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1. India-Pakistan Partition
History, through photos

2. Iqbal: Two Nation theory
• First articulated in the Presidential
address to the All India Muslim
league in 1930 by Allama Iqbal, the
famous poet, philosopher and
politician.
• Argued that the aspirations of two
different communities, especially
when one was a minority, and the
other a majority, could be
addressed within one state
• Was in disagreement with both
Nehru and Gandhi
• In India’s nationalist discourse this
came to be known as Muslim
separatism.
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4. PAKISTAN is created as a Muslim Country

5. Jinnah  Muslim Leader with Gandhi –
Hindu Leader
Wants homeland Wants united India
for Muslims

6. Jinnah  Mountbatten Last English
Viceroy to India with Nehru – Hindu Leader
Wants united India
Wants homeland
for Muslims Supposed to be neutral and administer
independence and partition

7. Nehru and Lady
Mountbatten had intimate
relations to which Lord Mountbatten
was indifferent to. Partition, favored India in land, infrastructure, and control of water and critical cities.

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11. Example journey

33. Net result of partition
• Greatest mass migration of humans in 20th
century
• Over 15 Million Muslims, Sikhs and Hindus
moved across borders
• Communal slaughter over 1 Million killed,
• Tens of thousands of women raped and
kidnapped

34. Net result of partition
• Families divided
• 3 Wars between India and Pakistan
• Large part of Pakistani GNP and Indian
defense dedicated to defense of borders
• East Pakistan fought for independence and
with aid from India, broke off from West
Pakistan.
• Human rights abuses by Pakistani forces in
East Pakistan.

35. Net result of partition
• Kashmir a Muslim Majority state at heart of
conflict over self-determination and
independence from India.
• Human rights abuses against civilians
including women by Indian Armed forces who
have 0.5 Million army.
• Issues of Water Resources controlled by India
to Pakistan and Bangladesh may lead to future
conflict and wars.

36. What is the price of freedom?

37. Dawn of Freedom (August 1947)
Faiz Ahmed Faiz,
translated by Agha Shahid Ali
“These tarnished rays, this night-smudged light -
This is not that Dawn for which, ravished with
freedom, we had set out in sheer longing, so
sure that somewhere in its desert the sky
harbored a final haven for the stars, and we
would find it,….
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38. Dawn of Freedom contd.
• We had no doubt that night’s vagrant wave
would stray towards the shore that the heart
rocked with sorrow would at last reach its
port.
…
Friends, come away from this false light.
Come, we must search for that promised
Dawn”.
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39. References
• All photos are copyright of respective owners
and used from the public domain.