BASIC ORGANIC FOR CLASS XI

2. Organic chemistry is a discipline within
chemistry which involves the scientific study of
the structure, properties, composition, reactions,
and preparation (by synthesis or by other
means) of chemical compounds that contain
carbon.
These compounds may contain any number of
other elements, including hydrogen, nitrogen,
oxygen, the halogens as well as phosphorus,
silicon and sulfur.

3. Acyclic or open chain compounds:
These contain alkanes, alkenes, alkynes and their
derivatives. These are also called aliphatic
compounds.
Cyclic or closed chain compounds:
Cyclic compounds whose rings are made up of only
one kind of atoms, i.e. carbon atoms are called
homocyclic or carbocyclic compounds. Aliphatic cyclic
compounds are called alicyclic compounds e.g.
cyclopropane, cyclobutane etc.

4. Organic compounds containing one or more
fused or isolated benzene rings and their
functionalized derivatives are called benzenoids
or aromatic compounds, e.g. benzene, toluene,
naphthalene, anthracene etc.

5. Cyclic compounds containing one or more
heteroatoms (usually O,N, S etc) are called
hetrocyclic compounds e.g. ethylene oxide,
tetrahydrofuran (THF), furan, pyrole etc.

7. Isomerism is the phenomenon whereby certain
compounds, with the same molecular formula, exist
in different forms owing to their different
organizations of atoms.
The concept of isomerism illustrates the
fundamental importance of molecular structure
and shape in organic chemistry.
Geometrical
isomers:-
A:-
cisisomer B:- trans isomer

8.
Structural isomers have different structural
formulae because their atoms are linked together
in different ways:
EXAMPLE:- the formula C4H10 represents
two possible structural formulae Butane and
Methyl propane.

9. EXAMPLE:- Propan – 1-ol
Propan -2 -ol

10. Heterolytic fission is unsymmetrical wherein one of the
fragments takes both the electrons of the shared pair,
leaving none on the other.

11. When the cleavage of covalent bond between
two atoms takes place in a manner, which
enables each atom to retain one electron of the
shared pair, it is known as homolytic fission.
This fission is symmetrical and leads to the
formation of atoms or groups of atoms having
unpaired electrons, called free radicals.

12. EX:- NITROBENZENE

13. Substances that get converted to vapors without passing
through the liquid state on heating, e.g. naphthalene,
benzoic acid and camphor, undergo sublimation.
The vapor on cooling, gives crystals of the pure solid
compound. The crystalline material so obtained is called
sublimate.

15. This technique is used for obtaining a compound in pure
solid form of well-defined geometrically shaped crystals.
This process of crystallization can be used for the
purification of a compound only when the compound and the
impurities present in it differ considerably in their solubility's
in any particular solvent.

16. Differential extraction
Continuous process.
Feed and extracting
solvent flow past one
another.
One phase is dispersed
in the other.
Contacting and phase
separation takes place
within one unit.
Phases are not in
equilibrium except
locally i.e at the
interface.
Raffinate
Extract
Extracting
solvent
Feed