1. SYSTEMS ANALYSISSYSTEMS ANALYSIS
in Educationin Education
Presented by: San Luis, Nemencio Jr.C.Presented by: San Luis, Nemencio Jr.C.
Ma EdAd Pamantasan ng Lungsod ng MaynilaMa EdAd Pamantasan ng Lungsod ng Maynila
Submitted to:Dr.Ceferina M.P.TaringtingSubmitted to:Dr.Ceferina M.P.Taringting
Resource & Budget Management in Educ.Inst.Resource & Budget Management in Educ.Inst.
2. Prayer to St. John Baptist De La SallePrayer to St. John Baptist De La Salle
patron of educatorspatron of educators
Well-known founder of the Congregation of theWell-known founder of the Congregation of the
Brothers of the Christian Schools, orthodox andBrothers of the Christian Schools, orthodox and
prayerful theologian, you realize the very greatprayerful theologian, you realize the very great
value of competent Christian educators. Howvalue of competent Christian educators. How
great your wholesome influences has been!great your wholesome influences has been!
Make your followers continue to be Christ-likeMake your followers continue to be Christ-like
models for all their students who in turn will edifymodels for all their students who in turn will edify
others. Amen.others. Amen.
3. According to Lao TzuAccording to Lao Tzu
Founder of taoismFounder of taoism
““ a journey of a thousand milesa journey of a thousand miles
began with a single step”began with a single step”
4. Definition:Definition:
Systems analysis defined as anSystems analysis defined as an
activity, procedure, method,activity, procedure, method,
technique or business to determinetechnique or business to determine
what must be accomplished and howwhat must be accomplished and how
the necessary operations may bestthe necessary operations may best
be accomplished.be accomplished.
*from the point of view of an*from the point of view of an
engineerengineer
5. This is the study of the design,This is the study of the design,
specifications, feasibility, costspecifications, feasibility, cost
and implementation of aand implementation of a
computer systems for business.computer systems for business.
* from an IT analyst* from an IT analyst
6. Presenter's point of viewPresenter's point of view
Putting up a business orPutting up a business or
planning to establish one is likeplanning to establish one is like
planning to have a long journey.planning to have a long journey.
In business we will encounterIn business we will encounter
ups and downs. The same thingups and downs. The same thing
with a journey, we mightwith a journey, we might
encounter traffic, engineencounter traffic, engine
malfunctions and other usualmalfunctions and other usual
things that a traveler might meetthings that a traveler might meet
along the way.along the way.
Question: what &who do weQuestion: what &who do we
need?need?
7. PreparationPreparation
Set goals and objectivesSet goals and objectives
Aim for successAim for success
A systems analystA systems analyst
-in systems analysis we need-in systems analysis we need
someone to achieved all thesomeone to achieved all the
things we prepared, goals wethings we prepared, goals we
set. We need a person bestset. We need a person best
fitted for this problem.fitted for this problem.
That is what a systems analystThat is what a systems analyst
does.does.
8. Systems analysisSystems analysis
It is also known as an explicit formalIt is also known as an explicit formal
inquiry carried out to help someoneinquiry carried out to help someone
(referred to as the decision maker)(referred to as the decision maker)
identify a better course of action andidentify a better course of action and
make a better decision than he mightmake a better decision than he might
otherwise have made.otherwise have made.
The characteristic attributes of aThe characteristic attributes of a
problem situation where systemsproblem situation where systems
analysis is called upon areanalysis is called upon are
complexity of the issue andcomplexity of the issue and
uncertainty of the outcome of anyuncertainty of the outcome of any
course of action that mightcourse of action that might
reasonably be taken.reasonably be taken.
9. Systems analysis usually has someSystems analysis usually has some
combination of the following:combination of the following:
1.identification and re-identification1.identification and re-identification
of objectives, constraints andof objectives, constraints and
alternative course of action.alternative course of action.
2.examination of the probable2.examination of the probable
consequences of the alternatives inconsequences of the alternatives in
terms of costs, benefits and risks.terms of costs, benefits and risks.
3.presentation of the results in a3.presentation of the results in a
comparative frame work so that thecomparative frame work so that the
decision maker can make andecision maker can make an
informed choice from among theinformed choice from among the
alternatives.alternatives.
10. *the typical use of systems*the typical use of systems
analysis is to:analysis is to:
GUIDE decisions on issuesGUIDE decisions on issues
such as national or corporatesuch as national or corporate
plans and programs, resourceplans and programs, resource
use & protection policies,use & protection policies,
research & development inresearch & development in
technology, regional & urbantechnology, regional & urban
development, educationaldevelopment, educational
systems & other social services.systems & other social services.
Clearly, the nature of theseClearly, the nature of these
problems requires anproblems requires an
interdisciplinary approach.interdisciplinary approach.
11. However, there are severalHowever, there are several
kinds or focuses of systemskinds or focuses of systems
analysis for which differentanalysis for which different
terms are used:terms are used:
Policy analysis-related to publicPolicy analysis-related to public
decisiondecision
Decision analysis-this topicDecision analysis-this topic
concentrates on comparisonconcentrates on comparison
and ranking of alternativesand ranking of alternatives
12. Feasibility studies-this concentrates onFeasibility studies-this concentrates on
finding out whether an intended course offinding out whether an intended course of
action violates any constraints. This is toaction violates any constraints. This is to
determine whether or not a given project isdetermine whether or not a given project is
feasible.feasible.
When a feasibility study is carried out,When a feasibility study is carried out,
there are 4 main areas of consideration:there are 4 main areas of consideration:
--technicaltechnical or is the project technicallyor is the project technically
possible?possible?
--financialfinancial or can the business afford carryor can the business afford carry
out the project?out the project?
-organizational-organizational or will the new system beor will the new system be
compatible with the existing practices?compatible with the existing practices?
--ethicalethical or is the impact of the new systemor is the impact of the new system
socially acceptable?socially acceptable?
13. Cost effectiveness analysis- the alternatives areCost effectiveness analysis- the alternatives are
ranked in terms of effectiveness for fixed cost or inranked in terms of effectiveness for fixed cost or in
terms ofterms of cost for equal effectiveness.cost for equal effectiveness.
Cost benefit analysis- is a study, where for eachCost benefit analysis- is a study, where for each
alternative the time stream of costs and the timealternative the time stream of costs and the time
stream of benefits(both in monetary units) arestream of benefits(both in monetary units) are
discounted to yield their present values.thediscounted to yield their present values.the
comparison and ranking are made in terms of netcomparison and ranking are made in terms of net
benefits(benefits minus cost).benefits(benefits minus cost).
Risk benefit analysis- in here, cost(in monetaryRisk benefit analysis- in here, cost(in monetary
units) is assigned to each risk so as to make aunits) is assigned to each risk so as to make a
possible comparison of the discounted sum of thesepossible comparison of the discounted sum of these
costs with the discounted sum of benefits that arecosts with the discounted sum of benefits that are
predicted to result from the decision.predicted to result from the decision.
*the risks considered are usually events whose*the risks considered are usually events whose
probability of occurrence is low, but whose adverseprobability of occurrence is low, but whose adverse
consequence would be important.consequence would be important.
Ex.Ex.
Events such as earthquake or explosion of a placeEvents such as earthquake or explosion of a place
14. As a whole, systems analysisAs a whole, systems analysis
involves following sequences orinvolves following sequences or
stages:stages:
>feasibility study>feasibility study
>investigation of the current>investigation of the current
environmentenvironment
>business system option>business system option
having investigated the current system,having investigated the current system,
the analyst must decide on the over allthe analyst must decide on the over all
design of the new system. to do this, thedesign of the new system. to do this, the
analyst using the output of the previousanalyst using the output of the previous
stage, will develop a set of business option.stage, will develop a set of business option.
Perhaps, in the form of brain stormingPerhaps, in the form of brain storming
session so that as many & various ideas assession so that as many & various ideas as
possible are generated.possible are generated.
the output of this stage is the singlethe output of this stage is the single
selected business option together with allselected business option together with all
the output of first stage.the output of first stage.
15. >requirements specification>requirements specification
this is probably the most complex stagethis is probably the most complex stage
using the requirements developed in stageusing the requirements developed in stage
I and working within the framework of theI and working within the framework of the
selected business option, the analyst mustselected business option, the analyst must
develop a full logical specification of what adevelop a full logical specification of what a
new system must do. It must be free fromnew system must do. It must be free from
error, ambiguity and inconsistency.error, ambiguity and inconsistency.
by logical, we mean that theby logical, we mean that the
specification does not say how the systemspecification does not say how the system
will be implemented but rather describeswill be implemented but rather describes
what the system will do.what the system will do.
*the product of this stage is a complete*the product of this stage is a complete
requirements specification documentsrequirements specification documents
16. >technical system options>technical system options
this stage is the first towards athis stage is the first towards a
physical implementation of the newphysical implementation of the new
system. Things to be considered:system. Things to be considered:
-cost of implementation-cost of implementation
-staffing required-staffing required
-physical limitation such as a space-physical limitation such as a space
occupied by the systemoccupied by the system
-over all format-over all format
*all these aspects must conform to any*all these aspects must conform to any
constraints imposed by the businessconstraints imposed by the business
such as money and standardizationsuch as money and standardization
17. >Physical design>Physical design
this is the final stage wherethis is the final stage where
all the logical specification of theall the logical specification of the
system are converted tosystem are converted to
descriptions in terms of realdescriptions in terms of real
physical structure.physical structure.
18. Impact of systems analysisImpact of systems analysis
The nature and extent of systems analysis inThe nature and extent of systems analysis in
education is discussed in terms of the followingeducation is discussed in terms of the following
specific applications:specific applications:
-instructional systems where the concern is with the-instructional systems where the concern is with the
components of the systemcomponents of the system
(teachers,students,material to be taught or audio(teachers,students,material to be taught or audio
visual system&their interaction in the learningvisual system&their interaction in the learning
process).process).
-project management system for the planning and-project management system for the planning and
controlling of a wide variety of educational projectscontrolling of a wide variety of educational projects
-management information systems for better-management information systems for better
decision making by chief school officialsdecision making by chief school officials
-planning-programming-budgeting systems for-planning-programming-budgeting systems for
selecting among alternatives to reach programselecting among alternatives to reach program
goalsgoals
-operations research which attempts to identify the-operations research which attempts to identify the
relevant variables making up the total systems andrelevant variables making up the total systems and
sub systems and to secure quantitative data forsub systems and to secure quantitative data for
each variableeach variable
