Endosymbiotic Theory Short Lecture

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endosymbiotic theory for introductory college biology class

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The Endosymbiotic Theory and the Origin of Eukaryotic Cells BIO 101: General Biology I

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The archaebacteria group members Rameen nadeem Syeda iqra hussain Hina zamir Mahnoor khan Maleeha inayat Background Biologists have long organized living things into large groups called kingdoms. There are six of them: Archaebacteria Eubacteria Protista Fungi Plantae Animalia Some recent findings… In 1996, scientists decided to split Monera into two groups of bacteria: Archaebacteria and Eubacteria Because these two groups of bacteria were different in many ways scientists created a new level of classification called a DOMAIN. Now we have 3 domains Bacteria Archaea Eukarya KingdomArchaebacteria Any of a large group of primitive bacteria having unusual cell walls, membrane lipids, ribosomes, and RNA sequences, and having the ability to produce methane and to live in anaerobic, extremely hot, salty, or acidic conditions The Domain Archaea “ancient” bacteria Some of the first archaebacteria were discovered in Yellowstone National Park’s hot springs Prokaryotes are structurally simple, but biochemically complex Basic Facts They live in extreme environments (like hot springs or salty lakes) and normal environments (like soil and ocean water). All are unicellular (each individual is only one cell). No peptidoglycan in their cell wall. Some have a flagella that aids in their locomotion. Most don’t need oxygen to survive They can produce ATP (energy) from sunlight They can survive enormous temperature extremes They can survive under rocks and in ocean floor vents deep below the ocean’s surface They can tolerate huge pressure differences STRUCTURE Size Archaea are slightly less than 1 micron long. A micron is 1/1,000 of a millimeter. In order to see their cellular features, scientists use powerful electron microscopes. Shape Shapes can be spherical or ball shaped and are called coccus. Others are rod shaped, long and thin, and labeled bacillus. Variations of cells have been discovered in square and triangular shapes. STRUCTURE Locomotion Some archaea have flagella, hair-like structures that assist in movement. There can be one or many attached to the cell's outer membrane. Protein networks can also be found on the cell membrane, which allow cells to attach themselves in groups. Cell Features Within the cell membrane, the archaea cell contains cytoplasm and DNA, which are in single-looped forms called plasmids. Most archaeal cells also have a semi-rigid cell wall that helps it to maintain its shape and chemical balance. This protects the cytoplasm, which is the semi-liquid gel that fills the cell and enables the various parts to function. STRUCTURE Phospholipids The molecules that make up cell membranes are called phospholipids, which act as building blocks for the cell. In archaea, these molecules are made of glycerol-ether lipids. Ether Bonding The ether bonding makes it possible for archaea to survive in environments that are extremely acidic or al

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The \"oxygen revolution\" facilitated by cyanobacteria had an enormous impact on life in our planet. As a result, the rising concentration of atmospheric oxygen wiped out the prokaryotic organisms that flourished in the CO2 rich environment: none of these early prokaryotic organisms has survived to present times. True False Kuru is caused by a neurotropic virus that \"homes\" in the brain cells. This virus belongs to the same family of viruses that cause mad cow disease, and it is one of the smallest life forms\" known to science. True False Lipid bilayers can only be synthetized by biological organisms. This is supported by the rise of internal compartmentalization seen in eukaryotic organisms. It is thought that the formation of internal organelles in eukaryotic cells resulted from the invagination of the external cell membrane in prokaryotic cells True False Abiogenesis is the hypothesis that life exists throughout the universe, distributed by meteorites, planetoids and asteroids. The theory of abiogenesis proposes that life in this planet arouse from extremophile bacteria that came from outer space trapped in interstellar debris. True False The basic elements that are the building blocks of life in this planet are only found in living organisms; hence, these are only of biological origin. This contradicts the theory of abiogenesis. True False DNA is the only known source of genetic information/code for biological organisms/systems in this planet. True False the Cretaceous mass extinction is thought to have occurred as a result of a massive meteorite impact near the Yucatan peninsula. The impact crater (recently located) together with the iridium deposits in the days of the planet, supports this hypothesis. True False Reproduction, mutation, use of energy and evolution are characteristics only of living things. True False Solution 28) The micro fossils discovered in the rocks more than 3.5 billion years old were the single celled prokaryotic organisms resembling the modern bacteria. These must have evolved in absence of oxygen. Over time, photosynthetic organisms (cyanobacteria) might have evolved increasing the concentration of oxygen in the atmosphere. This has caused some organisms to extinct because they could not tolerate the high oxygen levels and some organisms to develop more effective metabolic pathways to metabolize the oxygen. The statement is true. 29) Kuru is a neurodegenerative disease caused by abnormally folded protein agents called prions. Mad cow disease or bovine spongiform encephalopathy or mad cow disease is also caused by a misfolded protein agent called prion. The given statement is true. 30) The prokaryotic cells evolved earlier were started to develop internal membranes some 2 billion years ago, due to which the evolution of eukaryotic cells had took place. The eukaryotic organelles like mitochondria and chloroplast resemble the prokaryotic cells. This has happened due to establishment of symbiotic relationship bet.

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Based on what you have observed in lab and learned in lecture, comment on the following claim - \"all multicellular organisms can out-compete and out-survive all unicellular organisms because they are more complex.\" Solution The formation of a living cell from organic molecules has taken a long way. The formation of life from nonlife has greatest gap in the scientific theories of earth’s history. After the cooling of earth, some 200 to 300 billion years ago, the water cells similar to modern bacteria were formed from condensation of organic molecules into proteinoid microspheres under certain conditions. These are not cells but have some characteristics of living systems. During the course of evolution first, simple RNA molecules might have formed which later had the characteristics of self replication, processing of other messenger RNA after transcription, helping in the replication of DNA, catalyzing the chemical reactions and might have led to formation of systems consisting of DNA directed protein synthesis. The micro fossils discovered in the rocks more than 3.5 billion years old were the single celled prokaryotic organisms resembling the modern bacteria. These must have evolved in absence of oxygen. Over time, photosynthetic organisms might have evolved increasing the concentration of oxygen in the atmosphere. This has caused some organisms to extinct because they could not tolerate the high oxygen levels and some organisms to develop more effective metabolic pathways to metabolize the oxygen. The prokaryotic cells evolved earlier were started to develop internal membranes some 2 billion years ago, due to which the evolution of eukaryotic cells had took place. The eukaryotic organelles like mitochondria and chloroplast resemble the prokaryotic cells. This has happened due to establishment of symbiotic relationship between prokaryotes that entered the eukaryotic cells. Thus, endosymbiotic theory states that the eukaryotic cells are produced from living communities formed by prokaryotic organisms. The prokaryotes have small genomes and may contain less than 500 to more than 5000 genes. The bacteria have a small circular chromosome and show specific variation with other bacterial species. The bacteria contain extra chromosomal circular DNA called a plasmid. The plasmid is capable of replicating on its own and often carries the non essential genes that can be transferred from one cell to another. The bacterial genes are organized in to clusters known as operons that can be transferred at a time. The genes of the operons contain protein encoding gene as well as regulatory sequences. The gene density in the prokaryotes is one gene per kilo base. The bacterial genomes highly differ with eukaryotic genomes in the aspects of gene density and organization. The bacteria are single celled organism whereas the eukaryotes are multi cellular. The eukaryotic genomes are large in size than the prokaryotes and may range 10 Mb to over 1 lack Mb. Prokaryo.

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Explain endosymbiosis theory (Or \"How cells got mitochondria and chloroplasts\") Solution Symbiosis occurs when two different species benefit from living and working together. When one organism actually lives inside the other it\'s called endosymbiosis. Endosymbiosis occurred as: a) The primitive eukaryotic cell was also eventually able to eat prokaryotes, a marked improvement to absorbing small molecules from its environment; b) The process of endosymbiosis commenced when the eukaryote engulphed but did not digest a autotrophic bacterium. Evidence suggests this engulfed bacterium was an alphaproteobacteria, an autotroph that uses photosynthesis to acquire energy. c) The eukaryote then began a mutually beneficial (symbiotic) relationship with it whereby the eukaryote provided protection and nutrients to the prokaryote, and in return, the prokaryotic endosymbiont provided additional energy to its eukaryotic host through its respiratory cellular machinary. d) The relationship became permanent over time completing primary endosymbiosis as the endosymbiont lost some genes it used for independent life and transferred others to the eukaryote\'s nucleus. The symbiont thus became dependent on the host cell for organic molecules and inorganic compounds. The genes of the repiratory machinary became a mitochondrion. Endosymbiotic theory hypothesizes the origin of chloroplasts similarly, where chloroplasts a eukaryote with mitochondria engulfs a photosynthetic cyanobacteruim in a symbiotic relationship ending in the chloroplast organelle. Endosymbiosis has gained ever more acceptance in the last half century, especially with the relatively recent advent of sequencing technologies. There are many variants to the theory, regarding what organism(s) engulfed what other organism(s), as well as how many times and when it occurred across geological time..

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