HUBIOS: Humanidades, Biografías y Sustentabilidad: Tres temas importantes para la física PARTE 2. Conferencia dictada el 3 de agosto de 2016.

1. 2! Biografías!

2. The more students encounter the
diversity of physics and the
variety of jobs that physicists do,
the better placed they’ll be to
make a rewarding choice of
career.!
Irving, Paul W. and Sayre, Eleanor C., Physics Today, 69, 46-51 (2016), !
DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/PT.3.3169!

4. George Green (1793-1841)!
https://www.nottingham.ac.uk/physics/documents/historical/greenphystoday1203.pdf!
http://ocw.nctu.edu.tw/course/fourier/supplement/george%20green.pdf!
https://www.math.washington.edu/~morrow/334_15/green.pdf !
Nottingham!
De profesión: molinero-panadero!
Formación: posiblemente autodidacta: ¿1808-1823?!
En 1814, John Toplis – headmaster of N. Grammar
School – publica una traducción de Mecanique
Céleste de Laplace. ¿La posible fuente para el
interés de GG en teoría potencial?!
1823: Nottinghan Subscription Library!
1828: An Essay on the Application of Mathematical
Analysis to the Theories of Electricity and Magnetism.!
1833: Con 40 años es admitido en Cambridge (1837)!
1835-1839: Publica 8 trabajos en hidrodinámica,
ondas y óptica.!

5. James Clerk Maxwell (1831-1879) (48 años)!
Dedicó los últimos 5 años de su vida ha hacer historia de la
ciencia (reunir y clasificar la obra de Henry Cavendish
(1731-1810).!
To James Maxwell, scientific facts were incomplete without
the knowledge of how they came to be discovered. The
process of discovery held as much interest as the result.
Scientific history was at least as important as political
history and needed to be complete.!
17 de mayo 1861!

6. James Clerk Maxwell (1831-1879) (48 años)!
1850: Equilibrio de sólidos elásticos!
1855 y 1860: Teoría del color!
1858: Estabilidad de los anillos de Saturno!
1865: Ingeniería civil: figuras recíprocas y diagramas de
fuerzas en estructuras!
40 Poemas!

7. William Thompson (Lord Kelvin) (1824-1907)!
¿Por qué lo hacen Lord?!
From
1854,
James
White
was
producing
electrical
instruments
from
Prof.
Thomson's
patents,
mainly
galvanometers
and
electrometers.
From
1876,
he
manufactured
accurate
compasses
for
metal
ships
and
deep-­‐sea
sounding
machines
from
Thomson's
designs.
At
the
same
Fme,
he
made
a
range
of
more
convenFonal
instruments
such
as
telescopes,
microscopes,
chronometers
and
surveying
equipment.
AHer
White's
death
in
1884,
Sir
William
Thomson
raised
most
of
the
capital
needed
to
construct
and
equip
new
workshops
in
Cambridge
Street,
Glasgow.
William
Thomson's
patent
compass
was
adopted
as
a
standard
for
Royal
Navy
use
by
the
Admiralty
in
1889.
Consultor para Atlantic Telegraph Company!

8. 1858!

9. Yate velero !
Lalla Rookh (1870)!
126 toneladas!
Netherhall !
Casa de campo costa
oeste de Escocia.!

10. Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar (1910-1995)!
After the early preparatory years, my scientific
work has followed a certain pattern motivated,
principally, by a quest after perspectives. In
practice, this quest has consisted in my
choosing (after some trials and tribulations) a
certain area which appears amenable to
cultivation and compatible with my taste,
abilities, and temperament. And when after
some years of study, I feel that I have
accumulated a sufficient body of knowledge and
achieved a view of my own, I have the urge to
present my point of view, ab initio, in a coherent
account with order, form, and structure.!
Chandra
autobiografía!
http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1983/chandrasekhar-bio.html!
http://www-old.ias.ac.in/jarch/jaa/17/233-268.pdf!
Diferentes formas de hacer física!

11. Rosalyn (Sussman) Yalow (1921-2011)!
Física médica!
Hunter College en New York (B. Sc., 1941)!
Universidad de Illinois, Urbana (Ph. D., 1945)!
(Física nuclear experimental)!
Premio Nobel en Medicina (1977): Desarrollo de la técnica del
radioinmunoensayo (RIA, 1959) – Solomon Bergson (MD). !
… my course work in physics [at Hunter] had been minimal for a major – less!
than that of the other first year graduate students. Therefore at Illinois I sat in on two
undergraduate courses without credit, took three graduate courses and was a half-time
assistant teaching the freshman course in physics.!
AUXILIAR DOCENTE!
(I) Like nearly all first-year teaching assistants, I had never taught before - but unlike
the others I also undertook to observe in the classroom of a young instructor
with an excellent reputation so that I could learn how it should be done.!
JEFE DE GRUPO!
(II) In the training in my laboratory the emphasis has been not only in learning our
research techniques but also our philosophy. I have never aspired to have, nor do I
now want, a laboratory or a cadre of investigators-in-training which is more extensive
than I can personally interact with and supervise.!
http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1977/yalow-bio.html!

12. Rudolf Mössbauer (1929-2011)!
http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1961/mossbauer-bio.html!
“Explain it!” !
“The most important thing is, that you are
able to explain it! You will have exams, there
you have to explain it. Eventually, you pass
them, you get your diploma and you think,
that's it! – No, the whole life is an exam,
you'll have to write applications, you'll have to
discuss with peers... So learn to explain it!
You can train this by explaining to another
student, a colleague. If they are not available,
explain it to your mother – or to your cat!”!

13. Pierre-Gilles de Gennes (1932-2007)!
Cómo seleccionar un tema de investigación y
cuándo cambiarlo!
https://ec.europa.eu/research/rtdinfo/41/print_article_934_en.html!
Nunca solo: prioridad personal crear grupos de teóricos y
experimentales.!
Ciencia pequeña, bajo costo:1961-1965 superconductividad
metales: aleaciones Pb-Sn y luego, Nb-Sn (pero costoso)!
- Difracción neutrones !
- Superconductividad!
- Cristales líquidos!
- Polímeros!
- Fenómenos!
interfaciales!
2004: 72 años!
- Física biológica:!
Neuronas, memoria !
y cáncer.!
2007!
“I get accused of hopping from one subject to another. Other people
spend 20 years on the same problem. Both approaches are necessary.”!

14. Paul Andre Maurice Dirac (1902-1984)!
Graduado en ingeniería (eléctrica)!
Yes. I think that this engineering education has influenced
me very much in making me learn to tolerate
approximations. My natural feelings were to think that only an
exact theory would be worth considering. Now, engineers always
have to make approximations. I learned that even a theory based
on approximations could be a beautiful theory. I rather got to the
idea that everything in nature was only approximate, and
that one had to be satisfied with approximations, and that
science would develop through getting continually more
and more accurate approximations, but would never attain
complete exactness. I got that point of view through my
engineering training, which I think has influenced me very
much. As a result of that I haven’t been much interested in
questions of mathematical logic or any attempts to form an
absolute measure of accuracy, an absolute standard of
reasoning. I feel that these things are just not important, that the
study of nature through getting ever, improving approximations is
the profitable line of procedure.!
https://www.aip.org/history-programs/niels-bohr-library/oral-histories/4575-1!
Dirac en
entrevista con!
Thomas S. Kuhn!
para APS!
Oral History.!

15. Paul Andre Maurice Dirac (1902-1984)!
Graduado en ingeniería (eléctrica)!
Diferentes estilos de aprender!
I think all the time I picked up my mathematics more by working
by myself than from lectures. I don’t seem to be able to pick
things up very much from a lecture because I like to jump
forward and jump back again and jump forward and back,
continually. One can’t very well do that if one is listening to
an ordered presentation like a lecture. !
When I go to lectures I usually just get stimulated to think on
certain lines, and then maybe I think along those lines myself
instead of listening to every word the lecturer says. I perhaps
miss a good deal of the lecture for that reason and have to make
it up later in my own reading or something. But all my learning in
mathematics has been rather along those lines. And it still is like
that.!
https://www.aip.org/history-programs/niels-bohr-library/oral-histories/4575-1!
Dirac en
entrevista con!
Thomas S. Kuhn!
para APS!
Oral History.!

16. Murray Gell-Mann (1929-)!
¿Qué materias (además de física y matemáticas) estudió en Yale una
persona como el físico y Premio Nobel Murray Gell-Mann.!
http://www.webofstories.com/playAll/murray.gell-mann?sId=10569!
La formación de un físico!
Alma Mater: Yale University (B. Sc., 1948)!!
! ! MIT (Ph. D., 1952)!
Cursos: Ornitología, Arqueología, Historia (incluyendo la Historia
Constitucional Británica), Lingüística, Biología y Bacteriología, Filosofía y
Física (con Henry Margenau) y, en el pregrado, tomó cursos del posgrado
en física y matemáticas.!
Ciencia Ficción: aprende las ideas de antimateria y neutrinos (no
enseñadas en el curriculum)!

17. Gribov (1930-1997) y su círculo!
https://scholarworks.iu.edu/journals/index.php/aeer/article/view/399/474!
http://homepages.spa.umn.edu/~shifman/Gribov-Maquette.pdf !
Leningrado!
Años 1960s!
Physico-TechnicalInstitute(PTI)!
AcademyofSciencesoftheUSSR!
Ioffe PTI!
1971:NuclearPhysicsInstitute!
Universidad de
Leningrado,1952 !
Yuri Dokshitzer: [Gribov] had a profound knowledge and skill in
using mathematical methods in physics. However…what
mattered most was…“a picture.” He would approach the
problem from different angles, abstracting its essential
features and illustrating them with the help of simplified models
and analogues from different branches of physics.!
Física de partículas y teoría de campo: Teoría Regge !

18. Gribov (1930-1997) y su círculo!
Karen Ter- Martirossian, Gerasim Eliashberg, L. E. Gurevich, !
I. Ya. Pomeranchuk, Boris Altshuler!
https://scholarworks.iu.edu/journals/index.php/aeer/article/view/399/474!
http://homepages.spa.umn.edu/~shifman/Gribov-Maquette.pdf !
Leningrado!
Años 1960s!
Physico-TechnicalInstitute(PTI)!
AcademyofSciencesoftheUSSR!
Ioffe PTI!
1971:NuclearPhysicsInstitute!
Universidad de
Leningrado,1953 !
Yet salaries stagnated under Khrushchev, and an average physicist in
the seventies earned less than the bus driver that took him to his
institute. Families of physicists, like everyone else, spent
considerable energy in order to satisfy their basic needs, not to
mention obtaining luxuries!

19. Gribov (1930-1997) y su círculo!
https://scholarworks.iu.edu/journals/index.php/aeer/article/view/399/474!
http://homepages.spa.umn.edu/~shifman/Gribov-Maquette.pdf !
Leningrado!
Años 1960s!
Universidad de
Leningrado,1953 !
created ethical norms, lifestyles, and discourses
that were different from the Soviet mainstream. On
the outside, they adapted to the logics of ideological license and of
the economy of scarcity, but inside of the community, that logic was
ridiculed and its adherents ostracized. There the ruling values were
those of the disinterested intellectual, of the context independent
beauty of the physical world, and of the egalitarian community of an
intellectual elite.!

20. Gribov (1930-1997) y su círculo!
Physics was for them far more than a profession: it was a vocation
and a way of life. When they were not at the institute, the
theoreticians worked at home, thinking, smoking, and talking:
“making physics,” as Gribov’s second wife Julia Nyiri, herself a
physicist, called it. Summer and winter schools of theoretical physics
were orgies of undiluted physics-making.!
The physicists of the group ....neither lived in ivory
towers nor were willing accomplices in the state’s
nuclear project. Instead they created a non-state
social space in which lifestyle and values were
substantially influenced by their belief in physical
truth.!
Crearon un espacio social –valores y estilo de vida– influidos por su
creencia en la física y la verdad de la ciencia !

21. Gribov (1930-1997) y su círculo!
RECUENTO DE UN SEMINARIO DE GRIBOV!
There are some ten (10) people and someone is talking,
and I even understand what he is saying. Suddenly a man
with black hair and a sharp narrow face jumps up and says
something, and I see that I understand nothing. I am even
a bit irritated: everything has been fine, why did he have to
jump up! Suddenly a second man…jumps up, a bit older
and starts arguing…Volodia [Gribov] and Karen [Ter-
Martirossian]. After this a total mess sets in. !
The presenter disappears, Volodia and Karen shout at
each other, pick up pieces of chalk, write something. At the
end, Volodia is left alone at the blackboard, explaining
something.… I have understood nothing of the whole
thing…so I go home.!

22. Phillip Morse (1903-1985), V. M. Kenkre
(Profesor de Física en la University of New
Mexico) y Guillermo Ruggeri (1943-2002). !
Científicos normales: buenos y dedicados

23. Phillip McCord Morse (1903-1985) !
“I could act as a scout, looking over many areas, choosing those that appeared most
promising at the time, bringing to bear research techniques that had been developed in other
areas. I could call the attention of others to the potentials of the new area, could help skim the
cream of research, and could persuade students to explore further.!
This skill was not the sort of deep-thinking ability that wins prizes and fame, but it was more in
line with my urge to explore and my new-found enjoyment in teaching. And, to be honest, the
greatest achievements were outside my capabilities. I liked what I was doing; that was the
important thing.”!
“It was clear to me that I was
no Einstein.”
“I could grasp the essence of a new theory quickly and could take effective
part in exploring its ramifications. But I wasn’t the one to make the initial
breakthrough. This realization cam slowly enough to cushion
disappointment. There were enough other interesting things to do.”!
BSc, 1926, Case School of Applied Science; PhD, 1929, Princeton University. Junto con
Herman Feshbach (1917-2000) es autor del famoso texto: Methods of Theoretical Physics,
1953. Autor de Vibration and Sound y pionero de la Investigación de Operaciones. Primer
director del Brookhaven National Laboratory. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_M._Morse !
Tomado de In at the Beginnings: A Physicist’s Life, MIT Press, 1977 p. 137!

24. To be blessed with a sharp focus in life is given to
only a few in this world. I am not one of them. This
allows me to do only 'sketches' rather than finished
perfections in whatever I undertake. Clearly, this is
unfortunate. It is also fortunate: I am freed of the need
to concentrate. I can hang loose and dip into that
which pleases at a given moment.!
When I prepare a lecture, I talk to myself. I go for long walks where no
one can hear me or see me mouthing my oratory. The spontaneity helps
and the thoughts form themselves into a structure that is loosely held in
memory. Typically two such attempts are sufficient. The first to form the
lecture, the second to time it. !
Prof. V. M. Kenkre!
Cómo prepararse para dar conferencias!
http://physics.unm.edu/kenkre/Miscellaneous.html#horizontal!

25. I recall a comment made by a physicist colleague many years ago that a quality lacking in
today’s graduate students was the ability to stay on the job until the carpet was woven
completely. This chance remark has stayed with me over the years.!
My profession at the university demands that I train graduate students to become practicing
physicists. To be a good practicing physicist requires a multitude of qualities, tendencies, and
skills, as I am sure to be a good practicing individual in any field of endeavor does. There is
devotion to the subject, basic intelligence, curiosity, careful observation, intellectual honesty,
creativity, and hard work. !
But there is one more with which I have always had trouble in my own development: refusal to
be content with small achievements. The subtlety of the situation arises from the fact that the
ability to be content with small achievements is also an important prerequisite to success
as a practicing physicist. If one is always seeking after the grandiose, deep frustrations
descend, in no time engulfing the individual in depression. One must learn to enjoy the little
berries one picks in the field even as one prepares to hunt big game. What makes this
whole business of training oneself or one’s students fascinating is that side by side with
developing contentment with small achievements one must develop dissatisfaction with them. It
is subtle. The contentment must come from their being achievements, however small. The
dissatisfaction from their being small, even though they are achievements. One must enjoy every
little joke but must not stop until the entire story is written. One must derive contentment from
every little integral that is evaluated but not stop until the entire theory is constructed.!
http://physics.unm.edu/kenkre/Miscellaneous.html#horizontal!
Carpet Weaving!
V. M. Kenkre!

26. Primera Publicación!
Siendo estudiante del 8vo
semestre de la Lic. en Física.!
Guillermo Ruggeri!
(1943-2002)!
Lic. en Física, UCV, 1965 !
Ph.D, Universidad de!
Birmingham, 1978.!