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REPRODUCTIVE
STRUCTURES
OBICO JJA, Instructor
Department of Biology, UP Manila
FLOWER
Reproductive organ of angiosperms
Angiosperms- flowering plants
Modified shoot with four whorls
SEPALS- calyx
PETALS ll
Non-reproductive parts
PETALS- corolla
STAMENS- androecium
PISTILS- gynoecium
Non reproductive parts
Reproductive parts
PISTILPISTIL
STAMENSTAMEN
antheranther
filamentfilament
stylestyle
stigmastigma
Parts of a flowerParts of a flower
ovaryovary
ovuleovule
receptaclereceptacle
pedicelpedicel
SEPALSEPAL
PETALPETAL
Parts of a flowerParts of a flower
FLORAL VARIATION
Complete and Incomplete
Perfect and Imperfect (Bisexual and Unisexual)
Unisexual flowers- either pistillate/ carpellate or
staminate
Monoecious and DioeciousMonoecious and Dioecious

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MITOSIS AND MEIOSIS
ALTERNATION OF GENERATION

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Carpels and stamens
Contain the sporangia
Sporangium
Contains the spores
Chambers here male and female gametoph tesChambers where male and female gametophytes
develop
Male gametophyte
Sperm-containing pollen grain
Female gametophyte
Egg-containing structures called embryo sacs
Embryo sac develop within the ovules
Development of male gametophyte (Pollen)
Development of female gametophyte (Embryo)
Pollination

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integument
funiculus
micropyle
POLLINATION

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SEED
Contains a miniature plant
Seed Dormancy
Very low metabolic rate
Not growing and developing
Ensures that germination ill occur at a time andEnsures that germination will occur at a time and
place most advantageous to the seedling
Germination
Resumption of growth and development

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SEED GERMINATION
Imbibition
Seed coat expand and ruptures
Activation of digestive enzymes
Mobilization of nutrients
Radicle- first structure to emerge
Types:
Epigeal
Hypogeal
FRUIT
Mature ovary
As seed develops after
fertilization, the ovary
wall thickens
Protects the enclosedProtects the enclosed
seed
Other floral parts
wither
Variation in fruits
Aid in their dispersal

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FROM OVARY TO FRUIT
A fruit
Develops from the ovary
Protects the enclosed seeds
Aids in the dispersal of seeds by wind or animals
Fruits are classified into several types
Depending on their developmental origin
Stamen
Carpels
Flower
Ovary
Stigma
Stamen
Figure 38.9a–c
Simple fruit. A simple fruit
develops from a single carpel (or
several fused carpels) of one flower
(examples: pea, lemon, peanut).
(a) Aggregate fruit. An aggregate fruit
develops from many separate
carpels of one flower (examples:
raspberry, blackberry, strawberry).
(b) Multiple fruit. A multiple fruit
develops from many carpels
of many flowers (examples:
pineapple, fig).
(c)
Pineapple fruitRaspberry fruit
Pea fruit
Stamen
Carpel
(fruitlet) Stigma
Ovary
Raspberry flower
Each
segment
develops
from the
carpel of
one flower
Pineapple inflorescence
Ovule
Pea flower
Seed
FRUIT TYPES
Based on Developmental Origin
Simple- single ovary
Aggregate- single flower with several unfused carpels
Multiple - inflorescence
B d T t f th P iBased on Texture of the Pericarp
Dry
Indehiscent
Dehiscent
Fleshy
Pericarp has visible layers
Exocarp
Mesocarp
Endocarp
Fleshy Fruit Pericarp
FLESHY FRUIT PERICARP

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FRUIT AND SEED DISPERSAL
Anemochory: Dispersal by wind.
Autochory: Dispersal by physical expulsion,
often explosively.
Endozoochory: Dispersal through animal
ingestion and excretioningestion and excretion.
Epizoochory: Dispersal by attachment to fur or
feathers.
Hydrochory: Dispersal by water.
Myrmecochory: Dispersal by ants.

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DISPERSAL OF FRUITS AND SEEDS