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1- 4 a Energy Bands
1.
Pertemuan 1 -
4 FISIKA ZAT PADAT Iwan Sugihartono, M.Si Jurusan Fisika Fakultas Matematika dan Ilmu Pengetahuan Alam
2.
3.
4.
NEARLY FREE ELECTRON
MODEL Bragg reflection -> no wave-like solutions -> energy gap Bragg condition: -> 10/03/11 © 2010 Universitas Negeri Jakarta | www.unj.ac.id |
5.
ORIGIN OF THE
ENERGY GAP 10/03/11 © 2010 Universitas Negeri Jakarta | www.unj.ac.id |
6.
BLOCH FUNCTIONS Periodic
potential -> Translational symmetry -> Abelian group T = { T ( R l )} k -representation of T ( R l ) is Corresponding basis function for the Schrodinger equation must satisfy This can be satisfied by the Bloch function where or -> representative values of k are contained inside the Brillouin zone. Basis = 10/03/11 © 2010 Universitas Negeri Jakarta | www.unj.ac.id |
7.
KRONIG-PENNEY MODEL Bloch
theorem: ψ (0) continuous: ψ ( a ) continuous: ψ (0) continuous: ψ ( a ) continuous: 10/03/11 © 2010 Universitas Negeri Jakarta | www.unj.ac.id |
8.
-> Delta function
potential: Thus so that 10/03/11 © 2010 Universitas Negeri Jakarta | www.unj.ac.id |
9.
10/03/11 ©
2010 Universitas Negeri Jakarta | www.unj.ac.id |
10.
MATRIX MECHANICS Ansatz
Secular equation: Matrix equation Orthonormal basis: Eigen-problem 10/03/11 © 2010 Universitas Negeri Jakarta | www.unj.ac.id |
11.
FOURIER SERIES OF
THE PERIODIC POTENTIAL -> = Volume of crystal volume of unit cell For a lattice with atomic basis at positions ρ α in the unit cell is the structural factor -> 10/03/11 © 2010 Universitas Negeri Jakarta | www.unj.ac.id |
12.
PLANE WAVE EXPANSION
Bloch function = Volume of crystal Matrix form of the Schrodinger equation: (central equation) n = 0: 10/03/11 © 2010 Universitas Negeri Jakarta | www.unj.ac.id |
13.
CRYSTAL MOMENTUM OF
AN ELECTRON Properties of k : -> U = 0 -> Selection rules in collision processes -> crystal momentum of electron is k . Eq., phonon absorption: 10/03/11 © 2010 Universitas Negeri Jakarta | www.unj.ac.id |
14.
SOLUTION OF THE
CENTRAL EQUATION 1-D lattice, only 10/03/11 © 2010 Universitas Negeri Jakarta | www.unj.ac.id |
15.
KRONIG-PENNEY MODEL IN
RECIPROCAL SPACE (only s = 0 term contributes) Eigen-equation: -> 10/03/11 © 2010 Universitas Negeri Jakarta | www.unj.ac.id |
16.
-> (Kronig-Penney model)
with 10/03/11 © 2010 Universitas Negeri Jakarta | www.unj.ac.id |
17.
EMPTY LATTICE APPROXIMATION
Free electron in vacuum: Free electron in empty lattice: Simple cubic 10/03/11 © 2010 Universitas Negeri Jakarta | www.unj.ac.id |
18.
APPROXIMATE SOLUTION NEAR
A ZONE BOUNDARY k near zone right boundary: Weak U , λ k 2 g >> U -> for E near λ k 10/03/11 © 2010 Universitas Negeri Jakarta | www.unj.ac.id |
19.
K <<
g /2 10/03/11 © 2010 Universitas Negeri Jakarta | www.unj.ac.id |
20.
10/03/11 ©
2010 Universitas Negeri Jakarta | www.unj.ac.id |
21.
NUMBER OF ORBITALS
IN A BAND Linear crystal of length L composed of of N cells of lattice constant a . Periodic boundary condition: -> -> N inequivalent values of k Generalization to 3-D crystals: Number of k points in 1 st BZ = Number of primitive cells -> Each primitive cell contributes one k point to each band. Crystals with odd numbers of electrons in primitive cell must be metals, e.g., alkali & noble metals metal semi-metal insulator 10/03/11 © 2010 Universitas Negeri Jakarta | www.unj.ac.id |
22.
THANK YOU 10/03/11
© 2010 Universitas Negeri Jakarta | www.unj.ac.id |