6. Introduction An increase in the awareness of the benefits that open space and vegetative buffers provide, both individually and in aggregates, has caused the issue of vegetation preservation and augmentation to become an integral part of the land development process.
7. As our built environment expands, it is imperative that land development activities not compromise the long term quality of our environment. The responsibility of land steward-ship is expanding beyond the traditional disciplines of agronomy, environmental and soil science, forestry and land-scape architecture to include various engineering and legal professionals,
37. F I G U R E 1 7 . 4 A wetland created by a beaver dam built on a stream channel
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39. F I G U R E 1 7 . 5 A palustrine emergent wetland created by ground water discharge at the surface.
40. F I G U R E 1 7 . 6 A gleyed hydric soil sample being compared to the Munsell Soil Color Chart
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54. Family life in a Manila slum—poverty needs to be monitored at the municipal level. * The power of good planning and effective management in strong, empowered city governments is critical to propelling cities towards sustainability. * Local governments today play a leading role in developing new approaches to the management of the natural and built environment.
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60. Reducing Poverty and Improving the Environment and Citizen Health in Brazil Hillside favela in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
70. City twinning projects through which developed cities will support climate related initiatives in developing cities *Regulations * polluter pays principle 3. Economic : Emission charges & taxes, tax refund schemes, deposit & refund schemes, tradable permits, public spending subsidies, fine, legal liability for environmental damage, bonds. 4. Regulatory : Controls on emissions, resource use, toxic substance use through bans, permits, quotas and licensing Policy instruments Tool examples Options Instrument type
71. ● ecoBUDGET ● Air quality management ● Environmental budgets and audits ● Environment quality management Management instruments Indicators, guidelines and documentation from a range of programmes and organisations ● Environmental profiles ● SWOT analysis ● Rapid Ecological Footprint Assessment ● Monitoring systems and indicators ● Strategic Environmental Assessment Planning instruments task forces, round tables, expert panels, workshops ● Visioning ● Participation Process instruments Tool examples Options Instrument type
72. A community action planning (CAP) workshop in Yangzhou, China. Providing the Public with Environmental Information in Yangzhou, China
92. Department of Environment and Natural Resources (DENR) It is mandated to be the primary agency responsible for the conservation, management, development, and proper use of the country’s environment and natural resources.
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97. Ecosystems Research and Development Bureau (ERDB) It is the principal research agency of the Department of Environment and Natural Resources (DENR) It pursues research, development and extension (RDE) functions to provide science-based strategies for the sustainable management of the country's major ecosystems: the forest, upland farms, grassland and degraded areas, the coastal zone and freshwater and urban ecosystems.
98. Functions: *Formulates an integrated research and development program on Philippine ecosystems and natural resources. *Monitors and evaluates DENR regional and integrated RDE programs of 16 DENR Regional Research and Development Services. *Coordinates R&D activities of all regional research offices.
99. *Conducts research to generate technologies towards sustainable management and use of Philippine ecosystems and natural resources. *Organizes and translates all recommendable findings into understandable language and presentation. *Facilitates dissemination of research information and technology to all possible users.
100. Forest Management Bureau The Forest Management Bureau of the DENR provides support for the effective protection, development, occupancy management, and conservation of forest lands and watersheds. It collaborates with international and local development organizations in several forestry development programs .
101. Functions: * Recommends policies and/or programs for the effective protection, development, occupancy, management and conservation of forest lands, watersheds, including grazing and mangrove areas, reforestation and rehabilitation of critically denuded/degraded forest reservations, improvement of water resource use and development, ancestral lands, wilderness areas and other natural reserves, development of forest plantations, including rattan, bamboo and other valuable non-timber forest resources, rationalization of the wood-based industries, regulation of utilization and exploitation of forest resources including wildlife, to ensure continued supply of forest goods and services.
102. Functions: * Advises the Regional Offices in the implementation of the above policies and/or programs * Develops plans, programs, operating standards and administrative measures to promote the Bureau’s objectives and functions
103. * Assists in the monitoring and evaluation of forestry and watershed development projects to ensure efficiency and effectiveness. * Undertakes studies on the economics of forest-based industries, including the supply and demand trends on the local, national and international levels, identifying investment problems and opportunities in various areas.
104. Lands Management Bureau The Department of Environment and Natural Resources (DENR) through the Lands Management Bureau and DENR Field Offices is mandated to administer, survey, manage, and dispose Alienable and Disposable (A&D) lands and other government lands not placed under the jurisdiction of other government agencies .
105. Mines and Geosciences Bureau The MGB, as steward of the country's mineral resources, is committed to the promotion of sustainable mineral resources development, aware of its contribution to national economic growth and countryside community development. It fully recognizes that the development of a responsive policy framework in partnership with stakeholders to govern mineral exploration, mining and investment decisions and an effective institutional structure, are fundamental requisites for the sustainable utilization of the country's mineral resources.
106. It is adherent to the promotion of geological studies as an integral element of socio-economic development, environmental protection and human safety. Yet, it is sensitive to the known environmental impacts of mining and the need for restoration and rehabilitation of mining affected areas and the development and adoption of environmental and geoscientific technologies . It is the government agency primarily responsible for the implementation of Mining Act of 1995. It has direct charge in the administration and disposition of mineral resources.
107. National Mapping and Resource Information Authority NAMRIA is mandated to provide the public with mapmaking services and to act as the central mapping agency, depository, and distribution facility for natural resources data in the form of maps, charts, texts, and statistics. It envisions a highly-professionalized, technologically advanced, globally competitive, and environment and natural resources-caring agency. Its mission is to generate and disseminate reliable and up-to-date geographic information and provide related services, by employing state-of-the-art technology in support of national development.
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109. Protected Areas and Wildlife Bureau Conservation of the country's biological diversity through: * Establishment, management and development of the National Integrated Protected Areas System * Conservation of Wildlife Resources * Information and Education for Nature Conservation
110. PAWB envisions a perpetual existence of biological and physical diversities in a system of protected areas and such other important biological components of the environment managed by a well-informed and empowered citizenry for the sustainable use and enjoyment of present and future generations.
111. Functions: * Formulate and recommend policies, guidelines, rules and regulations for the establishment and management of an Integrated Protected Areas System such as national parks, wildlife sanctuaries and refuge, marine parks and biospheric reserves * Formulate an up-to-date listing of endangered Philippine flora and fauna and recommend a program of conservation and propagation of the same
112. Functions: * Formulate and recommend policies, guidelines and rules for the preservation of biological diversity, genetic resources, the endangered Philippine flora and fauna * Assist the Secretary in the monitoring and assessment of the management of the Integrated Protected Areas System and provide technical assistance to the Regional offices in the implementation of programs for these areas
113. Environmental Management Bureau Its primary goal is to come out with a comprehensive national program to achieve and maintain air quality that meets the National Ambient Air Quality Guidelines for Criteria Pollutants and their emission standards, while minimizing the possible associated negative impacts on the country’s economy. Its implementing rules and regulations contain specific requirements that prohibit vehicular and industrial sources from emitting pollutants in amounts that cause significant deterioration of air quality. It ensures the Attainment of an Environmental Quality that is conducive for present and future generations.
115. INTRODUCTION Land development is faced not only with the issue of competing with the demands of human needs but also with that of meeting the requirements of environmental restoration and preservation. Our past actions as a society have resulted in significant impacts to the environment due to human consumption and the mismanagement of our natural resources and hazardous waste. To prevent continued degradation of the environment, environmental regulations/laws & policies were established to ensure that everyone acts responsibly toward the protection and maintenance of the environment.
116. National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) - It is a national policy that takes into consideration the preservation of the natural environment and human needs caused by population increases, high-density urbanization, and industrial expansion by taking into account economical and technical considerations. - NEPA requirements are invoked when airports, buildings, military complexes, highways, parkland purchases, and other federal activities are proposed .
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118. Endangered Species Act - to conserve threatened and endangered species. - Federal agencies are required to carry out programs for the conservation of the threatened and endangered species and must take actions to ensure that projects they authorize, fund, or carry out are not likely to jeopardize the existence of the listed species or result in the destruction or modification of their habitat that is declared to be critical.
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121. Coastal Zone Management Act (CZMA) - It is a federal program that establishes standards to protect the coastal resources that are determined to be of national significance. * coastal areas, wetlands, floodplains, estuaries, beaches, dunes, barrier islands, coral reefs, and fish and wildlife and their habitats
122. The DENR-MGB Geohazards Assessment and Mapping Program It is an important component of the government’s disaster management and mitigation program in order to reduce the loss of lives and properties brought about by natural disasters.
123. It involves both the identification of areas of the country that are prone or susceptible to various geologic hazards, like rain-induced landslides, floods, flash-floods, storm surge, coastal erosion, sea-level rise and other natural events, and dissemination of these information to increase public awareness. The output of the program is equally important for land use planning (CLUPs), land development and the emerging concern on climate-change adaptation.
124. The program’s five (5) components: 1. Remote sensing analysis generates data using air photographs,satellite (LandSat, ERTS) and radar images to identify features thatcould indicate unstable areas or impending physical events 2. Actual conduct of field surveys wherein on-site conditions are documented and ground data are generated. Historical background of past disasters or natural events are also noted. Indicative signs of ground instability and pending events are duly recorded.
125. 3. Data generated during the field survey are stored, processed and manage dunder a GIS platform for ease of handling and retrieval. The resulting database is continually updated as recent data are generated. 4. Preparation of geohazards susceptibility maps in the 1:50,000 scale for rain-induced landslides and floods/flashfloods on the basis of all available data. More detailed maps of 1:10,000 scale are also prepared for specific critical areas of concern although only limited coverage had so far been achieved 5. Information dissemination through the conduct of seminars, workshops, and other information campaigns to explain the nature of geologic hazards and the use of the maps.
126. Clean Air Act - focuses on the reduction or elimination of the amount of pollutants produced or created. - this act recognizes that states should take the lead in carrying out the CAA because pollution control problems often require special understanding of local industries, geography, housing patterns, and other factors
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128. AIR QUALITY MANAGEMENT RA 8749 - AN ACT PROVIDING FOR A COMPREHENSIVE AIR POLLUTION CONTROL POLICY AND FOR OTHER PURPOSES DAO 98-47 - IMPLEMENTING RULES AND REGULATIONS (IRR) FOR MANDATING THE PHASE-OUT OF LEADED GASOLINE AS ONE OF THE MEANS OF SOLVING AIR POLLUTION DAO 98-46 - REVISED RULES AND REGULATIONS FOR THE PREVENTION, CONTROL AND ABATEMENT OF AIR POLLUTION FROM MOTOR VEHICLES
129. HAZARDOUS WASTE MANAGEMENT RA 6969 - AN ACT TO CONTROL TOXIC SUBSTANCES AND HAZARDOUS AND NUCLEAR WASTES, PROVIDING PENALTIES FOR VIOLATIONS THEREOF, AND FOR OTHER PURPOSES. DAO 94-28 - INTERIM GUIDELINES FOR THE IMPORTATION OF RECYCLABLE MATERIALS CONTAINING HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCES. DAO 97-38 -CHEMICAL CONTROL ORDER FOR MERCURY AND MERCURY COMPOUNDS.
130. HAZARDOUS WASTE MANAGEMENT DAO 97-39 - CONTROL ORDER FOR CYANIDE AND CYANIDE COMPOUNDS. DAO 2000-18 - CHEMICAL CONTROL ORDER FOR OZONE DEPLETING SUBSTANCES (ODS) DAO 2004-01 - CHEMICAL CONTROL ORDER (CCO) FOR POLYCHLORINATED BIPHENYLS (PaCBs)
131. SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT PD 825 - PROVIDING PENALTY FOR IMPROPER DISPOSAL OF GARBAGE AND OTHER FORMS OF UNCLEANLINESS AND FOR OTHER PURPOSES. RA 9003 - AN ACT PROVIDING FOR AN ECOLOGICAL SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT PROGRAM, CREATING THE NECESSARY INSTITUTIONAL MECHANISMS AND INCENTIVES, DECLARING CERTAIN ACTS PROHIBITED AND PROVIDING PENALTIES, APPROPRIATING FUNDS, AND FOR OTHER PURPOSES. DAO 98-50 - ADOPTING THE LANDFILL SITE IDENTIFICATION AND SCREENING CRITERIA FOR MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE DISPOSAL FACILITIES.
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