoke in staircase can directly escape into environment.
 The opening and closing of Louvres is controlled by Building
Management System (BMS) .
Staircase Louvres :-

93
PASSIVE FIRE PROTECTION :-
 In Passive fire protection we use sealant in the holes of wall which
divides different fire zones.
 This ensures fire will not pass through that hole.
The layout of our building shows the staircase “A” and “B” are present in
the periphery area hence we do not require any dedicated staircase
pressurization systems, hence we use louvers for smoke evacuation in the
times when fire breaks out.
Staircase “A”
Staircase “B”

AUTOMATION
SYSTEM
94

95
BMS
Integrated smart
BMS system server
HVAC Electrical and Energy
management
Diesel generator UPS
Life Safety and Security
Light
control
system
Water
pumping
System
Visitor
Management
System
Cafeteria
Management
System
Access Control
System
Command and
Control System
Fire
Fighting
System
Elevator
Management
System
Video
Surveillance
System
Energy
Analysis and
Dashboard
Gas
suppression
system

96
 Central controlling facility.
 Automate and take control of various
operations.
 Manage all the systems
 Coordinate the various systems
 Provide a comfortable working environment
in an efficient way.
 Its purpose is to control, monitor and
optimize building services
 E.g. Lighting, heating, cooling & security;
Audio visual and entertainment systems;
ventilation and climate control; time &
attendance control and reporting
 What is BMS ?

COSTING
AND
CERTIFICATION
97

Costing :-
98
Certification :-
Green building is a whole-systems approach for designing and
constructing buildings that conserve energy, water, and
material resources and are more healthy, safe, and
comfortable.
The Indian Green Building Council (IGBC) is the leading green building
movement in the country. IGBC is the country's premier body for green
building certification and allied services IGBC certifies the green projects
which are conceptualized, designed, constructed and operated as
per IGBC Ratings.
What is IGBC?

99
IGBC
certification
Energy savings : 40-50%
Water savings : 20-30% Day lighting & views
Improved health and
productivity (12-16%)
50% incentive on solar
panel plant
Reduction in
Operating cost
50% incentive on
approval fee
Fast track clearance
for green
buildings
 Environmental :-
One of the most important types of benefit green buildings offer is to
our climate and the natural environment. Green buildings can not only
reduce or eliminate negative impacts on the environment, by using
less water, energy or natural resources, but they can - in many cases -
have a positive impact on the environment (at the building or city
scales) by generating their own energy or increasing biodiversity.
 Economic :-
Green buildings offer a number of economic or financial benefits,
which are relevant to a range of different people or groups of people.
These include cost savings on utility bills for tenants or households
(through energy and water efficiency); lower construction costs and
higher property value for building developers; increased occupancy
rates or operating costs for building owners; and job creation.

100
Following are the criteria that our building satisfies from the IGBC rating
(numbers in bracket represent points earned and ‘A’ represents Assumptions
made)
A) SITE SELECTION & PLANNING :-
1. Include professionals from multidisciplinary nature. (1)….a
2. Preserving the natural topography of the place.(2).a
3. Passive architecture. Include shaded corridors, shading devices, louvers,
etc. (2)…
4. Local building regulations. (mandatory)...a
5. Soil erosion control. Remove the top fertile layer of soil and donate or
use it for later purpose. (mandatory).
6. Basic amenities like atm, chemist etc. must be within 1km of distance.
(1)…...a
7. Proximity to public transport. Public transport available within 800m.
(1)……a
8. Low emitting vehicles. Use CNG vehicles during construction. (1)…….a
9. Basic facilities for onsite construction people. [1]. [a]
10. Heat island reduction roof. Plant vegetation, use highly reflective
material or combo etc. (1)..
11. Green building guidelines for people. How to use it etc. [1]
B) WATER CONSERVATION
1. Rainwater harvesting system. [1-4]
2. Water efficient plumbing fixtures. [2-5]
3. Water metering.[2]
4. Wastewater treatment and reuse. [1-5]

101
C) ENERGY EFFICIENCY
1. Ozone depleting material.[2-5].
2. Energy metering and management [2]
3. On-site renewable energy [1-8]
4. Eco friendly refrigerants.[1]..
5. Use of low power led bulbs and tube light.
6. On site renewable energy [2-8]
D) INDOOR ENVIRONMENT CONDITION.
1. Daylighting. [1]…
2. Outdoor view [1]…
3. Minimise indoor and outdoor pollutants.
4. Low emissive material. [1]
5. House keeping material [client] [1]
6. Minimise indoor and outdoor pollutants [1]
7. Iaq management during construction. [1].[a]
8. Minimum fresh air ventilation.
9. CO2 monitoring in regularly occupied spaces.[1]
E) BUILDING MATERIALS AND RESOURCES.
1. Segregation of waste.
2. Organic waste management post occupancy. [2]…
3. Sustainable building materials [1-8]
4. Handling of waste material during construction.[1] ..
5. Use of certified green building material.[1-5] …
6. Alternative construction technology. [3]
In total our building manages to gain “58 point” of the IGBC rating
system which qualifies for “Silver certification”.

INNOVATIVE
IDEA
102

103
Sustainable Approach for Interior designing :-

104
(Wall
mounted)
A) Solar plant
1. Continuous power supply – The hybrid solar systems provide power
continuously, without any interruption, as the batteries connected to
them store the energy. So, when there is an electricity outage, the
batteries work as inverter to provide you backup.
2. Utilize the renewable sources in best way – Because the batteries are
connected to the system to store the energy, there is no waste of the
excess energy generated on bright sunny days.
3. Low maintenance cost – The maintenance cost of the hybrid solar
energy systems is low as compared to the traditional generators which
use diesel as fuel. No fuel is used and they do not require frequent
servicing.
4. High efficiency – The hybrid solar energy systems work more efficiently
than your traditional generators which waste the fuel under certain
conditions. Hybrid solar systems work efficiently in all types of conditions
without wasting the fuel.
5. Load management – Unlike traditional generators, which provide high
power as soon as they turned on, most of hybrid solar power systems
manage load accordingly. A hybrid solar system may have technology that
adjusts the energy supply according to the devices they are connected to,
whether it’s an air conditioner requiring high power or a fan which
requires less.

105
Approx. 82,000 Rs payback makes
ROI as 2.5 years

106
B) Electric charging spots in
basement area.
 India have already launched three electrical cars in 2020. This
cars are combination of hydrogen and electric vehicles
and it getting popular.
 So we should keep Electric charging spots in basement area which
will not only produce revenue but also, we are indirectly supporting to
green movement.

107
C) Sole tube
Daylighting Improves Human
Performance :-
 Increased staff productivity
 Reduced absenteeism
 Increased employee retention
 Improved student performance
 Improved quality control
 Increased retail sales
 Improved healing time
 Improved mood
 Greater occupant well-being & satisfaction
WHY Sole tube ?

108

109

110
References
 Heat load Calculation – Junaid Hussain
 HVAC Systems Fault Diagnosis And Energy Optimization Using State-
Space Methods And Modern Control Theory .Final Report - R. Nadira,
Shahriar Negahdaripoul, Schick.
 Optimization of Water Cooled Chiller System With Load-Based Speed
Control -K.T.Chan.
 Optimization Of The Water Cooled Chiller Plant System Operation -
Sen Hunang
 Variable Refrigerant Flow System- researchgate publication
 A review of HVAC with VRF technology- academia
 https://www.buildingdesign.co.uk/pdf/mitsubishi-cat-HVRF.pdf
 Inspection And Energy Auditing Of HVAC Systems - Marco Masoero.
 Design Of Cooling Tower - B Bhavani Sai, I Swathi, KSL Prasanna, K
Srinivasa Rao.
 A Review Study On Cooling Towers; Types, Performance And
Application – Faraz Afshari.
 Investigation The Energy Performance Of A Forced Draft Wet Cooling
Tower - Fadhil Kareem, Mustafa Jassim.
Technical Paper :-
https://www.slideshare.net/jayeshmahajan24/tech
nical-paper-of-hvac-for-commercial-
building?qid=fda80b05-9798-4da6-9f1c-
19419edee939&v=&b=&from_search=7